Part of a lecture series on English Language Pedagogy for Vietnamese in-service English language teachers, 14 October 2014 @ UCSI International School, Port Dickson MY.

1. Jessie Grace Rubrico, PhD
Facilitator

2. SOUND
•Phonetics
•Phonology
STRUCT-URE
•Morphology
•Syntax
MEANING
• Semantics
LINGUISTICS
Dr. Jessie Grace Rubrico, Linguistics for Language Teachers: Phonology

3. PHONETICS
AUDITORY ACOUSTICS
ARTICULATORY
PRODUCTION
ARTICULATION
DIPHTHONGS
VOWELS
CONSONANTS
Height of Tongue Place of Articulation Rounding of Lips
[+/- Voice] Place of Articulation Manner of Articulation
Dr. Jessie Grace Rubrico, Linguistics for Language Teachers: Phonology

4. Phonology
Studies the organization of speech sounds in a language
Phoneme : least unit of meaning
Segment
contrasts speech sounds
Minimal Pair
Minimal Set
Dr. Jessie Grace Rubrico, Linguistics for Language Teachers: Phonology

5. Phoneme : Minimal Pair
contrasting pair /p/ and /m/
pad - mad
pat - mat
pet - met
> substituting one sound changes the meaning of the word
Dr. Jessie Grace Rubrico, Linguistics for Language Teachers: Phonology

6. Minimal Set
words differentiated from one another by changing one phoneme in the same position of the word
feat, fit, fat, fate, fought, foot*
f_t
*(Yule, p46)
Dr. Jessie Grace Rubrico, Linguistics for Language Teachers: Phonology

7. Features – differentiate one speech sound from others
presence of feature [+]
[+ voice]
[+bilabial]
[+stop]
absence of feature
[ - ]
[ - voice]
[-bilabial]
[-stop]
Dr. Jessie Grace Rubrico, Linguistics for Language Teachers: Phonology

8. Feature analysis
/t/ - [-voice,
+ alveolar,
+ stop]
/k/ - [- voice,
+ velar,
+ stop]
/t/ and /k/ - share some features – belong to the same natural class of sounds
tend to behave similarly: pl-kl; pr-kr
/v/ - [+ voice, + labiodental, + fricative] – behaves differently: [vl-]
Dr. Jessie Grace Rubrico, Linguistics for Language Teachers: Phonology

9. Phones and Allophones
[phone] –
Allophone - different forms/realizations of a phoneme
/t/ > [t] – star;
[th ] – tar (aspiration)
allophones do not change the meaning of the word
Dr. Jessie Grace Rubrico, Linguistics for Language Teachers: Phonology

10. Aspiration in English (O’Grady 2009; p80)
[phæn]; [phejn]; [phowk]; [phæn];[phәrspájr]; [әphɑn]
[thown]; [thәkhila]; [әthæk]
[khәnú]; [khIn]
[sphæn]; [sphejn]; [sphowk]; [sthown]; [skhIn]; [sphlæt]; [slæph]; blɑkh]; [slɑth]
Dr. Jessie Grace Rubrico, Linguistics for Language Teachers: Phonology

11. sounds: Phonemes/ Segments
Organization: Phonotactics
Dr. Jessie Grace Rubrico, Linguistics for Language Teachers: Phonology

12. Phonotactics
patterns of sound combinations allowed in a language
constraints operating on units larger than phonemes or segments: syllable
- nucleus : syllable must contain a
vowel/semi-vowel sound
- syllable also has a consonant
Dr. Jessie Grace Rubrico, Linguistics for Language Teachers: Phonology

13. Syllables and clusters (Yule, 2009, p47)
Dr. Jessie Grace Rubrico , Linguistics for Language Teachers: Phonology

14. Syllable
elements : onset, rhyme (rime)
rhyme: nucleus + coda
vowel + consonant/s
open syllable - onset + nucleus (no coda)
Ex. : me, to, so, no, be
closed syllables - onset + nucleus + coda
Ex. : cup, tap, hat, etc.
Dr. Jessie Grace Rubrico, Linguistics for Language Teachers: Phonology

15. basic structure of English syllables :
-- V, VC, VCC
-- CV, CVC, CCVC, CCCVC
consonant cluster –two or more consonants in the onset and the coda
--onset –CC : stop, spat, black, bread,
throw
--coda –CC : toast, abort
Dr. Jessie Grace Rubrico, Linguistics for Language Teachers: Phonology

16. Larger consonant clusters-
--CCC: strike, stress, splash, etc.
the first consonant is always an /s/
the next consonant must be a
[-voice] [+stop] - /p, t, k/
the third is either a liquid -/l, r/- or a glide /w/
Dr. Jessie Grace Rubrico, Linguistics for Language Teachers: Phonology

17. Assimilation and Elision
Assimilation –one segment copies a feature of its neighboring segment
Ex: segments before nasals are
nasalized
pin – pin, pen, pan
I can go – [aj kæn go] > [ajkәŋgo]
Dr. Jessie Grace Rubrico, Linguistics for Language Teachers: Phonology

18. Elision
 Elision – non-articulation of a sound in
a word or phrase > efficient
You and me – [juәnmi] --/d/ omitted
 Friendship – [frenʃIp]
Dr. Jessie Grace Rubrico, Linguistics for Language Teachers: Phonology

19. References
McGregor, William B. 2009. Linguistics: An Introduction. London: Continuum International Publishing Group.
O'Grady, William D., Archibald, John, [eds.] (2009). Contemporary Linguistic Analysis: An Introduction, 6th edition. Ontario: Pearson Education Canada.
Yule G. 2006. The study of language. Cambridge: CUP.
Dr. Jessie Grace Rubrico, Linguistics for Language Teachers: Phonology/141014