2. !9+-(%#8
• Ocean acidification and marine invertebrate
larvae
• Experimental design and methods
• The impacts of ocean acidification on early
development of larval Crassostrea gigas
• Conclusions
• New science: ocean acidification and juvenile C.
gigas
3. !'&$%)&0$.1$#&:&;6$+&
<$==#%/>8
• Halted or delayed development
• Smaller size
• Inhibited calcification
Low pCO2 High pCO2
4. !'&$%)&0$.1$#&:&;63>8
• Stress causes resources to be used in different ways
• Evidence from physiological assays: changes in
gene expression, metabolic rate, scope for growth
o Stumpp et al. 2011, Todgham & Hofmann 2009, O’Donnell et al. 2009
“Normal” Environmental Conditions
Stress response Development
Growth
Immune function
Calcification
5. !'&$%)&0$.1$#&:&;63>8
• Stress causes resources to be used in different ways
• Evidence from physiological assays: changes in
gene expression, metabolic rate, scope for growth
o Stumpp et al. 2011, Todgham & Hofmann 2009, O’Donnell et al. 2009
• Manila clam larvae (D. Metzger): translation, development,
oxidative stress, cell cycle, gene silencing, transport, RNA
processing
Stressful Environmental Conditions
Stress response Development
Growth
Immune function
Calcification
8. A#+6,)/8
!"#$%&#'%( !)*+ /0( 1!2,-&345 81"(
,-$%&." 67.(
'?B(#%+8 CDEFDG8 HIJJFKIKC8 LJJEFMC8 LIHJ8 Ambient
A()N!M8 ECHFDH8 HIHOFKIKD8 LJJOFMG8 LILJ8 MidCO2
<(76N!M8 LKDOFOE8 HIDDFKIKJ8 LJJGFMO8 KIJE8 HighCO2
• Chemistry monitored: AT and pH
• Exposure to pCO2 treatment from fertilization
through 3 days post-fertilization
• Days 1 and 3 post-fertilization:
o Calcification
o Size
9. • Flow-through
• pH monitored continuously
• Solenoid controls addition of
CO2 back into low-pCO2
water
10. A#+6,)/8
• Size: Photographs of fixed larvae and measured
hinge length and shell height
H
L
• Calcification: polarized light
11. 0$.1$-&<(%7#&0#%7+68
A B C
P8
70
70
70
Hinge Length (!m)
60
60
60
Hinge Length (!m)
50
50
50
40
40
40
30
30
30
Ambient MidCO2 HighCO2
20
20
20
Day 1 Day 3
Day 1 Day 3 Day 1 Day 3
Day 1 Day 3 Day 1 Day 3
Day 1 Day 3
12. 0$.1$-&Q6#--&<#(76+8
A B C
P8
80
80
80
P8
P8
70
70
70
Shell Height (!m)
Shell Height (!m)
60
60
60
50
50
50
40
40
40
Ambient MidCO2 HighCO2
30
30
30
Day11 Day 3
Day Day 3 Day 11 Day 3
Day Day 3 Day 11 Day 3
Day Day 3
13. 0$.1$-&N$-"(*"$+(,%8
1.0
1.0
1.0
Ambient MidCO2 HighCO2
Fully calcified
Proportion Larvae Fully Calcified
0.8
0.8
0.8
Proportion LarvaeFully Calcified
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.4
Partially/Un-
calcified
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
Day1 1 Day 3
Day Day 3 Day 1 Day 3
Day 1 Day 3 Day 1 Day 3 3
Day 1 Day
14. N,%"-9/(,%/8
• The larvae at the highest pCO2 were able to
achieve preliminary growth and calcification, but
could not maintain it.
15. N,%"-9/(,%/8
• Through day 3 post-fertilization, larvae at MidCO2
(~800 !atm) CO2 were indistinguishable from
controls.
16. N,%"-9/(,%/8
• Even if the larvae at the highest pCO2 treatment
“caught up”, there could be ecological
consequences.
17. !"#$%&'"()(*"$+(,%&$%)&
R91#%(-#&!"#$%$&'8
• Exposure at 6 different pCO2 for 1 month
o 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200, and 1400 ppm
o Gradient of response/tipping point?
• After 1 month
o Transcriptomics, proteomics, and histology
o Mechanical stress
o Heat shock at lethal temperature and at 1 and
2°C below LT
18. S?=-("$+(,%/8
• How do different life stages of oyster
compensate for the energetic demands of
ocean acidification?
o Physiological needs can change with life stage
• What are the markers we can develop to
better understand the contemporary and
future impacts of acidification events?
Environmental heterogeneity
Upwelling events
Future climate change
19. '"T%,5-#)7#?#%+/8
• Friday Harbor Labs
o Ken Sebens
o Emily Carrington
o Matt George
o Laura Newcomb
o Michelle Herko
o Richard Strathmann
o Billie Swalla
• School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences
o Sam White
o Lisa Crosson
o Mackenzie Gavery
o Caroline Storer
• Funding
o NSF Grant to Emily Carrington
o Saltonstall-Kennedy Grant (NOAA)
o Pacific Coast Shellfish Grower’s Association
