1. Antioxidants like vitamin E, vitamin C, and carotenoids help neutralize harmful free radicals in the body. 2. Free radicals can damage cells, DNA, and other important molecules if left unchecked and have been linked to diseases such as cancer and heart disease. 3. Antioxidants donate an electron to free radicals without becoming unstable themselves, which stops the free radical chain reaction and prevents oxidative damage throughout the body.

1. 1
Antioxidants
Dr. Fathi Neana, MD
Chief of Orthopaedics
Dr. Fakhry & Dr. A. Al-Garzaie Hospital
April ,08 - 2020

3. 3
A Chromosome is an organized
package of DNA found in the
nucleus of the cell
Humans have 23 pairs of
chromosomes -22 pairs of
autosomal chromosomes and
one pair of sex chromosomes,
X & Y
The Chromosome

4. 4
Free radicals can severely affect the DNA,
Proteins
& cell membranes
Virus vs. mRNA

5. 5
‫حديثا‬ ‫العلماء‬ ‫إكتشف‬‫الكروموسوم‬‫تسمية‬ ‫وهى‬
‫بالعربية‬ ‫وتعني‬ ‫يونانية‬‫او‬ ‫الملون‬ ‫الجسم‬
‫الصبغى‬
‫قبل‬ ‫من‬ ‫القرآنية‬ ‫االشارة‬ ‫تلك‬ ‫هو‬ ‫المدهش‬1400‫سنة‬
‫عبارة‬ ‫فى‬(‫لآلكلين‬ ‫وصبغ‬)
‫فى‬ ‫ورد‬ ‫فقد‬‫تعالى‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫قول‬:‫بالدهن‬ ‫تنبت‬ ‫سيناء‬ ‫طور‬ ‫من‬ ‫تخرج‬ ‫وشجرة‬"‫وصبغ‬
‫لآلكلين‬"(20) )‫المؤمنون‬ ‫سورة‬.
‫أن‬ ‫اكتشفوا‬ ‫العلماء‬ ‫ان‬ ‫العجب‬ ‫يثير‬ ‫وما‬‫الغنى‬ ‫المتوسط‬ ‫األبيض‬ ‫البحر‬ ‫حوض‬ ‫سكان‬ ‫طعام‬
‫الكروموسومات‬ ‫سالمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫يحافظ‬ ‫ألنه‬ ‫والسرطان‬ ‫الشيخوخة‬ ‫من‬ ‫يقى‬ ‫بالزيتون‬
(‫الصبغيات‬)‫مضادات‬ ‫على‬ ‫إلحتوائه‬ ‫والمؤكسدات‬ ‫للملوثات‬ ‫الضار‬ ‫التأثير‬ ‫من‬ ‫ويقيها‬
‫األكسدة‬

6. 6
ِ‫ور‬ُ‫ط‬ ْ‫ن‬ِ‫م‬ ُ‫ج‬ُ‫ر‬ْ‫خ‬َ‫ت‬ ً‫ة‬ َ‫ر‬َ‫ج‬َ‫ش‬ َ‫و‬ُ‫ب‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ت‬ َ‫ء‬‫َا‬‫ن‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫س‬ُ‫ت‬
ِ‫ن‬ْ‫ه‬ُّ‫د‬‫ال‬ِ‫ب‬ِ‫ل‬ِ‫ك‬ ْ‫آل‬ِ‫ل‬ ٍ‫ْغ‬‫ب‬ ِ‫ص‬ َ‫و‬َ‫ين‬
‫المؤمنون‬:20

7. 7
The human body is composed
of many different types of
cells
Cells are composed of many
different types of molecules
Molecules consist of one or
more atoms of one or more
elements joined by chemical
bonds

8. 8
Free Radicals (Oxidants)
Free radicals are very unstable and
react quickly with other compounds,
trying to capture the needed electron
to gain stability.
Generally, free radicals attack the
nearest stable molecule, "stealing" its
electron.
When the "attacked" molecule loses its
electron, it becomes a free radical itself,
beginning a chain reaction.
Once the process is started, it can
cascade, finally resulting in the
disruption of a living cell.
Antioxidants

9. 9
Some free radicals arise
normally By-products of the
body’s metabolic reactions
However, environmental
factors such as pollution,
radiation, cigarette smoke and
herbicides can also spawn free
radicals
Normally, the body can handle free radicals, but if antioxidants are unavailable, or
if the free-radical production becomes excessive, damage can occur. Of particular
importance is that free radical damage accumulates with age.
Sometimes the body?s
immune system?s cells
purposefully create them to
neutralize viruses and bacteria

10. 10
The incomplete molecules aggressively
attack other molecules in order to
replace their missing parts. These
reactions are called "oxidation”
Free radical molecules are missing one or more
electrons
It steal electrons from the proteins in our body, & badly damages
our DNA & other cell structures.
Free radicals tend to collect in cell membranes (lipid peroxidation),
which makes the cell lipids prone to oxidative damage. The cell
membrane becomes brittle and leaky, causing the cell to fall apart
and die.

11. Free Radicals
"snowballing effect" –
as molecules steal from
one another, each one
becomes a new free
radical

12. 12Q`1
Free radicals can severely affect the DNA
Free radicals are linked to different disease
including
Cancer
Cataracts
Parkinson's disease
Atherosclerosis – CHD
Alzheimer's disease
Disrupt the duplication of DNA
,Interfer with DNA maintenance
Breaking or altering DNA structure by reacting with
its bases

13. 13

14. 14
Antioxidants are electron donors

15. 15
It break the free radical chain reaction by sacrificing their own electrons to feed
free radicals, but without turning into free radicals themselves.
Providing cells with adequate defense against attack by reactive oxygen species
(ROS).
It maintain good health & reducing your risk of heart disease, Parkinson's,
Alzheimer's, cancer, slow down the aging process, which can have immense
effects on skin health.
Other important benefits of antioxidants include:
•Repairing damaged molecules
•Blocking metal radical production
•Stimulating gene expression and endogenous antioxidant production
•Providing a "shield effect“
•Promoting cancer cells to "commit suicide" – Some antioxidants can provide
anti-cancer chemicals that halt cancer growth and force some cancer cells to
self-destruct (apoptosis).
Antioxidants are electron donors

16. 16
Antioxidants neutralize free radicals by donating one of their own electrons, ending
the electron-"stealing" reaction. The antioxidant nutrients themselves donot become
free radicals by donating an electron because they are stable in either form They act
as scavengers, helping to prevent cell and tissue damage that could lead to disease.
Vitamin E ? The most abundant fat-soluble antioxidant in the body. One of the most
efficient chain-breaking antioxidants. Primary defender against oxidation and lipid
peroxidation (creation of unstable molecules containing more oxygen than is usual
Vitamin C ? The most abundant water-soluble antioxidant in the body. Acts primarily
in cellular fluid combating free-radical formation caused by pollution and cigarette
smoke. Also helps return vitamin E to its active form.
The Antioxidants and Disease Prevention
•Heart Disease ? Vitamin E may protect against cardiovascular disease by defending
against LDL oxidation and artery-clogging plaque formation.
•Cancer ? Many studies have correlated high vitamin C intakes with low rates of
cancer, particularly cancers of the mouth, larynx and esophagus
Eat Your Fruits and Vegetables and balanced diet
Antioxidants Prevent Against Free Radical
Damage
.

17. Sources of Antioxidants
Compounds that neutralizes free radicals, and counteract the oxidation that takes
place in cells
Endogenous
Antioxidants produced by
the body
Glutathione
Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)
CoQ10 (Ubiquinone)
Cholesterol
Exogenous Antioxidants
that cannot be manufactured inside
our body, must be obtained from
antioxidant-rich foods or potent
antioxidant supplements
Resveratrol (polyphenols)
Carotenoids (carotenes –
Astaxanthin)
Selenium (Selenoproteins)
Flavonoids
Vitamin C
Vitamin A
Vitamin E

18. 18
ِ‫ر‬ْ‫ح‬َ‫ب‬ْ‫ال‬ ُ‫د‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ص‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬َ‫ل‬ َّ‫ل‬ ِ‫أح‬‫ا‬ً‫ع‬‫ا‬َ‫ت‬َ‫م‬ ُ‫ه‬ُ‫م‬‫ا‬َ‫ع‬َ‫ط‬ َ‫و‬َ‫و‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬َّ‫ل‬ۖ ِ‫ة‬ َ‫َّار‬‫ي‬َّ‫س‬‫ل‬ِ‫ل‬(96)‫المائدة‬ ‫سورة‬
Astaxanthin is the most powerful carotenoid in terms of free radical
scavenging. It is 65 times more powerful than vitamin C, 54 times more
powerful than beta-carotene, and 14 times more powerful than
vitamin E.
Like resveratrol, it can also cross the blood-brain barrier, AND the blood-retinal
barrier – something that beta-carotene and lycopene cannot do.
Astaxanthin is also more effective than other carotenoids at "singlet oxygen
quenching," a particular type of oxidation caused by sunlight and various organic
materials. Astaxanthin is 550 times more powerful than vitamin E and 11 times
more powerful than beta-carotene at neutralizing this singlet oxygen.12
•Astaxanthin –a carotenoid, this antioxidant is superb
nutritional advantage. Astaxanthin is a marine
carotenoid produced by the microalgae Haematococcus
pluvialis when its water supply dries up, to give itself
protection from ultraviolet radiation.

19. 19
َ‫ر‬َّ‫خ‬َ‫س‬ ‫ِي‬‫ذ‬َّ‫ال‬ َ‫و‬ُ‫ه‬ َ‫و‬ِ‫ر‬َ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ً‫م‬ْ‫ح‬َ‫ل‬ ُ‫ه‬ْ‫ن‬ِ‫م‬ ‫وا‬ُ‫ل‬ُ‫ك‬ْ‫أ‬َ‫ت‬ِ‫ل‬ َ‫ر‬ْ‫ح‬َ‫ب‬ْ‫ال‬‫ًّا‬‫ي‬ْ‫ل‬َ‫ت‬ ً‫ة‬َ‫ي‬ْ‫ل‬ ِ‫ح‬ ُ‫ه‬ْ‫ن‬ِ‫م‬ ‫وا‬ُ‫ج‬ ِ‫ر‬ْ‫خ‬َ‫ت‬ْ‫س‬َ‫ت‬ َ‫و‬َ‫ك‬ْ‫ل‬ُ‫ف‬ْ‫ال‬ ‫ى‬ َ‫ر‬َ‫ت‬ َ‫و‬ ‫ا‬َ‫ه‬َ‫ن‬‫و‬ُ‫س‬َ‫ب‬
َ‫ت‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬َّ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬َ‫ل‬ َ‫و‬ ِ‫ه‬ِ‫ل‬ْ‫ض‬َ‫ف‬ ْ‫ن‬ِ‫م‬ ‫وا‬ُ‫غ‬َ‫ت‬ْ‫ب‬َ‫ت‬ِ‫ل‬ َ‫و‬ ِ‫ه‬‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬ َ‫ر‬ ِ‫اخ‬ َ‫و‬َ‫م‬َ‫ون‬ُ‫ر‬ُ‫ك‬ْ‫ش‬(14)‫النحل‬ ‫سورة‬
Astaxanthin is an antioxidant with wide ranging benefits, such as
Supporting your immune function
Improving your cardiovascular health by reducing C-Reactive Proteins (CRP)
and triglycerides, and increasing beneficial HDL
Protecting your eyes from cataracts, macular degeneration, and blindness
Protecting your brain from dementia and Alzheimer's
Reducing your risk of different types of cancer
Promoting recovery from spinal cord and other central nervous system
injuries
Reducing inflammation from all causes, including arthritis and asthma
Improving your endurance, workout performance, and recovery
Relieving indigestion and reflux
Helping stabilize your blood sugar, thereby protecting your kidneys
Increasing sperm strength and sperm count and improving fertility
Helping prevent sunburn and protecting you from damaging radiation
effects
Reducing oxidative damage to your DNA
Reducing symptoms of diseases, such as pancreatitis, multiple sclerosis,
carpal tunnel syndrome,rheumatoid arthritis, Lou Gehrig's disease,
Parkinson's disease, and neurodegenerative diseases

20. Selenium
• Functions
– Antioxidant system
– Thyroxine and immune function
• Deficiency
– Keshan disease
– Impaired immune response, cognitive
function, muscle pain, wasting
– The Link between Selenium and
Chemoprevention: A Case for
Selenoproteins -- Diwadkar-Navsariwala and
Diamond 134 (11): 2899 -- Journal of
Nutrition
Sources: Nuts, Seafood (Oysters) (Tuna ) , Liver (Lambs). Pasta
Selenium – RDA 55 mg/day

21. 21
Caused by a combination of dietary deficiency of
selenium and the presence of a mutated strain of
Coxsackievirus,
named after Keshan County of Heilongjiang province,
Northeast China, where symptoms were first noted.
all due to selenium-deficient soil. The disease peaked in
1960−1970, claiming thousands of lives. [1] [2]
Often fatal, the disease afflicts children and women of
child bearing age, characterized by heart
failureand pulmonary edema. Over decades,
supplementation with selenium reduced this affliction
Keshan disease is a congestive cardiomyopathy

22. 22
Public Health Nutr. 2001 Apr;4(2B):593-9.
Selenium, Selenoproteins and human health: a review.
Brown KM1, Arthur JR.
Selenium is of fundamental importance to human health.
Selenocysteine at active site of a wide range of selenoproteins
Essential component of several major metabolic pathways, including
thyroid hormone metabolism, antioxidant defence systems, and
immune function.
The decline in blood selenium concentration in the UK and other
European Union countries increses chronic diseases such as cancer
and cardiovascular disease.
>30 new selenoproteins have been identified,
prohormone thyroxin (T4) to (T3). plays a regulatory role in metabolic
activity
Sperm capsule selenoprotein stabilises integrity of the sperm flagella.
Tissue concentrations of selenoprotein necessary for muscle
metabolism.
Dietary selenium is important for a healthy immune response.
protective effect against some forms of cancer; enhance male fertility;
decrease cardiovascular disease mortality, and regulate the
inflammatory mediators in asthma.