The document discusses potential side effects of several common sleep medications, including NyQuil, Sonata, Lunesta, Ambien, Rozerem, and Doxylamine. It notes that sleep medications can cause drowsiness, dizziness, headaches, nausea, dry mouth and other issues. More serious potential side effects include hallucinations, confusion, falls, dependence and withdrawal symptoms. The document warns that overdosing on acetaminophen (found in some medications) can cause liver damage or failure. It emphasizes the importance of only taking sleep medications as prescribed and contacting a doctor immediately if any severe side effects occur.

1. Emma Cooke
Ross Hobson
Sydney Boukedes
John Aceti

2.  According to the dictionary, sleep is:
 to take the rest afforded by suspension of
voluntary bodily functions and the natural
suspension, complete or partial, of
consciousness; cease being awake.

3.  Both. Sleep deprivation pertains to any high
school or college student who does not get
the amount of sleep their body needs due to
rigorous amounts of school work and extra
curricular activities.

4.  Sleep begins in stage 1 and progresses into
stages 2, 3 and 4. After stage 4 sleep, stage 3
and then stage 2 sleep are repeated before
entering REM sleep. Once REM sleep is over, the
body usually returns to stage 2 sleep.
 Sleep cycles through these stages approximately
four or five times throughout the night.
 On average, we enter the REM stage
approximately 90 minutes after falling asleep.
The first cycle of REM sleep might last only a
short amount of time, but each cycle becomes
longer. REM sleep can last up to an hour as sleep
progresses.

5.  Stage 1 is the beginning of the sleep
cycle, and is a relatively light stage of sleep.
Stage 1 can be considered a transition period
between wakefulness and sleep. In Stage
1, the brain produces high amplitude theta
waves, which are very slow brain waves. This
period of sleep lasts only a brief time (around
5-10 minutes). If you awaken someone
during this stage, they might report that they
weren't really asleep.

6.  Stage 2 is the second stage of sleep and lasts
for approximately 20 minutes. The brain
begins to produce bursts of rapid, rhythmic
brain wave activity known as sleep spindles.
Body temperature starts to decrease and
heart rate begins to slow.

7.  Deep, slow brain waves known as delta waves
begin to emerge during stage 3 sleep. Stage
3 is a transitional period between light sleep
and a very deep sleep.

8.  Stage 4 is sometimes referred to as delta
sleep because of the slow brain waves known
as delta waves that occur during this time.
Stage 4 is a deep sleep that lasts for
approximately 30 minutes.

9.  Most dreaming occurs during the fifth stage
of sleep, known as rapid eye movement (REM)
sleep. REM sleep is characterized by eye
movement, increased respiration rate and
increased brain activity. REM sleep is also
referred to as paradoxical sleep because
while the brain and other body systems
become more active, muscles become more
relaxed. Dreaming occurs due because of
increased brain activity, but voluntary
muscles become paralyzed.

10.  Melatonin is usually actively being produced around 9 pm
but in teenagers it can be later-their natural sleep-wake
cycle is later
 Children produce more melatonin than adults so they
sleep longer (levels decrease with age so teens produce a
lot too)
 Called the 'darkness hormone' or 'dracula of hormones'
because it only come out in the dark. the release of this
hormone is directly related to sunlight (although indoor
lighting can sometimes be bright enought to stimulate it)
 Teens produce the 'darkness hormone at around 1 am
where as adults produce it at around 10 pm. this hormone
makes you get sleepy so teens stay up much later. they
naturally stay up later, but need more sleep than adults, so
they sleep in half the day.

11.  Sleep is very important for a number of
reasons..
 Learning and memory
 Metabolism and weight
 Safety
 Mood
 Cardiovascular health
 Disease

12.  Sleep helps the brain commit new information
to memory through a process called memory
consolidation. In studies, people who’d slept
after learning a task did better on tests later.

13.  Chronic sleep deprivation may cause weight
gain by affecting the way our bodies process
and store carbohydrates, and by altering
levels of hormones that affect our appetite.

14.  Sleep debt contributes to a greater tendency
to fall asleep during the daytime. These
lapses may cause falls and mistakes such as
medical errors, air traffic mishaps, and road
accidents.

15.  Sleep loss may result in
irritability, impatience, inability to
concentrate, and moodiness. Too little sleep
can also leave you too tired to do the things
you like to do.

16.  Serious sleep disorders have been linked to
hypertension, increased stress hormone
levels, and irregular heartbeat.

17.  Sleep deprivation alters immune
function, including the activity of the body’s
killer cells. Keeping up with sleep may also
help fight cancer.

18.  Research has showed that people who are deprived from
entering the dream phase of sleep or the REM
stage, exhibit symptoms of irritability and anxiety. In one
dream study, volunteers are woken up right before they
enter into the dream state. Then they are allowed to fall
back to sleep. Again, right before they enter REM
sleep, they are awaken. This continues on through the
night. The volunteers sleep the same amount of time as
they normally do. The next day, these volunteers go about
their day and observed to be
disoriented, depressed, crabby, and quick tempered.
There is a general impairment in their daily
functioning. Some eat more than usual. As this study
continues on through several nights, subjects become
more and more agitated. It is found that deprivation of
REM sleep causes over-sensitivity, lack of concentration
and memory loss.

19.  This study shows the importance of dreaming
and its role in your well-being and health.
Some researchers believe that dreams help
you to tackle stress. Dreaming is a necessity
and helps to recharge the mind and revitalize
the body.

20.  Sleep is critically important to teenagers:
 The prefrontal cortex is growing
 New brain cells and neural connections are
growing. these are critical to intelligence, self
awareness, and performance.
 What you learn during the day (at
school, social interaction, etc) is "hardwired"
into the brain during REM sleep

21.  When teens cut their sleep time short, not
only will they be tired and not pay attention
to what they are learning that day, but they
will also have a harder time remembering
what they learned the day before
 Most teens need around 9.5 hours of sleep a
night
 Most are lucky to sleep 7.5 hours
 This leads to chronic sleep deprivation

22.  1. Tiredness
2. Irritability and nervousness
3. Inability to tolerate stress
4. Problems with concentration and memory
5. Behavioral learning or social problems
6. Frequent infections
7. Blurred vision
8. Rage of discomfort
9. Change in appetite
10. Lack of tolerance

24.  This is a global issue for all teenagers who
rigorously study in high school, college, and
then beyond as adults.
 There are many sleeping drugs which are
meant to induce sleep if one is sick, cannot
sleep, or needs restful sleep.
 However, most sleep medications are too
hazardous for teenagers, or they require a
full amount of sleep averaging 8 hours.

25.  Science is developing many sleep
medications, however they tend to be geared
towards adults or young children.
 Many medications can become addictive or
have negative side effects, especially for
teenagers whose cognitive cycles are still in
development.

26.  NyQuil
 Sonata
 Lunesta
 Ambien
 Rozerem
 Doxylamine

27.  Headaches.
 Dry mouth.
 Muscle or joint pain.
 Changes in appetite or in the way food tastes.
 Problems with balance or coordination.
 Confusion and trouble remembering things.
 Physical problems, such as falling.
 An allergic reaction.
 Dependence and withdrawal symptoms. Sleep
problems may get worse when you stop taking the
medicine.
 In rare cases, people taking these medicines have
done activities, such as driving and eating, while still
asleep.

28.  Often the overdose starts with
nausea, stomach pain and sweating. It later
progresses to jaundice, intense upper
stomach pain and confusion. When
acetaminophen is taken in extreme
quantities, the symptoms may progress to
convulsions, coma and liver failure. An
overdose may lead to death without rapid
treatment.

29.  Overdosing on doxylamine will first lead to extreme
drowsiness, dry mouth and dizziness. Seizures may
occur after a large overdose. In extreme and rare
cases, an overdose of doxylamine can result in
secondary acute renal failure.
 A threatening overdose of doxylamine would require
the patient to ingest large quantities of the drug.
However, since it is a depressant, a severe overdose
can lead to respiratory failure. Milder
overdose symptoms include nausea, vomiting and
intense hallucinations that could lead to paranoia. If
doxylamine is consistently abused, it can cause the
user to form lesions on their brain which affects
memory, cognitive ability and emotions.

30.  Taken alone, each of these components could
have very negative effects on the body. When
they are combined--as they are in NyQuil--the
user may experience many of the different
symptoms associated with each substance.
However, since an overdose on acetaminophen is
very extreme, the consequences of overdosing on
that component are much more dangerous than
the rest. An extreme overdose of NyQuil could
very easily lead to death due to the
acetaminophen in the drug.

31.  Drowsiness, dizziness, blurred vision, upset stomach, nausea, or
dry mouth/nose/throat may occur. If any of these effects persist
or worsen, tell your doctor or pharmacist promptly.
Tell your doctor immediately if any of these unlikely but serious
side effects occur: mental/mood changes (such as
confusion, hallucinations), trouble urinating.
Tell your doctor immediately if any of these rare but serious side
effects occur: fast/irregular heartbeat, seizure.
Taking more than the recommended dose of acetaminophen may
cause serious (possibly fatal) liver disease. Seek immediate
medical attention if you have any of the following symptoms of
liver damage: dark urine, persistent
nausea/vomiting, stomach/abdominal pain, yellowing eyes/skin.
A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is rare.
However, seek immediate medical attention if you notice any
symptoms of a serious allergic reaction, including:
rash, itching/swelling (especially of the
face/tongue/throat), severe dizziness, trouble breathing.

32.  Dizziness, drowsiness, short-term memory loss, or lack of coordination may
occur, especially during the first 2 hours after you take the medication. Taking the
medication properly just before falling asleep will reduce your risk of these
effects. If any of these effects persist or worsen, notify your doctor or pharmacist
promptly.
 Remember that your doctor has prescribed this medication because he or she has
judged that the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Many people
using this medication do not have serious side effects.
 Tell your doctor immediately if any of these unlikely but serious side effects occur:
mental/mood changes (e.g., agitation, seeing/hearing things that are not
there, rare thoughts of suicide), unusual behavior.
 Rarely, after taking this drug, people have gotten out of bed and driven vehicles
while not fully awake ("sleep-driving"). People have also
sleepwalked, prepared/eaten food, made phone calls, or had sex while not fully
awake. Often, these people do not remember these events. This problem can be
dangerous to you or to others. If you find out that you have done any of these
activities after taking this medication, tell your doctor immediately. Your risk is
increased if you use alcohol or other medications that can make you drowsy while
taking zaleplon.
 A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is rare. However, seek immediate
medical attention if you notice any symptoms of a serious allergic
reaction, including: rash, itching/swelling (especially of the
face/tongue/throat), severe dizziness, trouble breathing.

33.  Dizziness, tiredness, or daytime drowsiness may occur. If any of these
effects persist or worsen, notify your doctor or pharmacist promptly.
 Remember that your doctor has prescribed this medication because he
or she has judged that the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side
effects. Many people using this medication do not have serious side
effects.
 Some people who take sleep medications have reported getting out of
bed and sleep-walking, driving, eating, talking on the phone, or doing
other activities while not fully awake. Often, they have no memory of
these activities. This problem can be dangerous to you or others. If you
have or think you have this problem, tell your doctor immediately. Your
risk is increased if you use alcohol or other medications that can make
you drowsy.
 Tell your doctor immediately if any of these unlikely but serious side
effects occur: decreased sexual desire, missed menstrual periods, nipple
discharge, difficulty becoming pregnant.
 Tell your doctor immediately if any of these rare but very serious side
effects occur: mental/mood changes (e.g., depression, strange
thoughts, thoughts of suicide).

34.  Drowsiness, dizziness, dry mouth, headache, and unpleasant taste may occur. To
minimize the risk of falls, remember to get up slowly when rising from a seated or
lying position. If any of these effects persist or worsen, notify your doctor or
pharmacist promptly.
 This medication may make you sleepy during the day. Tell your doctor if you have
daytime drowsiness. Your dose may need to be adjusted.
 Remember that your doctor has prescribed this medication because he or she has
judged that the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Many people
using this medication do not have serious side effects.
 Tell your doctor immediately if any of these unlikely but serious side effects occur:
mental/mood changes (e.g., worsening depression, hallucinations, agitation, or
rare thoughts of suicide), memory problems, loss of coordination, signs of
infection (e.g., fever, chills, persistent soar throat).
 Rarely, after taking this drug, people have gotten out of bed and driven vehicles
while not fully awake ("sleep-driving"). People have also sleepwalked,
prepared/eaten food, made phone calls, or had sex while not fully awake. Often,
these people do not remember these events. This problem can be dangerous to
you or to others. If you find out that you have done any of these activities after
taking this medication, tell your doctor immediately. Your risk is increased if you
use alcohol or other medications that can make you drowsy while taking
eszopiclone.

35.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=885ksPrk
nwY&context=C4c54a32ADvjVQa1PpcFP-
8rDOvQs6RvFIuT52pAcT26VF9Ql-ng0=

36.  The Passout Patch is a concept idea of a drug
patch which allows students to feel rested
even when they do not get the full amount of
needed sleep.
 It is in patch form that way, as opposed to
other drugs like Nyquil which require a full 8
hours of sleep, you will not have negative
side effects if long amounts of sleep is not
achieved.

37.  The Passout Patch is supposed to induce
chemicals in the brain like melatonin, that aid
in the sleep cycles.
 That way, REM sleep is still achieved, and
achieved in a greater number of cycles, so
that the student can process and hardwire the
memories of the day, thus preparing for the
next.
 The brain will be able to develop the same
way, and have dreams which also aid in
cognitive development.

38.  http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/15185.php
 http://www.sleepfoundation.org/article/sleep-
topics/melatonin-and-sleep
 http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/mind/articles/
emotions/teenagers/sleep.shtml
 http://www.sleepforscience.org/stuff/contentmgr/files/94
a9f6f63ae18bc30f3d2d0b005e42fa/pdf/carskadon_pediat
rician1990.pdf
 http://www.squidoo.com/sleep-help
 http://www.health.harvard.edu/press_releases/importance
_of_sleep_and_health
 http://psychology.about.com/od/statesofconsciousness/a
/SleepStages.htm
 http://www.dreammoods.com/dreaminformation/dreamre
search3.htm