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Exploring Oracle Database 12c Multitenant best practices for your Cloud
1.
1 Copyright © 2014,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Exploring Oracle Database 12c Multitenant Best Practices for your Cloud Ami Aharonovich Oracle ACE & OCP Ami@Brillix.co.il Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.2 About Me Oracle ACE Oracle Certified Professional DBA (OCP) Founder and CEO, DBAces President, Israel Oracle User Group Oracle DBA consultant and instructor, dealing with Oracle database core technologies Frequent speaker at Oracle Open World annual event and various user group conferences around the globe
2.
2 Copyright © 2014,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.3 About Brillix-DBAces We are committed to provide the highest quality of services delivered by our dedicated team of industry’s top experts. We offer: Complete end-to-end solutions based on best-of-breed innovations in database, security and big data technologies On-site professional customized trainings led by our team of Oracle ACEs and Oracle Certified Professionals Comprehensive security solutions and services for leading database platforms and business applications, leveraging a world-class team of security experts Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.4 Our Customers
3.
3 Copyright © 2014,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.5 Database (Storage Structures) Oracle Database in 11g Release 2 Server Database Instance System Global Area Process Structures Instance Multiple non-CDBs share nothing: • Too many background processes • High shared/process memory • Many copies of Oracle metadata Pre-12c Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.6 Multitenant Container Database Instance System Global Area Process Structures Server Single Instance Multitenant container database root Data files Redo Log filesControl files Application1 Data files SALES Data files Single DB shares: • Background processes • Shared/process memory • Oracle metadata HR Data files Multitenant Container Database CDB
4.
4 Copyright © 2014,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.7 Separating SYSTEM and User Data … OBJ$ TAB$ SOURCE$ … EMP DEPT User metadata only User Data … OBJ$ TAB$ SOURCE$ Oracle metadata only Multitenant Container Database Container for system Container for application Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.8 Provisioning a Pluggable Database Seed PDB New empty PDB Imagine this when the data files are on a file system that supports copy-on-change. root Different methods: • Create new PDB from PDB$SEED pluggable database. • Plug in a non-CDB. • Clone a non-CDB into a CDB, or a PDB into the same or another CDB. • Plug an unplugged PDB into a CDB. Multitenant Container Database
5.
5 Copyright © 2014,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.9 Interacting Within Multitenant Container Database PDB_1 PDB_2 PDB_n fast intra-CDB db link root Multitenant Container Database Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.10 Multitenant Container Database Architecture Instance System Global Area Process Structures Server Instance Multitenant container database root container Data files Redo Log files Control files UNDO TEMP SYSTEM SYSAUX seed PDB Data files SYSTEM SYSAUX SALES PDB SYSTEM SYSAUX TBS2 HR PDB Data files TEMP1 Data files TEMP2 PDBid2 PDBid3 PDBid4 PDBid2 PDBid4 Single DB shares: • Background processes • Shared/process memory • Oracle metadata • Redo log files • Control files • Undo tablespace
6.
6 Copyright © 2014,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.11 Containers Two types of containers in V$CONTAINERS: • The root container: – The first container created at CDB creation – Mandatory – Oracle system-supplied common objects and metadata – Oracle system-supplied common users and roles • Pluggable database containers (PDBs): – A container for an application: — Tablespaces (permanent and temporary) — Schemas / objects / privileges — Created / cloned / unplugged / plugged – Particular seed PDB: — PDB$SEED provides fast provisioning of a new PDB – Limit of 253 PDBs in a CDB including the seed – Limit of 1024 services in a CDB Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.12 Questions: Root Versus PDBs What belongs to the CDB and not to a specific container? • Control files and redo log files What is in the root that is not in PDBs? • UNDO tablespace (for each instance) • System-supplied metadata • Shared Oracle-supplied data – PL/SQL Oracle-supplied packages (DBMS_SQL …) – PDBs service names • CDB dictionary views providing information across PDBs • CDB Resource Manager plan UNDO NAME PDB_SALES PDB_HR TABLE_NAME CON_ID EMPLOYEES 1 TEST 2 Views CDB_xxx NAME TYPE TAB$ 2 USER$ 2 Table SYS.OBJ$ Table SYS.SERVICE$ CDBA
7.
7 Copyright © 2014,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.13 Questions: PDBs Versus Root What is in a PDB that is not in the root nor in another PDB? • Application tablespaces • Local temporary tablespaces • Local users and local roles – Local users connect to the PDB where they exist. • Non-shared local metadata • Non-shared application data with other PDBs • PDB Resource Manager plan HR_TBS TEMP1 EMP_NAME SMITH JOHNTable HR.EMPLOYEES NAME TYPE EMPLOYEES 2 JOBS 2 Table SYS.OBJ$ PDBA Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.14 Common and Local Users Multitenant Container Database root PDB_HR PDB_SALES Table HR.REGIONS USERNAME COMMON SYS YES SYSTEM YES C##DBA YES C##HR YES View CDB_USERS Adding a common user involves adding a description of that user in the root and in every PDB. A local user is a traditional user, known only in its own PDB. View DBA_USERS USERNAME COMMON SYS YES SYSTEM YES C##DBA YES C##HR YES SALES NO USERNAME COMMON SYS YES SYSTEM YES C##DBA YES C##HR YES HR_MGR NO View DBA_USERS Table SALES.COUNTRIES Tablespace EXAMPLE Tablespace EXAMPLE Tablespace EXAMPLE
8.
8 Copyright © 2014,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.15 Common and Local Privileges and Roles Multitenant Container Database root PDB_HR Common users Local users Common Priv (granted commonly) Local Priv (granted locally) Common roles Local roles SQL> GRANT c##_r1 TO C##DBA CONTAINER=ALL; SQL> GRANT l_priv TO C##DBA CONTAINER=CURRENT; Common privilege Local privilege Common Role (granted commonly) Common Role (granted locally) COMMON role LOCAL role X LOCAL role COMMON role X Priv/role granted locally Priv/role granted commonlyX Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.16 CDB_xxx All objects in the multitenant container database across all PDBs USER_xxx Objects owned by the current user ALL_xxx Objects accessible by the current user DBA_xxx All of the objects in a container or pluggable database Data Dictionary Views • CDB_pdbs: All PDBS within CDB • CDB_tablespaces: All tablespaces within CDB • CDB_users: All users within CDB (common and local) DBA dictionary views providing information within PDB: SQL> SELECT view_name FROM dba_views WHERE view_name like 'CDB%'; SQL> SELECT table_name FROM dict WHERE table_name like 'DBA%';
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9 Copyright © 2014,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.17 Impacts • One character set for all PDBs (Unicode recommended) • PDB initialization parameters but a single SPFILE • No PDB qualified database object names – SELECT * FROM HR:apps.tab1 – Use DB Links: SELECT * FROM apps.tab1@HR • Oracle Data Guard at CDB level • Oracle Database Vault per PDB only • One master key per PDB to encrypt PDB data • Unified audit both at CDB and PDB levels • Oracle Scheduler • Oracle GoldenGate • Oracle Streams • Oracle XStream both at CDB and PDB levels Impacts Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.18 SQL*Plus OUI DBCA EM Cloud Control EM Database Express SQL Developer DBUA Create a new CDB or PDB Yes Yes Yes Yes (PDB only) Yes (PDB only) Yes (PDB only) Explore CDB instance, architecture and PDBs Yes Yes Yes Yes Upgrade a 12.1 CDB to 12.x CDB Yes Yes Tools
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10 Copyright © 2014,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.19 Instance SGA Process Structures Instance Container Database CDB1 root container seed pluggable database Steps to Create a Container Database 2 1 Container Database CDB1 Datafiles Control files UNDOSYSTEM SYSAUX Redo Log files SYSTEM TEMP1 TEMP SYSAUX initCDB1.ora 3 4 Execute scripts from root catcdb.sql Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.20 Creating a Container Database: Using SQL*Plus 1. Instance startup: a. Set ORACLE_SID=CDB1 b. Set in initCDB1.ora: – Set CONTROL_FILES to CDB control file names. – Set DB_NAME to CDB name. – Set ENABLE_PLUGGABLE_DATABASE to TRUE. 2. Create the database: – CDB$ROOT container – PDB$SEED pluggable database 3. Run the catcdb.sql script. SQL> CONNECT / AS SYSDBA SQL> STARTUP NOMOUNT SQL> CREATE DATABASE CDB1 ENABLE PLUGGABLE DATABASE … SEED FILE_NAME_CONVERT ('/oracle/dbs','/oracle/seed');
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11 Copyright © 2014,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.21 Creating a Container Database: Using DBCA Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.22 After CDB Creation: What Is New in CDBs A CDB has new characteristics compared to non-CDBs: • Two containers: – The root (CDB$ROOT) – The seed PDB (PDB$SEED) • Several services: One per container – Name of root service = name of the CDB (cdb1) • Common users in root and seed: SYS,SYSTEM … • Common privileges granted to common users • Pre-defined common roles • Tablespaces and data files associated to each container: – root: SYSTEM (system-supplied metadata and no user data), SYSAUX, TEMP – seed: SYSTEM, SYSAUX , TEMP
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12 Copyright © 2014,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.23 USER_xxx Objects owned by the current user in a PDB ALL_xxx Objects accessible by the current user in a PDB DBA_xxx All of the objects in the root or a pluggable database Data Dictionary Views: DBA_xxx DBA dictionary views providing information within PDB: • DBA_tablespaces: All tablespaces of the PDB • DBA_data_files: All data files of the PDB • DBA_tables: All tables in the PDB • DBA_users: All common and local users of the PDB SQL> SELECT table_name FROM dict WHERE table_name like 'DBA%'; Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.24 CDB_xxx All of the objects in the container database (new column CON_ID) USER_xxx Objects owned by the current user in a PDB ALL_xxx Objects accessible by the current user in a PDB DBA_xxx All of the objects in the root or a pluggable database Data Dictionary Views: CDB_xxx CDB dictionary views provide information across PDBs: • CDB_pdbs: All PDBS within the CDB • CDB_tablespaces: All tablespaces within the CDB • CDB_data_files: All data files within the CDB • CDB_users: All users within the CDB (common and local) SQL> SELECT view_name FROM dba_views WHERE view_name like 'CDB%';
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13 Copyright © 2014,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.25 Data Dictionary Views: Examples • Comparisons: • Access to data in V$ or GV$ views showing data from multiple PDBs can be secured using privilege. SQL> SELECT name, open_mode FROM v$pdbs; NAME OPEN_MODE ---------------- ---------- PDB$SEED READ ONLY PDB1 READ WRITE PDB2 READ WRITE SQL> CONNECT / AS SYSDBA SQL> SELECT role, common, con_id FROM cdb_roles; SQL> SELECT role, common FROM dba_roles; 1 2 SQL> CONNECT sys@PDB1 AS SYSDBA SQL> SELECT role, common, con_id FROM cdb_roles; SQL> SELECT role, common FROM dba_roles; 3 4 Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.26 After CDB Creation: To-Do List After CDB creation, the CDBA has to: • Set a separate default tablespace for the root and for each PDB • Set a default temporary tablespace for each container • Start the listener • Plug non-CDBs • Test startup/shutdown procedures • Define default PDB state to automate PDBs opening • Create backup and recovery procedures 12.1.0.2
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14 Copyright © 2014,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.27 Provisioning New Pluggable Databases Different methods: • Create a new PDB from the seed PDB. • Plug or clone a non-CDB into a CDB. • Clone: – A local PDB into the same CDB – A remote PDB into a CDB • Plug an unplugged PDB into another CDB. Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.28 Tools To provision new PDBs, you can use: • SQL*Plus • SQL Developer • Enterprise Manager Cloud Control • Enterprise Manager Database Express • DBCA – Copy from seed – By unplugging/plugging method
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15 Copyright © 2014,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.29 Method 1: Create New PDB from PDB$SEED Container Database CDB1 root Data files/ Tempfiles Redo Log files Control files UNDO TEMP PDB$SEED Data files PDB1 Data files Create PDB1 from PDB$SEED • Copies the data files from PDB$SEED data files • Creates SYSTEM and SYSAUX tablespaces • Creates a full catalog including metadata pointing to Oracle- supplied objects • Creates a temporary tablespace, TEMP • Creates common users: – Superuser SYS – SYSTEM • Creates a local user (PDBA) granted local PDB_DBA role • Creates a new default service TEMP SYSAUX SYSTEM SYSTEM USERS SYSAUX SYSAUX SYSTEM Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.30 Steps: With Location Clauses Connect to the root as a common user with the CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE privilege: • Use FILE_NAME_CONVERT: • Use CREATE_FILE_DEST: • Use views to verify: SQL> CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb1 ADMIN USER admin1 IDENTIFIED BY p1 ROLES=(CONNECT) FILE_NAME_CONVERT = ('PDB$SEEDdir', 'PDB1dir'); SQL> CONNECT / AS SYSDBA SQL> SELECT * FROM cdb_pdbs; SQL> SELECT * FROM cdb_tablespaces; SQL> SELECT * FROM cdb_data_files; SQL> CONNECT sys@pdb1 AS SYSDBA SQL> CONNECT admin1@pdb1 SQL> CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb2 ADMIN USER admin2 IDENTIFIED BY p2 ROLES=(CONNECT) CREATE_FILE_DEST = 'PDB2dir'; 12.1.0.2
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16 Copyright © 2014,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.31 Synchronization • If the PDB is in MOUNTED or READ-ONLY mode • If customer-created common users or roles are created / modified / dropped →The PDB needs to be resynchronized with the root. – Open the PDB in READ-WRITE mode to synchronize the PDB with the target CDB. – If you open the PDB in READ-ONLY mode, an error is returned. →A compatibility check is automatically performed: – Any violation is reported in the PDB_PLUG_IN_VIOLATIONS view. – If there is no violation, the PDB status is changed to NORMAL. Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.32 Method 2: Plug a Non-CDB into a CDB Three possible methods: • TTS or TDB or full export/import • XML file definition with DBMS_PDB • Replication Entities are created in the new PDB: • Tablespaces: SYSTEM, SYSAUX, TEMP • A full catalog • Common users: SYS, SYSTEM • A local administrator (PDBA) • A new default service Container Database CDB1 root Data files/ Temp files Redo Log files Control files PDB$SEED Data files / Temp files Create PDB2 from ORCL ORCL Data files Control files Redo Log files Dump file PDB2 Data files impdp TTS 12.1 expdp TTS ReplicationXML file DBMS_PDB Plug
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17 Copyright © 2014,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.33 Plug a Non-CDB in to CDB Using DBMS_PDB Container Database CDB1 root Data files/ Temp files Redo Log files Control files PDB$SEED PDB2 Data files Create PDB2 from ORCL DBMS_PDB.DESCRIBE Plug XML metadata file 1. Open ORCL in READ ONLY mode. 2. 3. Connect to the target CDB1 CDB as a common user with CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE privilege. 4. Plug in the unplugged ORCL as PDB2. 5. Run the noncdb_to_pdb.sql script. 6. Open PDB2. SQL> CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE PDB2 USING '/tmp/ORCL.xml'; SQL> EXEC DBMS_PDB.DESCRIBE ('/tmp/ORCL.xml') SQL> CONNECT sys@PDB2 AS SYSDBA SQL> @$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/noncdb_to_pdb Data files / Tempfiles ORCL Datafiles Control files Redo Log files 12.1 SQL> ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE PDB2 OPEN; Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.34 Method 3: Clone Local PDBs Container Database CDB1 root Data files/ Temp files Redo Log files Control files PDB$SEED Data files / Temp files PDB1 Data files Create PDB3 from PDB1 1. Set the DB_CREATE_FILE_DEST or DB_FILE_NAME_CONVERT instance parameter or use the CREATE_FILE_DEST clause. 2. Connect to the root. 3. Quiesce PDB1: 4. Clone PDB3 from PDB1: 5. Open PDB3 in read-write mode. 6. Reopen PDB1. PDB3 Data files PDB3 owns: • SYSTEM, SYSAUX tablespaces • Full catalog • A temporary tablespace • SYS, SYSTEM common users • Same local administrator name • New service name SQL> ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb1 CLOSE; SQL> ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb1 OPEN READ ONLY; SQL> CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb3 FROM pdb1; SQL> ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb3 OPEN; 12.1.0.2
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18 Copyright © 2014,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.35 Method 4: Plug Unplugged PDB in to CDB Unplug PDB1 from CDB1: 1. Connect to CDB1 as a common user. 2. Verify that PDB1 is closed. 3. 4. Optionally, drop PDB1 from CDB1. Plug PDB1 in to CDB2: 1. Connect to CDB2 as a common user. 2. Use DBMS_PDB package to check the compatibility of PDB1 with CDB2. 3. 4. Open PDB1 in read-write mode. Container Database CDB1 root PDB$SEED PDB1 Data files XML file USERS Unplug PDB1 Container Database CDB2 root PDB$SEED PDB1 Data files Plug PDB1 SQL> ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb1 UNPLUG INTO 'xmlfile1.xml'; SQL> CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb1 USING 'xmlfile1.xml' NOCOPY; SYSAUX SYSTEM USERSSYSAUX SYSTEM Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.36 Method 4: Flow Are new PDB files based on same files that were used to create existing PDB in CDB? If not, AS CLONE clause is required and so, it ensures that Oracle Database generates unique PDB DBID, GUID, and other identifiers expected for the new PDB. XML file accurately describes current locations of files? Are files in correct location? Do you want to specify storage limits for PDB? If not, the SOURCE_FILE_NAME_CONVERT clause is required. If not, specify COPY to copy files to new location or MOVE to move them to another location. If yes, use NOCOPY. COPY as the default. If yes, specify the STORAGE clause. • FILE_NAME_CONVERT or CREATE_FILE_DEST clauses of CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE statement • Instances DB_CREATE_FILE_DEST or PDB_FILE_NAME_CONVERT parameters Several clauses can be used in conjunction:
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19 Copyright © 2014,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.37 Plug Sample Schemas PDB: Using DBCA 1 2 3 4 Plug a new PDB with Sample Schemas using a PDB File Set Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.38 Dropping a PDB Container Database CDB1 root Data files/ Temp files Redo Log files Control files File2 TEMP PDB$SEED Data files File5 File6 File7 File4 File1 File3 PDB1 Data files File8 Drop PDB1 • Updates control files • If INCLUDING DATAFILES: – Removes PDB1 datafiles • If KEEP DATAFILES (default): – Retain data files – Can be plugged in another or the same CDB • Requires SYSDBA privilege • Cannot drop seed PDB File9 File10 PDB4 Data files SQL> ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb1 CLOSE; SQL> DROP PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb1 [INCLUDING DATAFILES];… File7 File8 File9 File10 …
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20 Copyright © 2014,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.39 Migrating pre-12.1 Databases to 12.1 CDB There are two methods: 1. Upgrade an existing pre-12.1 database to 12c. 2. Plug-in non-CDB into a CDB. Or 1. Pre-create a PDB in CDB. 2. Use 11g expdp / 12c impdp or replication between non-CDB and PDB. CDB CDB1 root Data files/ Temp files Redo Log files Control files ORCL Data files Control files Redo Log files expdp Dump file PDB1 Data files impdp ORCL Data files Control files Redo Log files 1 2 11g 12c Replication XML file Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.40 MOUNT NOMOUNT SHUTDOWN Instance started – CDB control files opened for the instance – Root mounted – PDBs mounted – Root opened – PDBs still mounted, except seed in RO OPEN SQL> STARTUP SQL> ALTER DATABASE cdb1 OPEN; Or SQL> SELECT name,open_mode 2 FROM v$pdbs; NAME OPEN_MODE ---------------- ---------- PDB$SEED READ ONLY PDB1 MOUNTED PDB2 MOUNTED Opening a CDB
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21 Copyright © 2014,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.41 OPEN MOUNT NOMOUNT SHUTDOWN Instance started – CDB control files opened for the instance – Root mounted – PDBs mounted – Root opened – PDBs still mounted, except seed in RO PDB OPEN PDBs opened RW, except seed in RO SQL> CONNECT sys@CDB1 AS SYSDBA SQL> ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb1 OPEN; SQL> ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE ALL OPEN; Or SQL> SELECT name,open_mode 2 FROM v$pdbs; NAME OPEN_MODE ---------------- ---------- PDB$SEED READ ONLY PDB1 READ WRITE PDB2 READ WRITE Opening a PDB Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.42 CDB OPEN MOUNT NOMOUNT SHUTDOWN Instance started – CDB control files opened for the instance – Root mounted – PDBs mounted – Root opened – PDBs mounted, except seed still RO PDB CLOSE PDBs closed SQL> CONNECT / AS SYSDBA SQL> ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb1 CLOSE IMMEDIATE; SQL> ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE ALL EXCEPT pdb1 CLOSE; SQL> ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE ALL CLOSE; SQL> CONNECT sys@pdb1 AS SYSDBA SQL> ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE CLOSE; Or SQL> SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE; Closing a PDB
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22 Copyright © 2014,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.43 SQL> CONNECT sys@CDB1 AS SYSDBA SQL> SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE Shutting Down a CDB Instance • All PDBs closed (no new specific message) • CDB closed • CDB dismounted • Instance shut down • PDB closed SQL> CONNECT sys@PDB1 AS SYSDBA SQL> SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Exploring Oracle Database 12c Multitenant Best Practices for your Cloud Ami Aharonovich Oracle ACE & OCP Ami@Brillix.co.il
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