This document provides information about protists. It discusses that protists can be unicellular and eukaryotic, and can be autotrophic with cell walls (algae) or heterotrophic without cell walls (protozoans). It provides examples of locomotion among protists, including flagella, cilia, and pseudopodia. It also discusses the classification of protists and provides the examples of amoebas, flagellates like Euglena and Trypanosoma, and ciliates like Paramecium, Stentor, and Vorticella. Reproduction of protists can occur asexually through binary fission or sexually through conjugation in ciliates.

1. Kingdom: Protista
Unicellular
Eukaryotic
Autotrophic w/ cell walls - Algae
Heterotrophic w/out cell walls - Protozoans

2. Protozoans are the ancestors of the animal
kingdom. We’ll discuss the evidence for that when
we study the most primitive animals.

3. • Many are symbiotic with other organisms that
are important to us (ex. Termites &
Campanula).

4. • Many are symbiotic with other organisms that
are important to us (ex. Termites).
• Disease vectors – organisms that transmits a
disease.

5. • Many are symbiotic with other organisms that
are important to us (ex. Termites).
• Disease vectors – organisms that transmits a
disease.
• Many are parasitic upon humans.

6. ProtozoanTaxonomy
The protozoans, like all organisms, are classified
into more specific groups based on….

7. ProtozoanTaxonomy
The protozoans, like all organisms, are classified
into more specific groups. Protozoan taxonomy
(classification) is based on….
• their mode of locomotion

8. ProtozoanTaxonomy
The protozoans, like all organisms, are classified
into more specific groups. Protozoan taxonomy
(classification) is based on….
• their mode of locomotion
• the number and type of nuclei they have

9. Locomotion among protozoans
• Flagella – long, whip-like; usually one or two

10. Locomotion among protozoans
• Flagella – long, whip-like; usually one or two
• Cilia – short, bristle-like; hundreds to thousands

11. Locomotion among protozoans
• Flagella – long, whip-like; usually one or two
• Cilia – short, bristle-like; hundreds to thousands
• Pseudopodia – pseudo = false; pod = foot
an extension of the cell membrane into which
the cytoplasm flows creating a directional
movement.

12. Kingdom: Protista
Phylum: Sarcomastigophora
(sarco = meat; mastix = a whip; and
phora (Greek) to bear.

13. Kingdom: Protista
Phylum: Sarcomastigophora
(sarco = meat; mastix = a whip; and
phora (Greek) to bear.
sarco – because they are hunters (meat eaters)
mastix – refers to the flagellum that some have
phora – they may bear a whip (the flagellum)

14. Kingdom: Protista
Phylum: Sarcomastigophora
Subphylum: Sarcodina (common name is
amoeba (plural amoebae) Note the common
name isn’t capitalized.
Cyt
Nuc
Cont
Pseud
Fvac
Draw and label this picture.

15. Kingdom: Protista
Phylum: Sarcomastigophora
Subphylum: Sarcodina (amoebas)
Cyt
Nuc
Cont
Pseud
Fvac

16. Kingdom: Protista
Phylum: Sarcomastigophora
Subphylum: Sarcodina (amoebas)
Cyt
Nuc
Cont
PseudCyt – cytoplasm
Cont – contractile
vacuole
Nuc – nucleus
Pseud – pseudopodium
Fvac – food vacuole
Fvac

17. Amoebae have one kind of nucleus and move by
flowing into their pseudopodia.
video clip….
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1FEMaadwVCQ

18. They capture their food by surrounding it with
pseudopodia, which then create a food vacuole.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvOz4V699gk

19. They capture their food by surrounding it with
pseudopodia, which then create a food vacuole.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvOz4V699gk
Process is called phagocytosis.

20. They capture their food by surrounding it with
pseudopodia, which then create a food vacuole.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvOz4V699gk
Process is called phagocytosis.
Enzymes from the cell’s lysosomes digest the food
(bacteria, unicellular algae, and smaller protozoans)

21. After food is digested and the nutrients are
absorbed into the cytoplasm, the vacuole (now
called a waste vacuole) moves to the cell
membrane, opens up, and squirts the wastes
into the environment.

22. After food is digested and the nutrients are
absorbed into the cytoplasm, the vacuole (now
called a waste vacuole) moves to the cell
membrane, opens up, and squirts the wastes
inot the environment.
This is called reverse phagocytosis.

23. Ameoba reproduction is called binary fission
(mitosis).

24. Ameoba reproduction is called binary fission
(mitosis).
• DNA replicates and divides into two nuclei

25. Ameoba reproduction is called binary fission
(mitosis).
• DNA replicates and divides into two nuclei
• Cell membrane pinches in and divides the
ameoba into two amoebae.

26. Binary fission involves only one parent and the
resulting new Amoebae have the same DNA.

27. Binary fission involves only one parent and the
resulting new Amoebae have the same DNA.
Reproduction involving one parent and no
exchange of DNA is called __________
reproduction.

28. Binary fission involves only one parent and the
resulting new Amoebae have the same DNA.
Reproduction involving one parent and no
exchange of DNA is called asexual
reproduction.

29. Binary fission involves only one parent and the
resulting new Amoebae have the same DNA.
Reproduction involving one parent and no
exchange of DNA is called asexual
reproduction.
This means that change (evolution) in amoebae
is slow and can only result from mutations.

30. Water vacuoles collect excess water from inside
the cell and move to the cell membrane where
they open up and release it into the environment.

31. Water vacuoles collect excess water from inside
the cell and move to the cell membrane where
they open up and release it into the environment.
This process is called pinocytosis.

32. You will be responsible for knowing two diseases
caused by to species of amoebae.

33. Amoebic Dysentery is a disease caused by an
amoeba named Amoeba proteus.

34. Amoebic Dysentery is a disease caused by an
amoeba named Amoeba proteus.
One gets dysentery by drinking contaminated
water (has A. proteus living in it).

35. Amoebic Dysentery is a disease caused by an
amoeba named Amoeba proteus.
One gets dysentery by drinking contaminated
water (has A. proteus living in it).
Symptoms: extreme abdominal cramps, diarrhea
resulting in severe dehydration, for small children
dehydration can lead to death.

36. In September 2013, health officials in Louisiana
investigated reports of people showing symptoms of a
serious parasitic amoeba species.

37. New on Sept. 23

38. Phylum: Sarcomastigophora
Subphylum: Mastigorphora
Common Name: flagellates

39. The flagellates are protozoans that have one nucleus
and move by means of one or more flagella.
monoflagellate biflagellate polyfllagellate

40. Choanoflagellates are flagellates whose
flagellum is surrounded by a collar.
Choana = Latin for collar

41. The flagellum beats to create a current that draws
their prey (bacteria and smaller protozoans) to
the collar.

42. The flagellum beats to create a current that draws
their prey (bacteria and smaller protozoans) to
the collar. Then pseudopodia pull the food into
the cell.

43. Euglena is an excellent example
of a phytoflagellate.

44. Euglena is an excellent example
of a phytoflagellate.
Phyto = plant

45. Euglena is an excellent example
of a phytoflagellate.
Phyto = plant
Euglena has chloroplasts and
is capable of photosynthesis.

46. Euglena is an excellent example
of a phytoflagellate.
Phyto = plant
Euglena has chloroplasts and
is capable of photosynthesis.
If food (bacteria & smaller
protozoans) is available it is
heterotrophic.

47. If food is not available, it
has a eyespot (red in color)
that is photosensitive.

48. If food is not available, it
has a eyespot (red in color)
that is photosensitive.
The eyespot guides it to
light and it becomes
autotrophic.

49. A flagellate that is only
heterotrophic (like
animals) is referred to
as a zooflagellate.

50. A flagellate that is only
heterotrophic (like
animals) is referred to
as a zooflagellate.
Trypanosoma invades the circulatory system of
mammals and causes the disease known as
African Sleeping Sickness.

51. Kingdom: Protista
Phylum: Ciliophora
Common name: ciliates

52. Kingdom: Protista
Phylum: Ciliophora
Common name: ciliates
Ciliates are characterized by….

53. Kingdom: Protista
Phylum: Ciliophora
Common name: ciliates
Ciliates are characterized by….
• two kinds of nuclei

54. Kingdom: Protista
Phylum: Ciliophora
Common name: ciliates
Ciliates are characterized by….
• two kinds of nuclei
• cilia for locomotion

55. Kingdom: Protista
Phylum: Ciliophora
Common name: ciliates
Paramecium

56. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a4aZE5FQ284
Paramecium feeding….
Note the oral groove, beating cilia, and
the forming food vacuoles.

57. Stentor is a funnel-shaped protozoan.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rqD3m9hHhlo

58. Vorticella is a stalked ciliate.
The stalk coils and springs to
stir the water and any smaller
protozoans or bacteria in it so
the Vorticella can feed on
them.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YHb2JaujIPo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mjOsc1F4exM

59. Vorticella is a stalked ciliate.
The stalk coils and springs to
stir the water and any smaller
protozoans or bacteria in it so
the Vorticella can feed on
them.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YHb2JaujIPo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mjOsc1F4exM

60. Ciliates reproduce asexually by binary fission
(mitosis).
They reproduce sexually by conjugation.

61. During conjugation two ciliates join by their oral
groove, and exchange a portion of the DNA from
their macronucleus.

62. Because there are two parent cells and an
exchange of DNA it is considered sexual
reproduction (as opposed to asexual reproduction
which involves one parent and no exchange of
DNA).

63. Because there are two parent cells and an
exchange of DNA it is considered sexual
reproduction (as opposed to asexual reproduction
which involves one parent and no exchange of
DNA).
This mixing of genes leads to genetic diversity for
the species and genetic diversity is the “raw
material” for evolution.