1) Mining has become a major growth industry in India, with production of iron ore, bauxite, chromite, coal, and lignite all doubling or increasing substantially between the mid-1990s and 2005. 2) However, the mining industry has had a devastating environmental and social impact, displacing people from their lands and devastating local environments, while failing to provide adequate local employment. 3) There are also major regulatory failures and tensions between different stakeholders, including between large domestic and multinational companies, state-owned firms, exporters, and local communities affected by mining.