1. Linguistics is a science Lots of concepts on
imples a serius, deep
. linguistic have been
study a languaye It is aims to give through time by
demostrate how linguists according to
people have their points
used, deal
PRELIMINARY NOTIONS
Scientific study of a lenguage in
. Linguistic is the
general and of languages in particular scientific study of as
dealing with their history , nature- a system of human
approaches, grammar-ruler, struture- communication
syntax, saounds –phonology, meaning
sistems-semantics, semiotics so on as
a system of human communication .

2. • Jacab Grimm
LINGUISTICS BACKGROUND
. (1785-1863)
• Franz Bopp
(791-1867)
The word linguistics was initially • August Schleicher
used in the middle of 19th century (1821-1868)
to emphasize the difference
between a newer approach to the
study on language that was then
developing and the nre tradicional
aproach of philology
Philology Socio-
Sociolinguistics
Sociolinguistics Computatioanl Anthopologica Apllied
Psycholinguistic
Psycholinguistic Ethnic
linguistic l linguistic linguistics
linguistics
It deals with Characterize
Had Studied how Relations It´s also The
the d by the
recibstructed dialects between know as theoretical
relationship deep
what appaed messages and natural and
between differences
to be the the language, descriptive
ñanguage of class,
Proto-Indo characteristic it´s a foundtions
and culture ethnicity
European branch of for the
Lenguage artificial gerder and investigation
intelligence generation and solution

3. The term cpnstrative analysis stand for applied constrative
sudias, with deal the practical cosnsequences of differences
between constrated language for teaching purpose,
bilingual analysis or translation.
.
CONSTRATIVE OR
CONTRATIVE CONSTRATIVE COMPARATIVE
LINGUISTICS
Cer.taly studies analyses, and
compares two more lenguage Originally known as comparative philology
descriptively in order to find out is branch of historiical or diachronic
similarities and differences amog linguistic that is conced with comparing
them during the lenguage learning language in order to establish theur
process. historical relatedness

4. -Since interence for
FUNDAMENTALS FOR
more 30% of error to
TEACHING understand leguage.
- Serve as an aid to
their own more
Is a relevant recuarding study autonomous
area for certain types of student learning and as a
background to the
self diagnosis and
remediation of
their error, spoken
Constrative Metrhogology and written
Constrative
linguistic of constrative
Pragmatics
syllabus linguistic
Theory isn´t
It´s the study of too
Proceeds
Three level the ability of demanding
level-by-
of lexis natural language
level
speaker s to
communicate The fundamental
-Lenguage terminology
more than that techique of
-Sound (utterance)
which is explicity constrative linguistic is
-Syntax (gramas, sentece
staded to mach of to Is specilly
structure and rules
languages by using a associated with
techique know as the applied constrative
Sounds systems constative method studies advocated
involve phonological as a means of
or phonetic, relevant predicting
to indentifying types difficulties of
of foreing accent learners with
particular mother
tongue in learning

5. MEW TRENDS
Included a comparison af
cultures, early contrastraive It´s important study
studies focused on what has macrolinguistic an
been describeb as microlinguistic micholinguistic
contrastrive analysis
The role of Conpora
Is a body ot text, utterarces or ther
specimens considered more or les s
representative of a language

6. It´s arbitrary structures
system of utterances-
LANGUAGE sounds gestures, sings
Most spoken
and movements, written
language
symbols, morphemes.
population of
words and sentences udes
the world
to, human comunication
Cladification
Cladification
*Madarin
*Hindi
*Engish
*Arabic
*Spanich Verbal lenguage
Verbal lenguage
Is ephemeral because
it vanishes into the air
as soon as it is uttered
Lenguage Individual Jargon
Dialect
Dialect Slang Colloquialism
Family language
It´s a gruop of
language related Used by It´s an It´s informal
Particular language
by descent from It´s language people who informal
way of that isn´t
a commom as a whole work in a used on the
using a rude but
ancestor called from the particular lenguage is
language would not
the proto- some family interest rude is non
relagional be used
language of that standard
and social informal
family
situation

7. Non Verbal
No sound is uttered this could be
symbolic written pr mimic.
It´s a system of permanent
Written or simbolic language
written symbols
It´s a writting system which uses
Idiographic ideograms(symbols) to represent
whole words or concepts
Syllabic It´s based or syllables which are
represented by separate symbols
English. It´s lingua franca
It´s based on sounds-
Alphabetical and native langua in the
pronunciation
world spoken
Writing sistems, It´s bases Spanish. Spoken a first
Articulated Languge on alphabets phonectica language 352 millon second
alphabets language speakers

8. It´s the incompatibility. It´s the quality or
state of being inconsistent, lack of
conrdance with a structural pattern
LENGUAGE INCONSISTENCIES
The same letter Different dialects
The same sound
or letter pronunce the
can be written
combination can same word
whit diffetent
refer to different different
letter
sounds combination

9. CLUSTER
A group of the same
or similar element
gathered or occuring
closely tofetres Consonant
Vowel cluster
cluster
Give to synthetic words Also know as a consonant
containing orthografic vowel blend is a group or sequence
cluster and analyzes the of consonant that appear
observed pronunciation in together is a syllable whitout
relation to comon in lenguge a vowel between them.
Inicial clusters Medial clusters Final clusters
French, English and
Four hinal consonant
Inicial two spanish might have
cluster is by and large
consonant cluster from two up to fpur
the outcome of the
medial consonant
plural forms
cluster
INTRASILLABIC INTERSYLLABIC
One consonant of the cluster
IT belongs to the second of belongs to the first syllable
the two syllable speaks and the other to the second
between which they appear sillable diision occur beteen
os medial the members

10. Phoneme is the smallest basic
Phonemics
and theorical unit of languaje
PHONOLOGY
Is the study of the system of It´s the study and description of
phonemes of a language Phonetics the speech sounds made by the
human voice
It´s a mark placed over under or
Diacritic
though a letter

11. It´s a system of characteris
orranged in a fixed
convetional order to
ALPHABET symbolize sounds or letter
Latin Alphabeth
used in a wriitting system to
represent speech
To achieve widespread
acceptance, this Latin Alphabet international Also called Roman
encapsulation was based on standards alphabet
popular usage.

12. THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC
ALPHABET (IPA)
Was proposed and mainly
accepted by linguistic, and
created by the intenational
phonetic association (whose
original members were language
teachers in france 1886.
Plublished officially the first
version in 1888. The latest version
of the international phonetic
alphabet was revised and undate
by asociationin 2005

13. BROAD TRANSCRIPTION
• Also identified as phonemic transcription, it´s the
notation that reperesent utterances of a language by
indicating only the dignigicant and underlying
sounds that make up a word
TRANSCRIPTION: It´S a system
of notation that represents
utterences or partial
utterrances of a language
Pedaofical Hints pronounced by people
• Making stress in both ingeneral Stress:
manosyllabic and • It´s feature
multidyllabic words is whichis often
some didactic advice re´resented om
for students to be able phonetic and
to use and pronounce phonemic
properly the stressed transcription
syllables on wprds