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HARA by ISO 26262 Standard | Functional Safety

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ISO 26262 is a Globally Recognized standard for the design and development of automotive E/E systems. It is a framework
that makes Functional Safety, a part of the automotive product development life-cycle.
ISO 26262 standard deals with different aspects of the functional safety in Automotive. It is designed to eliminate any
unacceptable risk to the human life.
This journey of eliminating the risk starts with identification and analysis of the hazards and assessment of the risks
associated with the hazards.
This particular step or process of identification and analysis is known as HARA (Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment).

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Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment is mentioned in the Part-3 of ISO 26262 standard document. The purpose behind
HARA is to identify the malfunctions that could possibly lead to E/E system hazards and assess the risk associated with
them.
The following examples of the possible hazardous events, will help us understand the importance of identifying these
hazards:
• The LDW gets activated automatically, even when the car is not changing lanes. This may cause the driver to lose control
of the car.
• Required Alert from the LDW system is not displayed on the dashboard (Driver may assume that LDW is working and
may react late)
• LDW warns the driver, but the warning lights do not get activated. An accident may occur.
What is HARA and Why is it Required?

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Who Should Shoulder the Responsibility for HARA

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Step-1: Item Definition
The Item Definition Constitutes of the following:
• Name of item and the descriptions
• Core Technology on which the item works (Electronic/Electrical/Mechanic etc.)
• Interfaces to other functions (both external and internal)
• Safety requirements and known failure-modes
• Functional dependency of one item on others
Step-2: Safety Lifecycle Initiation
This is more of a transitionary step. At this stage, this it is ascertained that whether a new item is being
developed or modifications are being made to an existing item.

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Step-3: Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment
At this stage, the functional safety engineers are aware of the items and their functions.
A guideword denoting such a scenario may be “reverse”.
• Once the malfunction is identified, it is described using a hazard description in order to elaborate the issue.
• The scenario in which such malfunction occurs is described under Operational Scenario. The scenarios can be Idle,
Acceleration, Braking etc.
• Similarly, the Operational Mode is also specified for the malfunctions. The modes can be Vehicle Parked, Vehicle Idle,
Vehicle moving at low-speed/high speed, and son on and so forth.
The Hazards derived during HARA are classified under three categories:
• Exposure (E): The measure of possibility of a system to fail or be in a hazardous situation.
• Controllability (C): Determines the extent to which the driver of the vehicle can control the vehicle, if a safety goal is
breached due to failure or malfunctioning of any automotive component.
• Severity (S): The extent of harm that may be caused to the driver and other occupants, in the instance of occurrence of
a hazard.

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Understanding Safety Goals in terms of Automotive Functional Safety
The process of finding the safety goals can be summarized in the following steps:
• Identification of all the relevant hazards
• Identification of operational scenarios, modes, and environmental conditions etc.
• Combine Situations and the Hazardous Events
• Perform classification of Hazardous Events
• Identify Safety Goals that cover all Hazardous Events
Hazard Desc ASL Safety Goal
The LDW function activates in a
condition which is in valid. It
suppresses intentional steering
manouvers.
ASIL-D Driver should be able to cancel the
LDW by moving steering in
counteractive

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