Back pain is common in adolescents, with incidence higher in girls than boys. Associations exist with heavy school bags, lack of lockers, and family history. Red flags include younger age, persistent or worsening pain, fever, and neurological symptoms. MRI is most valuable for imaging. Rehabilitation and back education are the mainstay of treatment.

1. BACK PAIN IN CHILDHOOD

7. Scheuermann’s disease

9. Benign osteoblastoma Osteoid osteoma Aneurysmal bone cyst

32. RED FLAGS The very young Persistent and increasing pain Weight loss Fever Ridicular symptoms Sphincter disturbance No response to appropriate therapy after 2 months

47. Initial Exercise Program Ankle Pumps Heel Slides Abdominal Contraction Wall Squats Heel Raises Straight Leg Raises

48. Intermediate Exercise Program Single Knee to Chest Stretch Hamstring Stretch Lumbar Stabilization Exercises with Swiss Ball Standing with Ball between Your Low Back and the Wall Lie on your Stomach over Ball

49. Advanced Exercise Program Hip Flexor Stretch Piriformis Stretch Lumbar Stabilization Exercises with Swiss Ball