1.
MICROBIOLOGY
Nursing Path
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2.
DEFINITIONS
• Pathogen
• Opportunist
• Spores
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3.
CLASSIFICATION OF
MICROORGANISMS
• Bacteria
• Viruses
• Protozoa
• Fungi
• Worms
• Arthropods
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4.
BACTERIA
• Simple
• Single-celled
• Most are not harmful to
humans
• Some cause human
bacterial diseases:
– Examples:
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5.
VIRUSES
• Smaller, simpler
structure
• All parasites
• All cause disease
• Common human
viral diseases:
– Examples:
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6.
PROTOZOA
• Single-celled
• Natural habitats
– Fresh water
– Salt water
• Human protozoan
parasites
– Malaria
– Amebic desentery
– Pneumocystis
pneumonia
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7.
FUNGI
• Unicellular/multicellular
• Decomposes organic matter in the soil
and fresh water and help recycle
nutrients
• Fungal disease
– Ringworm (skin)
– Yeast infection
– Meningitis
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8.
WORMS
• Multicellular
• Non-pathogenic
• Infestation
– Trichinosis
– Hookworm
– Tapeworm
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9.
ANTHROPODS
• Multicelluar
• Vectors of disease
• Infestations
– Mites
– Ticks
– Scabies
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10.
NOMENCLATURE
• 2 names
– Genus
• 1st
• Capitalized
• Often abbreviated with
1st letter
– Species
• Example:
Staphylococcus
aureus (S. aureus).
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11.
NORMAL FLORA
• Resident flora
– Transient flora
– May become pathogenic if:
• Functions:
– 1.
– 2.
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12.
INFECTIOUS DISEASE
• Caused by:
– Microorganisms; OR
– Toxins of microorganisms
• Reproduction of microorganism happens in
the host
• Factors
– Virulence of _______
– Resistance of _______
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13.
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14.
DEFINITIONS
• Clinical infections
• Symptoms
• Subclinical
• Reservoirs
• Incubation period
• Prodromal period
• Invasion period
• Acme
• Self limiting
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15.
TYPES OF INFECTION
• Localized
• Systemic
• Bacteremia
• Septicemia
• Acute
• Chronic
• Secondary infection
• Nosocomial infections
• Endogenous infections
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16.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
• Definition:
• Epidemic
• Endemic
• Pandemic
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17.
PORTALS OF ENTRY & EXIT
 Portal of entry:
 Portal of exit:
 Spread of
disease:
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18.
RESERVOIRS OF INFECTIONS
• Carrier:
• Zoonoses:
– Examples:
– Rocky Mtn spotted fever,
lyme disease, rabies, plague
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19.
SPREAD OF INFECTION
• NON –COMMUNICABLE
– Resident species causes disease under
certain condition; OR
– Non- resident species causes disease
when it enters the body
– Cannot spread directly or indirectly from
host to host
– Example: cystitis, tetanus, botulism
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20.
SPREAD OF INFECTION
• COMMUNICABLE
– Some may be called “Contagious”
– Easily spread by casual contact
– Direct spread of pathogens
• Cutaneous contact
• Respiratory droplets
• Contaminated blood
– Indirect spread of pathogens
• Contaminated food & water: Vectors
• Fomites: inanimate objects
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21.
METHODS OF CONTROL OF
MICROBES
• Disinfection
• Antiseptics
• Disinfectant
– Bactericides
– Bacteriostatic
• Sterilization
• Ionizing radiation
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22.
PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES
FOOD
• Pasteurization
• Inspections
WATER
• Diverting human
sewage away from
water supply
• Chlorinating water
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23.
EMERGING DISEASES &
BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS
• Increasing awareness
– Lyme disease, Ebola, West Nile, SARS
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p19Wsi
47JFQ
• Biological weapons
– Anthrax
– Smallpox:
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1iXfZ1e
YdtA
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24.
THE
PATHOGENS
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25.
BACTERIA
• SHAPES
– COCCUS (round)
– BACILLUS (rod)
– SPIRILLUM (coils)
• ARRANGEMENT
– STAPHYLO
(clusters)
– STREPTO (chains)
– DIPLO (pairs)
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26.
DEFINITIONS
• Binary fission
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hOyUcjqcGpQ
• Aerobic vs. Anaerobic
– Facultatively anaerobic
• Gram stain: + or –
– How cell wall responds to stains
• Culture & sensitivity
• Resistance
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27.
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28.
SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS
• CAPSULE
• SPORES
• TOXINS
– Neurotoxins
– Endotoxins
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29.
ANTIBIOTICS
• Broad spectrum
• Narrow spectrum
• Action of antibiotics
• Possible side effects
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30.
VIRUSES
–Not cells
• DNA or RNA
surrounded by
protein shell
–Host specific
–Obligatory
intracellular
parasites
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31.
Viruses
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rpj0
emEGShQ
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFl3F
RNpU4E&feature=related
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rbYw
NOcKqqc
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r1mJ
YaPQDtM&feature=related
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32.
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33.
ANTIVIRAL MEDICATIONS
• AZT
• Acyclovir
• Ribavirin
• Medication must be able to enter
infected cells to be effective
• Viruses uses the cell’s DNA to
replicate.
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34.
FUNGI
– Fungi may be unicellular, like yeasts, or
multicellular, like the molds.
– In small numbers, yeasts are part of the resident
flora of the skin and mucous membranes.
– Molds reproduce by forming spores.
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35.
DEFINITIONS
• SAPROPHYTES
• MYCOSES- may be superficial (skin &
mucous membranes) or systemic
(gained access to the interior of the
body)
• CANDIDA ALBICANS
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36.
ANTIFUNGAL MEDS
• Amphotericin b
• Ketoconazole
• Fluconazole
• Griseofulvin
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37.
PROTOZOA
– Entamoeba and Giardia
are spread by the fecal-
oral route in contaminated
food or water.
– Trypanosoma causes
African sleeping sickness.
– Plasmodium causes
malaria.
– Toxoplasma may cause
abnormalities in a
developing fetus.
– Pneumocystis causes
pneumonia in AIDS
patients.
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38.
Protozoa
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oLI2
WeUGWlc
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BqjM
YEfViKA&feature=related
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39.
MEDICATIONS
• Metronidazole
• Pentamidine
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40.
WORMS
– Flukes or tapeworms are usually acquired
by eating poorly cooked fish or meat that
contains cysts.
– Hookworms live in the small intestine, feed
on blood, and may cause a severe anemia.
– Pinworm infestation of the colon is probably
the most common worm infestation in North
America.
– Trichinella is acquired by eating poorly
cooked pork or wild game that contains
cysts.
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41.
Worms
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zrn7j
TqKBFs
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42.
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43.
ARTHROPODS
– Lice are vectors of epidemic typhus.
– Fleas are vectors of plague.
– Mosquitoes are vectors of malaria, yellow
fever & encephalitis.
– The scabies mite causes intense itching
when it burrows into the skin.
– Wood ticks are vectors of Rocky
Mountain spotted fever.
– Deer ticks are vectors of Lyme disease.
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44.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z7OZ
USfTh6M&feature=related
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45.
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46.
THE END OF A&P! Just for fun….
• Nerve impulses can travel up to 426 feet per
second
• 450,000 people die in the US r/t smoking
related diseases: like a jumbo jet crashing
each day with no survivors
• One kidney filters 180 quarts of fluid each
day
• Your heart beats over 36 million times per
year
• You have 110,000-150,000 hairs on your
head
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47.
• You have over 16,000 miles of capillaries
• Each strand of hair can support 100 g of
weight, so, you could support the weight of 2
elephants on your head
• You have about a quarter of a million sweat
glands on your feet
• Your eyes can see approximately 7 million
shades of color
• Due to its sterile nature, urine could be used
to clean a wound when no antiseptic is
available
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