3. 33
1. It increased her colonial empire in1. It increased her colonial empire in
the Americas.the Americas.
2. It greatly enlarged England’s debt.2. It greatly enlarged England’s debt.
3. Britain’s contempt for the colonials3. Britain’s contempt for the colonials
created bitter feelings.created bitter feelings.
Therefore, England felt that aTherefore, England felt that a
major reorganization of hermajor reorganization of her
American EmpireAmerican Empire was necessary!was necessary!
Effects of the WarEffects of the War
on Britain?on Britain?
4. 44
1. It united them against a1. It united them against a
common enemy for the firstcommon enemy for the first
time.time.
2. It created a socializing2. It created a socializing
experience for all theexperience for all the
colonials who participated.colonials who participated.
3. It created bitter feelings3. It created bitter feelings
towards the British thattowards the British that
would only intensify.would only intensify.
Effects of the War onEffects of the War on
the American Colonialsthe American Colonials
5. 55
BritishBritish
• March in formation orMarch in formation or
bayonet charge.bayonet charge.
• Br. officers wanted toBr. officers wanted to
take charge of colonials.take charge of colonials.
• Prima Donna Br.Prima Donna Br.
officers with servantsofficers with servants
& tea settings.& tea settings.
• Drills & toughDrills & tough
discipline.discipline.
• Colonists should payColonists should pay
for their own defense.for their own defense.
• Indian-style guerillaIndian-style guerilla
tactics.tactics.
• Col. militias servedCol. militias served
under own captains.under own captains.
• No mil. deference orNo mil. deference or
protocols observed.protocols observed.
• Resistance to risingResistance to rising
taxes.taxes.
• Casual,Casual,
non-professionals.non-professionals.
Methods ofMethods of
Fighting:Fighting:
MilitaryMilitary
Organization:Organization:
MilitaryMilitary
Discipline:Discipline:
Finances:Finances:
Demeanor:Demeanor:
British-AmericanBritish-American
Colonial TensionsColonial Tensions
ColonialsColonials
6. Competing EuropeanCompeting European
ClaimsClaims
In the middle of the 18th century,In the middle of the 18th century,
France and England hadFrance and England had
competing claims for land in Northcompeting claims for land in North
America.America.
The French held trapping andThe French held trapping and
trade routes in the Ohio Valley.trade routes in the Ohio Valley.
The English colonies wereThe English colonies were
encroaching on French territoryencroaching on French territory
are the population grew.are the population grew.
They also competed over tradeThey also competed over trade
issues with the Native Americansissues with the Native Americans
in the disputed region.in the disputed region.
8. The Battle of Fort NecessityThe Battle of Fort Necessity
The French set up forts along toThe French set up forts along to
protect their fur trading interests.protect their fur trading interests.
Some of these forts conflictedSome of these forts conflicted
with English claims.with English claims.
Virginia Governor DinwiddieVirginia Governor Dinwiddie
dispatched a young Georgedispatched a young George
Washington in 1753 to deliver aWashington in 1753 to deliver a
protest to the French. This protestprotest to the French. This protest
was ignored.was ignored.
The British sent a party toThe British sent a party to
construct a fort on the site ofconstruct a fort on the site of
modern Pittsburg.modern Pittsburg.
Young George Washington
9. The Battle of Fort NecessityThe Battle of Fort Necessity
The force was driven off by the French who, in turn, constructed Fort Duquesne on theThe force was driven off by the French who, in turn, constructed Fort Duquesne on the
site.site.
The next year, Dinwiddie turned to Washington to expel the French from the site.The next year, Dinwiddie turned to Washington to expel the French from the site.
Washington was quickly overwhelmed by superior French and Native AmericanWashington was quickly overwhelmed by superior French and Native American
numbers.numbers.
Washington had to retreat to the hastily constructed Fort Necessity, which he had toWashington had to retreat to the hastily constructed Fort Necessity, which he had to
surrender shortly there after. This incident was a prelude to the French and Indiansurrender shortly there after. This incident was a prelude to the French and Indian
War.War.
A recreation of Ft. Necessity.
10. The Albany CongressThe Albany Congress
In 1754, war was inevitable.In 1754, war was inevitable.
The colonies sent delegates toThe colonies sent delegates to
Albany to discuss strategy forAlbany to discuss strategy for
common defense.common defense.
They approved a documentThey approved a document
written by Benjamin Franklinwritten by Benjamin Franklin
promoting a substructure ofpromoting a substructure of
government below Britishgovernment below British
authority to govern the colonies.authority to govern the colonies.
The council would be comprisedThe council would be comprised
of elected representatives fromof elected representatives from
each colony and headed by aeach colony and headed by a
President-General appointed byPresident-General appointed by
the crown.the crown.
The colonies were not ready forThe colonies were not ready for
political union and it is unlikelypolitical union and it is unlikely
that the British government wouldthat the British government would
have supported the plan.have supported the plan.
"Join or Die" (1754) published by Franklin is
considered the first political cartoon of the
colonies.
11. 9. That the assent of the President-9. That the assent of the President-
General be requisite to all acts of theGeneral be requisite to all acts of the
Grand Council, and that it be his officeGrand Council, and that it be his office
and duty to cause them to be carried intoand duty to cause them to be carried into
execution.execution.
10. That the President-General, with the10. That the President-General, with the
advice of the Grand Council, hold oradvice of the Grand Council, hold or
direct all Indian treaties… and makedirect all Indian treaties… and make
peace or declare war with Indian nations.peace or declare war with Indian nations.
11. That they make such laws as they11. That they make such laws as they
judge necessary for regulating all Indianjudge necessary for regulating all Indian
trade. …trade. …
15. That they raise and pay soldiers and15. That they raise and pay soldiers and
build forts for the defence of any of thebuild forts for the defence of any of the
Colonies…Colonies…
16. That for these purposes they have16. That for these purposes they have
power to make laws, and lay and levypower to make laws, and lay and levy
such general duties, imposts, or taxes…such general duties, imposts, or taxes…
““[the President]…he shall take care that[the President]…he shall take care that
the laws be faithfully executed…”the laws be faithfully executed…”
““[the President]…shall have power, by and[the President]…shall have power, by and
with the advice and consent of the Senate,with the advice and consent of the Senate,
to make treaties, provided two thirds of theto make treaties, provided two thirds of the
Senators present concur…”Senators present concur…”
““[Congress will] regulate Commerce with[Congress will] regulate Commerce with
foreign Nations, and among the severalforeign Nations, and among the several
States, and with the Indian Tribes…”States, and with the Indian Tribes…”
““[Congress will] raise and support[Congress will] raise and support
Armies…To provide and maintain aArmies…To provide and maintain a
Navy…”Navy…”
““The Congress shall have Power To layThe Congress shall have Power To lay
and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts andand collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and
Excises…”Excises…”
From the Albany Plan of
Union (1754)
From the
Constitution (1787)
12. Braddock’s DefeatBraddock’s Defeat
In July 1755, the British sent aIn July 1755, the British sent a
force from Virginia to attack Fortforce from Virginia to attack Fort
Duquesne.Duquesne.
The heavy force was defeated byThe heavy force was defeated by
the smaller French force and theirthe smaller French force and their
Native American allies.Native American allies.
Both the British commander,Both the British commander,
Braddock, and the FrenchBraddock, and the French
commander Beaujeu, were killed.commander Beaujeu, were killed.
23 year old George Washington23 year old George Washington
won accolades for rallying thewon accolades for rallying the
defeated British and preventingdefeated British and preventing
the battle from turning into a rout.the battle from turning into a rout.
The first two years of fightingThe first two years of fighting
were characterized by humiliatingwere characterized by humiliating
defeats for the British.defeats for the British.
13. The Seven Years War in EuropeThe Seven Years War in Europe
The French and Indian War was essentially the North American theatre of a larger conflict,The French and Indian War was essentially the North American theatre of a larger conflict,
the Seven Years War, in Europe.the Seven Years War, in Europe.
Britain, Prussia, and Hanover fought against an alliance of France, Austria, Saxony, Russia,Britain, Prussia, and Hanover fought against an alliance of France, Austria, Saxony, Russia,
Sweden and Spain.Sweden and Spain.
Prime Minister Pitt of England provided subsidies to Prussia to fight in Europe andPrime Minister Pitt of England provided subsidies to Prussia to fight in Europe and
committed British troops and resources to winning the war against the French in Northcommitted British troops and resources to winning the war against the French in North
America.America.
The European phase of the war lasted from 1757 to 1763.The European phase of the war lasted from 1757 to 1763.
14. Fortunes ReverseFortunes Reverse
In 1757, expansion advocateIn 1757, expansion advocate
William Pitt became the BritishWilliam Pitt became the British
Prime Minister and vowed toPrime Minister and vowed to
lead country to victory.lead country to victory.
Pitt concentrated on:Pitt concentrated on:
expelling the French fromexpelling the French from
North AmericaNorth America
buying the cooperation by thebuying the cooperation by the
colonists by stimulating thecolonists by stimulating the
North American economy withNorth American economy with
a massive infusion of Britisha massive infusion of British
currencycurrency
buying the support of thebuying the support of the
Native Americans withNative Americans with
promises of fixed territorialpromises of fixed territorial
boundaries.boundaries.
15. Fortunes ReverseFortunes Reverse
The greatly fortified force devastated the Cherokee to the South and beganThe greatly fortified force devastated the Cherokee to the South and began
capturing strategic French forts and cutting off their supply lines.capturing strategic French forts and cutting off their supply lines.
The British conquered Quebec in 1759.The British conquered Quebec in 1759.
In 1760, they captured Montreal.In 1760, they captured Montreal.
In the final years of the war, the British defeated the French Navy and took FrenchIn the final years of the war, the British defeated the French Navy and took French
colonies in the Caribbean.colonies in the Caribbean.
The French Empire in North America came to an end.The French Empire in North America came to an end.
16. French Defeat: Treaty ofFrench Defeat: Treaty of
EastonEaston
The Treaty of Easton, signed inThe Treaty of Easton, signed in
1758, essentially sealed France’s1758, essentially sealed France’s
fate.fate.
In the treaty, the British promisedIn the treaty, the British promised
the Six Iroquois Nations to stopthe Six Iroquois Nations to stop
settlements west of thesettlements west of the
Alleghenies in exchange for theirAlleghenies in exchange for their
neutrality in the war.neutrality in the war.
This caused the French toThis caused the French to
abandon Fort Duquesne and, byabandon Fort Duquesne and, by
1760, Detroit and Montreal, the1760, Detroit and Montreal, the
last two French strongholds inlast two French strongholds in
North America, had fallen.North America, had fallen.
This was the end of major fightingThis was the end of major fighting
in North America.in North America.
17. The Treaty of ParisThe Treaty of Paris
The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War.The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War.
The French transferred its claims west of the Mississippi to Spain and ceded itsThe French transferred its claims west of the Mississippi to Spain and ceded its
territory east of the Mississippi to the British.territory east of the Mississippi to the British.
The Treaties of Easton and Paris limited colonization to the Eastern seaboard.The Treaties of Easton and Paris limited colonization to the Eastern seaboard.
18. 1818
France -->France --> lost her Canadian possessions, mostlost her Canadian possessions, most
of her empire in India, and claimsof her empire in India, and claims
to lands east of the Mississippi River.to lands east of the Mississippi River.
Spain -->Spain --> got all French lands west of thegot all French lands west of the
Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lostMississippi River, New Orleans, but lost
Florida to England.Florida to England.
England -->England --> got all French lands in Canada,got all French lands in Canada,
exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, andexclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and
commercial dominancecommercial dominance
in India.in India.
17631763 Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris
19. Pontiac's RebellionPontiac's Rebellion
Native Americans quickly grewNative Americans quickly grew
disenchanted with the British.disenchanted with the British.
The British exhibited little culturalThe British exhibited little cultural
sensitivity, traded unfairly, and failedsensitivity, traded unfairly, and failed
to stop encroachments on Indianto stop encroachments on Indian
land. Settlers had been moving intoland. Settlers had been moving into
western Pennsylvania in defiance ofwestern Pennsylvania in defiance of
a treaty.a treaty.
This unrest culminated in a rebellionThis unrest culminated in a rebellion
by Pontiac, a Native American leaderby Pontiac, a Native American leader
who united various tribes with thewho united various tribes with the
goal of expelling the British.goal of expelling the British.
The uprising lasted from 1763 toThe uprising lasted from 1763 to
1766.1766.
Massacres and atrocities occurredMassacres and atrocities occurred
on both sides— most notably, Britishon both sides— most notably, British
General Jeffrey Amherst gave theGeneral Jeffrey Amherst gave the
Native Americans blankets infestedNative Americans blankets infested
with smallpox.with smallpox.
20. Chief Pontiac: Address to Ottawa, Huron, andChief Pontiac: Address to Ottawa, Huron, and
Pottawatomie IndiansPottawatomie Indians
(May 5, 1763)(May 5, 1763)
““It is important … that we exterminate from our lands this nationIt is important … that we exterminate from our lands this nation
which seeks only to destroy us. You see as well as I do that we canwhich seeks only to destroy us. You see as well as I do that we can
no longer supply our needs, as we have done from our brothers, theno longer supply our needs, as we have done from our brothers, the
French. The English sells us goods twice as dear as the French do,French. The English sells us goods twice as dear as the French do,
and their goods do not last. …and their goods do not last. …
When I go to see the English commander and say to him that someWhen I go to see the English commander and say to him that some
of our comrades are dead, instead of bewailing their death, as ourof our comrades are dead, instead of bewailing their death, as our
French brothers do, he laughs at me and at you. If I ask forFrench brothers do, he laughs at me and at you. If I ask for
anything for our sick, he refuses with the reply that he has no useanything for our sick, he refuses with the reply that he has no use
for us. …for us. …
Are we not men like them? … What do we fear? It is time.”Are we not men like them? … What do we fear? It is time.”
22. The Royal Proclamation of 1763The Royal Proclamation of 1763
Violent incidents such as Pontiac's Rebellion prompted the English crown toViolent incidents such as Pontiac's Rebellion prompted the English crown to
attempt to mandate an end to encroachments on territory promised to the Indians.attempt to mandate an end to encroachments on territory promised to the Indians.
Settlers were not to establish themselves west of the “Proclamation Line.”Settlers were not to establish themselves west of the “Proclamation Line.”
The effort was unsuccessful and is viewed by many to be a leading cause of theThe effort was unsuccessful and is viewed by many to be a leading cause of the
Revolutionary War.Revolutionary War.
24. 24
In 1763 George Grenville became primeIn 1763 George Grenville became prime
minister and the first lord of the Treasury.minister and the first lord of the Treasury.
Grenville had to find a way to reduceGrenville had to find a way to reduce
Britain’s debt and pay for the 10,000Britain’s debt and pay for the 10,000
troops now stationed in North America.troops now stationed in North America.
What do you think he did? 2 main things...What do you think he did? 2 main things...
Think, what was a problem with theThink, what was a problem with the
colonies in the first chapter?colonies in the first chapter?
24
26. 2626
17671767 William Pitt, P. M. & CharlesWilliam Pitt, P. M. & Charles
Townshend, Secretary of the Exchequer.Townshend, Secretary of the Exchequer.
A Shift from paying taxes for Br. warShift from paying taxes for Br. war
debts & quartering of troopsdebts & quartering of troops
paying col. govt. salaries.paying col. govt. salaries.
A He diverted revenue collection fromHe diverted revenue collection from
internal to external trade.internal to external trade.
A Tax these importsTax these imports paper, paint,paper, paint,
lead, glass, tea.lead, glass, tea.
A Increase custom officials atIncrease custom officials at
American portsAmerican ports established aestablished a
Board of Customs in Boston.Board of Customs in Boston.
Townshend DutiesTownshend Duties
Crisis: 1767-1770Crisis: 1767-1770
