1. 1. The artists of the Renaissance focused on…
 The human experience
2. The development of printing in Europe led to…
 Learning & literacy increased
 Individual pursuit of religion increased (Protestantism was made possible by the
Gutenberg bible)
 New ideas of all types spread more rapidly
3. Luther criticized the Roman Catholic Church for…
 The Church & the Pope competed with Italian princes for political power
 Popes maintained a lavish lifestyle
 The Church required numerous fees, including indulgences
4. What was a result of the Catholic Reformation?
 Rome was a more relgious city than it had been 100 years earlier.
 Piety and charity flourished across Catholic Europe.
 Slowed Protestant tide
 Protestants returned some areas to the Catholic Church
5. What did Copernicus propose?
 He proposed a heliocentric, or sun-centered, model of the universe. The sun, he
said, stood at the center of the universe. The Earth was just one of several planets
that revolved around the sun.
6. What contributed to the birth of the Renaissance in Italy?
 The greater prosperity of Italian city-states encouraged cultural activity
7. What best explains why the Renaissance occurred in northern Europe later than it did in
Italy?
 The Black Death or Black Plague delayed economic growth in northern Europe
8. What were some effects of the printing revolution in the 1500s?
 It spread throughout Europe & exposed them to new ideas, expanding their
horizons.
 Books were cheaper and easier to produce.
9. Luther believed that…
 Christians could be saved by faith alone
 The bible is the only authority for Christianity
 All Christians had equal access to God
10. How did Henry VIII react when the Pope refused to annul his marriage?
 He withdrew the Catholic Churches in England from the Pope’s authority. He
creates the Anglican Church; receives annulment; the groundwork is laid for
additional struggles between advocates for Catholicism and Protestantism.
11. By the Edict of Nantes in 1598, Henry IV of France granted religious toleration to…
 Protestants
12. During the 1700s, which countries battled for control of the German states?

2.  Prussia and Austria
13. Peter the Great forced Russians to accept social reforms that would make their culture
more like that of…
 Western Europe
14. As a result of Peter the Great’s war against Sweden, Russia gained…
 Land across the Baltic Sea
15. Who mocked the traditions of Spain’s feudal past in his novel Don Quixote?
 Miguel de Cervantes
16. In the late 1500s, France was torn apart by religious wars between Catholics and…
 Protestants/Huguenots
17. French styles of art, culture, manners, and customs became the standard for European
taste as a result of the reign of…
 Louis XIV
18. The Stuart kings’ claims to absolute power were challenged by…
 Leaders in the House of Commons
19. What “empire” was divided into many small states as a result of the Thirty Years’ War?
 The Holy Roman Empire
20. Why did Prussia battle Austria during the 1700’s?
 For control over the German states
21. Peter the Great fought the Ottoman Turks for the purpose of…
 To take over the warm-water ports so Russia could trade more easily with the
West
22. What happened to Poland in 1795 as a result of actions by Russia, Austria, and Prussia?
 It disappeared off of the map
23. Montesquieu believed the purpose of the separation of powers was to…
 Protect liberty
24. How did the Enlightenment affect European peasants during the Enlightenment
 It had little effect on the immediate (day to day) life.
25. What factors helped Britain become a global power in the 1700s?
 Geography
 Success in war
 Favorable business climate
 They profited heavily from slave trade
26. Who had the right to vote in Britain in the 1700s?
 Very few males who owned property
27. The American Declaration of Independence was heavily influenced by the thinking of…
 John Locke
28. Thinkers during the Age of Reason challenged the established social order by…
 Calling for a “just society based on reason”

3. 29. Joseph II adopted Enlightenment ideas…
 And traveled in disguise among his subjects to learn their problems.
30. The Tory party in Britain was made up primarily of…
 Landowning aristocrats
31. What was a new feature of English government in the late 1700s?
 The cabinet system
32. The Church controlled ________ of the land, collected tithes, and paid
___________________________ to the state.
 10%
 No direct taxes
33. Some clergy, the high church officials, were nobility who were very wealthy; others, the
parish priests…
 Were often as poor as the peasants they served
34. Churches, in addition to religious service, also provided…
 Schools, hospitals, and orphanages
35. Nobles, like clergy…
 Did not pay taxes
36. The bourgeoisie or middle class included…
 Bankers, merchants. Royal bureaucrats, lawyers, doctors, journalists, professors,
and skilled aristocrats
37. __________ of the Third Estate were peasants, some who owned land and earned a good
living and others who labored for landowners.
 90%
38. For many living on low wages, even a slight increase in the price of bread led to…
 starvation
39. The Third Estate paid _____________ tax burden of the country’s expenses.
 The entire
40. Enlightenment ideas led the Third Estate to challenge…
 inequality
41. Deficit spending on ________________ and a lavish court lifestyle led to a massive debt
leading up to the French Revolution.
 wars
42. By 1789, ___________ of its tax income went to paying the interest on the debt.
 half
43. Poor harvests in the late 1780’s led to ______________ inflation.
 high
44. When the first two estates learned of Finance Minister Jacques Necker’s plan to tax them,
they forced the king to _______________ and call a meeting of the Estates General
where they hoped they could influence the king’s future attempts at reform.
 Dismiss him

4. 45. The Cahiers (notebooks listing grievances to the king) include…
 Fairer taxes
 Freedom of the press
 Regular meetings of the Esates General
 Reduced leather costs
 The right to hunt/kill animals that damaged crops
 To leave service and receive a reward
46. If the Third Estate is the vast majority of the people, how did the first two estates control
the vote in the Estates General?
 Each estate had one vote; the first two estates would join in on an issue and
outvote the third.
47. What was the Tennis Court oath?
 The 3rd estate wanted all 3 estates to meet in a single body. The 3rd estate declared
itself the National Assembly with the power to draft a constitution. The King
locked them out of their meeting hall, and in response, the delegates met at an
indoor tennis court and agreed not to disband until a constitution was written.

5. Definitions
1. Heliocentric:
 based on the belief that the sun is the center of the universe
2. Humanism:
 study of subjects taught in ancient Greece and Rome such as grammar, rhetoric,
poetry, and history
3. Indulgence:
 in the Roman Catholic Church, pardon for sins committed during a person’s
lifetime
4. Predestination:
 idea that God long ago determined who will gain salvation
5. Inquisition:
 A Catholic Church court that allowed secret testimony, torture, and execution to
root out heresy.
6. Balance of power:
 distribution of military & economic power that prevents any one nation from
becoming too strong
7. Divine right:
 belief that a ruler’s authority comes directly from God
8. Limited monarchy:
 government in which a constitution/legislative body limits the monarch’s power
9. St. Petersburg
 “Window of the west”
10. Constitutional government:
 government whose power is defined and limited by law
11. Enlightened despot:
 absolute ruler who uses his power to bring about political and social change
12. Natural laws:
 rule/law that governs human nature
13. Natural rights:
 right that belongs to all humans from birth
14. Physiocrat:
 enlightenment thinker who searched for natural laws to explain economics
15. Voltaire:
 Candide: opposed inequality, favored freedom of speech
16. Adam Smith:
 Wealth of Nations: rejected mercantilism
 urged laissez-faire
 developed supply and demand
 no government interference with trade

6.  government should only provide goods and services not profitable for private
business
17. Jean-Jacques Rousseau:
 The Social Contract: people are naturally good, but corrupted by civilization
 The good of the community should be picked above the individual
 “Man is born free, but is everywhere in chains”
18. Montesquieu:
 The Spirit of the Laws: “In order to have liberty, it is necessary that the powers of
the government be separated”
19. Bacon:
 devoted himself to the problem of knowledge; also help create the scientific
method. He emphasized experimentation and observation.
20. Descartes:
 devoted himself to problem of knowledge; created the scientific method. He
emphasized human reasoning.