This document summarizes organic agriculture practices in India. It discusses the history and trends of organic farming from pre-green revolution to present day. Key points include India having the second largest area of organic farming globally, various crops grown organically in India, and initiatives by states like Kerala to promote organic farming. Challenges and opportunities for organic agriculture in India are also presented.
What you always wanted to know about "BioFertilizers in Organic Agriculture"
EM Term Paper: Organic Farming in India
1. Environmental Management
Term Paper Presentation
Organic Agriculture in India
Group -
Submitted to: Prof. K. Balooni
Group 5, Section D
Anupam Mahesh
Deep 199 Daisy 197 Neeti 225
193 221
2. Agriculture in India
Pre Green Revolution Era
Green Revolution Era Present Day Scenario
- Ramayana
- Use of plant protection
- Mention of several manures like oil (Organic Farming)
cake, excreta of animals in chemicals including all pesticides like
Arthashastra fungicides, insecticides, weedicides were - contains more
- Mention of organic manure in Rig used extensively to protect plant from vitamins, minerals, enzymes,
Veda, Green Manure in Atharva Veda, pest trace
etc and diseases
elements and even cancer
- Mention of “Kamdhenu”, the - the pesticide residue persistence in
fighting antioxidants
celestial cow & its importance in soil agricultural produce, food commodities,
fertility animal, feed, fodder, animal - Higher yields
- At least one third of what you take products, irrigation water are - improves the soil quality
out from soils must be returned to it
matter of serious concern as their - high demand
implying recycling or post-harvest
presence
residue – Holy Quran
is more than maximum residue limit
3/18/2010 2
3. Agriculture in India
Trends in developing economies ….
Criteria India Bangladesh Kenya
Agricultural •18.6% of the GDP •13–15% of • > 50 % of export
Overview and involves 60% of Bangladesh's annual earnings & 24 % of
the total labour export earnings & GDP
force 20% of the •sector includes
•largest overseas country's GDP, large-scale
exporter of cashews employing 60% of commercial farms,
and spices the total labour plantations &
force specialist
•Land is fertile, but horticultural units
yields are usually
low due to a lack of
capital for input
Area under Organic 28,00,000 17,77,000 1,82,000
Farming (Million Ha)
3/18/2010 3
4. Agriculture in India
….. trends in developing economies
Criteria India Bangladesh Kenya
No. of Organic Farms 332 100 300000
Major Organic Crops Tea, rice, bananas, cotton, Tea, Shrimps, Cotton, Rice Vegetables, fruits, coffee,
wheat, spices (mainly beans, nuts, essential oils,
pepper and ginger), coffee, dried herbs, cosmetics and
nuts, pulses, and herbal pharmaceutical products
products
Initiatives NPOP, INDOCERT, ICCOA, NayaKrishi Aandolan KOFA, KOPA
etc.
Farming Methods •Use of organic manure •Mixed cropping & crop •Trees are excellent for fuel
•Aerobic & anaerobic rotation - highly effective wood and charcoal
composting method for pest
•Green manuring management & nutritional
•Pests managed through health of the soil
neem •Compost made of water
hyacinth
3/18/2010 4
5. Agriculture in India
India – Agriculture production hub ??
Agriculture & allied sector
contributes nearly 22 per cent of
GDP
60 % of the area sown is
dependent on rainfall
India is the largest producer in
the world of milk, cashew nuts,
coconuts, tea, ginger, turmeric and
black pepper
second largest producer of wheat,
rice, sugar, groundnut and inland
fish
World's largest cattle population
(281 million)
“ Average growth of Agriculture and allied sector during the tenth five year plan was meager
2.4 % ”
6. Agriculture in India
Growing Concerns
Economical or environmental sustainability ?
Agriculture subsidies - helping or hampering ?
Small land holdings – fragmentation
Inadequate irrigation facilities
Slow progress in implementing land reforms
Modern agriculture practices - awareness, cost, land size ?
Socio-economic backwardness
" 1,500 farmers committed mass suicide in India after having been driven into debt by crop
3/18/2010 6
failure "
7. Agriculture in India
Recent Policies & Initiatives
Farming
Practices Focus on organic, bio-dynamic farming
Agriculture credit, Kisan Credit,
Farmers
Special rehabilitation package for distressed farmers
Agriculture debt waiver and debt relief scheme 2008
Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana
Awareness Agri - marketing
Kisan call centers
Improved
Technology Mission on oil seeds (TMOP), pulses and
Quality
maize
Seeds
Food National food security mission (NFSM)
security National horticulture mission
“ Around 55% of the farms in India are organic by default as majority of the farmers cannot
3/18/2010 7
afford to buy chemical fertilizers”
8. Agriculture in India
Policy initiatives under consideration
Cooperatives
Amendment of Seeds Act, 1966
The pesticides Management Bill, 2008
“ Around 55% of the farms in India are organic by default as majority of the farmers cannot
3/18/2010 8
afford to buy chemical fertilizers”
9. Concept of Organic Farming
Basic know how ….
inputs
pest control
Natural
Avoid and farm Environm
usage of resources ent &
chemical Local
inputs farming
system
Organic Farming
Biological
diversity and Nutrients rich
heterogeneity yield
“ Around 55% of the farms in India are organic by default as majority of the farmers cannot
3/18/2010 9
afford to buy chemical fertilizers”
10. India – Global footprints
… Organic farming exports
India 2008-2009 Vision India 2012
Exports $ 87 mn $ 1 bn
Market 0.2 % 2.5%
Share
Area 8.65 lakh ha 20 lakh ha
State Exports (Metric ton)
Kerala 1232
West Bengal 937
Karnataka 476
Tamil Nadu 471
Punjab 541
Himachal Pradesh 521
Maharasthra 375
India (Total) 6472
11. Stake holders in Organic Agriculture
Government
Regulations Policies Research Extension
NGOs supporting Org. Agriculture Organic Competence Centre
•Representing farmer’s interests • Collect info and knowledge
• Information extension • Documentation & dissemination
• Market development promotion • Training & extension services
eg. OFAI, BAAI, SOA • Policy initiatives, networking (ICCOA)
Producer Organizations Certification Bodies
• Cooperatives • Inspection
•Producer groups • Certification
• Companies, projects • Standard development
eg. PDS, Ecofarms, Agrocell, Maikaal e.g. IMO, SKAL, Ecocert, APOF
Farmers Processors Traders
Consumers
12. Maintaining quality through supply chain
SCM model in organic agriculture …..
Farmer Selection
Site – Externality
Trust – Transaction Cost
Neutral 3rd party
certification Supply Quality Inputs – Seed
Certification Agency
Cost ? Chain and
Quality
Measures
Harvesting/Threshing/Stor
age Technology Checks
e.g., Basmati Rice
Clean Equipment
13. Implications – Conventional to organic Conversion
……… transition from conventional to organic farming
YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 & 4
After the first year of conversion, By the third and fourth years,
Costs tend to initially be slightly
yields climbed steadily and tend when certification occurs
higher as farmers invest (mostly
to approach the baseline yields of farmers have received an
labor) to adjust their fields to
the previous system average 20%-30% higher prices
organic standards
Yields have tended to suffer by Initially, the selling price tends not
about one-third immediately the change since organically
after conversion as both farmer managed crops can always be sold
and soils adapt as conventional.
14. Conventional V/s Organic Farming
Benefits and risks associated …
Income = (Yield x Price) x Risk Factor – Production Costs
Stabilized Yield Reduced Risk – Production, Reduce Input Cost
biological, Financial,
Price fluctuation etc
Conversion Benefits
Improved the net-farm incomes
Reduced the risk of pesticide poisonings, lead to more self-sufficiency
Improved food safety and reduced vulnerability, and improved the access to networks
supporting knowledge exchange and political participation.
Risks
Risk and uncertainty related to the conversion period, such as temporarily declining yields
and the lack of experiences and information
15. Limitations, Potential & Challenges
… weighing the potential of Organic Agriculture
• Market Information
• Training
Limitation • Storage Facility
• Consumer awareness
• Government Support
• Certification cost
• Geographical
• Climatic
Potential • Ill Soil
• Decreased Yield
• Growing demand
• Policy Initiatives
• Integrated Universities
Challenges • Infrastructure and Funds for
scientific studies
16. Organic farming in Dry lands of India
Issues and promotional strategies …
Issues
Soil and
Land Food Wind
Employment Climate
Degradation Security Erosion
Condition
India's National Project on Organic Farming
(NPOF 2005) has given top priority to the dry
lands
Initially promote non-certified
organic farming
Promotional Integrate efforts of supporting
Strategies agencies
Encourage decentralized input
supply
Develop organic farming cluster of
villages
17. Agripreneurs: Business Opportunity ?
… an example of alumni of IIM Kozhikode
Orex Health Foods
Established: September, 2009
Founder : Chaitanya Varma, IIMK, Batch of 2008
Owns three organic ready-to-eat food outlets
Serves IT Business Parks in Hyderabad
Handling Certification Cost
NGO Vested Interests
Unavailability of whole range of organic food
Deadlock in Demand and Supply
“ India was exporting organic products to the value of only Rs 730 million in 2003 and in 2007
this figure touched Rs 3000 million constituting almost 0.2 percent of the organic world market ”
18. North East India: Organic Farming
Case Study …
• The seven sisters :-land surface of 262230
km2-80% dependence on organic farming
• Jhum cultivation: Traditional method
• Around 70.77% cropped area under shifting
cultivation
• Large areas covered with forest
Rapid
population Threat to
growth: food forest
insufficiency? resources??
?
19. North East India: Salient features
Socio-Cultural
• integrated with the socioeconomic fabric of rural society
• Community based practice-equity
• Almost completely lacking in feudal fetters
• plays a central role in uniting villages and clans, and integrating the people
• egalitarian mode of production, with women playing an important
economic role
Economy
• Food sufficiency rather than income generation
• No market structure; only 2% of boundaries shared with mainland India
• Prevents them from being subject to the whims of the larger capital
market
• local modes of commerce
Ecological
• Sustainable
• Appropriate crop-mix or short-duration crops (particularly leguminous) for
maintenance and enhancing of the soil fertility status
20. North East India: Case study
NAGALAND
•Pre-capitalist livelihood
generation activity for food
sustenance
•gross state domestic product is
$1.4 billion in current prices
•90% population dependent on
agriculture
•Driven by sustainability
• Local market
MOKOKCHUNG
•Usurpation of forest resources
•Indian Government’s new “Look
East” policy with respect to trade
and commerce-negative impact
on jhum
•Military insurgency, land for
jhum occupied, by the armed
Indian state
21. North East India: Case study
… conflict over Jhum cultivation
Society of scientists:
Sustainability of jhum
cultivation, Food insecurity
of the local population due
to the wrenching away of
their primary mode of
sustenance
Trade promoting entities,
private entities: wishing
to utilize the land for
specific profit-making
ventures???
22. North East India: Case study - Solution
Alder based Jhum
cultivation in Nagaland
Aji
Ngui Assoni: Rice Fish Cultivation in
Arunachal Pradesh
Fixed Annual Annual Annual Return to Return to Profit to
capital (Rs) investment turnover profit fixed investment turn over
(Rs) (Rs) (Rs) capital (%) (%)
(%)
62000 25277 74000 48723 78.58 192.75 65.84
23. North East India: Future
Harnessing the potential ….
Potential to be largest organic food
producer and major export center for
global organic market
The synergy between comparative
advantage and price-competitiveness
Public-private partnership should be
encouraged and state government
must come forward to create
investment friendly environment
24. Consumer Analysis - Kozhikode
Only organic Exports are increasing very fast and
store in city,
established demand increase will need atleast
6 months doubling of production in coming years
ago
Cereals Awareness
Very less effort from government side.
supplied among Villages and farmers have to take initiative
from public very to shift to organic farming. First few years
Kolhapur Element low very bad
Organic
Store
Internal bickering between Finance
minister, an organic farmer and
Farmers in Agricultural minister harming the state
Waynad
Major factor
supply spices
– price and
under free
not healthy
trade
living
agreement
Kerala
Strong integrated policy initiatives needed
Reference: Mr. Sudarsanan Nair, Element Organic Store, Kozhikode
“ India should target to reach at least Rs 40 billion by 2012 (domestic market and exports),
thereby capturing approximately 2.5 percent of the current global market for organic products”
25. Recent developments ……
“GB Pant Agricultural University in Uttarakhand does “ Kerala declared some
extensive research in this area ….” areas in Wayanad and
Idukki hill districts as fully
organic ... ... ”
“It has enrolled about 52,000
farmers and earmarked 71,000
hectares across the state to use “ Karnataka government has set up an
only organic material for growing organic farming mission with budgetary
crops, vegetables and fruits .... ” support of Rs.100 crore this fiscal ..... ”
“When government banned rice “ This is the beginning in the government’s
exports, the farmers who had efforts at declaring some panchayats as
cultivated organic rice incurring fully organic by next year, leading to
more expenses faced huge conversion of the whole State as organic in
losses …. ” the long run ..... ”
26. Policy / Initiatives in Kerala
Kerala has an accredited organic certifying agency
catering to the needs of the farmers.
launched two brands, namely ‘Kerala Organic’ and
‘Kerala Naturals’ to market organic farm produces
Marketing of organic produce is also being experimented
in many places like Organic Bazaar in
Thiruvananthapuram, Eco-shops in Thrissur and
Kozhikode and, Jaiva Krishi Sevana Kendram in Kannur
Self help groups of women are encouraged to undertake
organic farming of vegetables in some panchayats.
”520 small and medium farmers in Marappanmoola village of wayanad district, owning on an
average less than 2 hectares of land have organized themselves & now cultivate a mixed variety
27. Organic Policy in India & Recommendations
Ensure seed sovereignty of the farmers
• GM free villages
• Availability of Affordable and locally suitable seeds
Compact Area Group approach in organic farming
• Organic farmers groups, clubs, SHG’s and cooperatives
Improve soil quality and ensure water conservation measures
• protect traditional water , rain water conservation
• testing facilities for soil, water, micronutrients and microorganisms
Conserve and improve agro-biodiversity
• Kaipad, Pokkali and Kole as “agricultural heritage of Kerala”
28. Organic Policy in India & Recommendations
Intensive campaign
• Organic Mela’s
• state–wide awareness programmes on the advantages of organic produce
• workshops, seminars for consumers, teachers, traders, farmers, government officials
Channels for marketing of organic produce
• direct marketing / linkages by farmers groups with end user institutions
• existing vegetable, fruits and grocery vendors
• organic farm produce outlets
• Tourism industry source organic produce
Availability of quality organic manure to the farmers
• crop rotation, tree crops, cover crops, leguminous crops, green manure
• Link organic municipal solid waste to farms –> organic matter recycling
Ensure farm inputs for organic farming
• ensure markets for good quality input materials at reasonable price
• training for local resource persons
29. Organic Policy in India & Recommendations
encourage the use of organic farm produce in food industry
Develop a simple certification process
• “Jaiva Keralam” developed as a brand
Provide financial incentives for promoting organic farming
• interest-free loans toespecially small and marginal farmers
• assistance during conversion period
Introduce organic farming in education institutions
• Introduce organic farming in educational institutions through academic inputs
Integrate of various departments, local self-governments and
organizations
“ The market for organic produce from and within India is expected to grow six to seven times in
the next five years - INR 40 billion by 2012 ”
30. Dispelling myth of un-sustainability
Example of Cuba ….
Food and Agriculture Organization says
• Conversion of global agriculture to organic management
would result in a global agricultural supply of 2640 to 4380
kcal/person/day, increase production by 56 per cent
• Organic farms use 33 to 56 per cent less energy per ha
than conventional farms
An example of Cuba
• A country with 42,402 sq. miles of land and with 11.3
million people, is completely organic