abdominal ultrasound hope I helped you guys comment if there is something wrong with what I made or if its good or not and if you want me to make next..thanks :)

1. ABDOMINAL ULTRASOUND

2. ABDOMINALULTRASOUND
An abdominal ultrasound uses
reflected sound waves to produce a
picture of the organs and other
structures in the upper abdomen.
Occasionally a specialized ultrasound
is ordered for a detailed evaluation of
a specific organ, such as a kidney
ultrasound.

3. AbdominalUltrasound can evaluate:
Abdominal aorta , which is the large
blood vessel (artery) that passes
down the back of the chest and
abdomen. The aorta supplies blood to
the lower part of the body and the
legs.

4. The aorta stems from the heart,
arches upward, and then extends
down behind the heart and through
the chest (thorax) and the abdomen
areas. The aorta then branches out
and becomes the iliac arteries, which
provide blood to the pelvis and legs.
Abdominalaorta:

5. AbdominalUltrasound can evaluate:
Liver, which is a large dome- shaped
organ that lies under the rib cage on
the right side of the abdomen. The
liver produces bile (a substance that
helps digest fat), stores sugars, and
breaks down many of the body's
waste products.

7. The liver is a large organ in the right
upper part of the abdomen. It
performs a range of complex and
important functions that affect all
body systems. Some of the specific
functions of the liver include:
Controlling the amounts of sugar
(glucose), protein, and fat entering the
bloodstream.
LIVER:

9. LIVER:
Removing bilirubin, ammonia, and other
toxins from the blood. (Bilirubin is a by-
product of the breakdown of hemoglobin
from red blood cells.) Processing most of
the nutrients absorbed by the intestines
during digestion and converting those
nutrients into forms that can be used by
the body. The liver also stores some
nutrients, such as vitamin A, iron, and
other minerals.

10. LIVER:
Producing cholesterol, substances that
help blood clot, bile, and certain
important proteins, such as albumin.
Breaking down (metabolizing) many
drugs.

11. AbdominalUltrasound can evaluate:
Gallbladder, which is a saclike organ
beneath the liver. The gallbladder
stores bile. When food is eaten, the
gallbladder contracts, sending bile
into the intestines to help in
digesting food and absorbing fat-
soluble vitamins.

13. GALLBLADDER:
The gallbladder is a small sac under the
liver that stores and concentrates
bile, a fluid that helps the body
digest fats. After a meal, the
gallbladder contracts and releases
bile through the common bile duct
into the small intestine.

14. Spleen, which is the soft, round organ
that helps fight infection and filters
old red blood cells. The spleen is
located to the left of the stomach,
just behind the lower left ribs.
AbdominalUltrasound can evaluate:

16. SPLEEN:
The spleen is an organ in the upper left
side of the abdomen that filters the
blood by removing old or damaged blood
cells and platelets and helps the immune
system by destroying bacteria and other
foreign substances. It also holds extra
blood that can be released into the
circulatory system, if needed.

17. SPLEEN:
The spleen is a useful but nonessential
organ. It is sometimes removed
(splenectomy) in people who have blood
disorders, such as thalassemia or
hemolytic anemia. If the spleen is
removed, a person must get certain
immunizations to help prevent
infections that the spleen normally
fights.

18. Pancreas, which is the gland located in
the upper abdomen that produces
enzymes that help digest food. The
digestive enzymes are then released
into the intestines. The pancreas also
releases insulin into the bloodstream;
insulin helps the body utilize sugars
for energy.
AbdominalUltrasound can evaluate:

20. PANCREAS:
The pancreas is an organ in the upper
abdomen, behind the stomach and
close to the spine, that produces
substances (digestive enzymes)
needed to break down and use food.
The pancreas also produces insulin,
the hormone that regulates sugar
(glucose) in the blood.

21. Kidneys, which are the pair of bean-
shaped organs located behind the
upper abdominal cavity. The kidneys
remove wastes from the blood and
produce urine.
AbdominalUltrasound can evaluate:

23. KIDNEYS:
The kidneys are organs located on
either side of the spine, at the small
of the back. Kidneys filter the blood
and help balance water, salt, and
mineral levels in the blood; they also
produce hormones that help regulate
blood pressure and blood supply.

24. KIDNEYS:
Waste from the kidneys is carried out
of the body in urine. Urine flows
through tubes (ureters) to the
bladder, where it is stored until a
person is ready to urinate. The waste
and urine then leave the bladder to
exit the body through a tube called
the urethra.

25. WHY ISIT DONE?
•Determine the cause of abdominal
pain.
•Detect, measure, or monitor an
aneurysm in the aorta. An aneurysm
may cause a large, pulsing lump in the
abdomen.

26. ANEURYSM:
An aneurysm is a bulging section in the wall
of a blood vessel that has become
stretched out and thin. As the wall of the
blood vessel bulges out, it becomes weaker
and may burst or rupture, causing bleeding.
If an aneurysm in the brain bursts, it may
cause a stroke. An aneurysm in a vessel
that carries a lot of blood, such as the
aorta, is often fatal if it bursts.

27. WHY ISIT DONE?
Evaluate the size, shape, and position
of the liver. An ultrasound may be
done to evaluate jaundice and other
problems of the liver, including liver
masses, cirrhosis, fat deposits in the
liver (called fatty liver), or abnormal
liver function tests.

28. Jaundice:
Jaundice is a condition in which the skin
and whites of the eyes appear yellow
because of the buildup of a yellow-
brown pigment called bilirubin in the
blood and skin. Bilirubin is produced by
the breakdown of red blood cells. The
liver normally gets rid of bilirubin in bile
(a fluid that helps the body digest
fats).

31. CIRRHOSIS:
Cirrhosis is a potentially life- threatening
condition that occurs when inflammation
and scarring damage the liver. Alcohol
abuse and chronic viral hepatitis are
the most common causes of cirrhosis,
but it can also be caused by medicines
or by another disease (such as
hemochromatosis).

32. CIRRHOSIS:
Symptoms of cirrhosis include nausea,
lack of appetite and weight loss,
tiredness, and swelling in the legs and
belly. If left untreated, severe
cirrhosis can result in internal bleeding,
yellowing of the skin and eyes
(jaundice), unclear thinking, hand
tremors, and coma.

33. CIRRHOSIS:
Cirrhosis is treated by taking care of
the underlying cause of the liver
damage and by treating other
problems, such as internal bleeding,
that result from the liver damage. In
some cases, a liver transplant may be
possible.

34. WHY ISIT DONE?
Detect gallstones, inflammation of the
gallbladder (cholecystitis), or blocked
bile ducts.

36. GALLSTONES:
Gallstones are deposits like small
stones that form in bile, a fluid that
helps digestion; bile is stored in the
gallbladder, a sac under the liver.
Gallstones can develop in the
gallbladder or in the bile ducts, which
are tubes that carry bile to the small
intestine.

38. GALLSTONES:
Gallstones can be smaller than a grain
of sand or as large as a golf ball.
They generally do not cause problems
unless they block a tube (duct)
leading from the gallbladder to other
organs. When this happens, abdominal
pain and other symptoms develop
suddenly.

40. GALLSTONES:
Gallstones are common. They develop when
there is too much cholesterol in the bile
for the cholesterol to remain dissolved or
when the gallbladder does not empty as
quickly as it should. Gallstones are most
common in women, people who are obese,
older people, people with sickle cell
disease, people who have lost weight
rapidly, and people who are taking certain
medicines.

41. GALLSTONES:
Most people who have gallstones do not have
any symptoms and do not need treatment.
If symptoms develop, they usually will
include pain in the upper abdomen and are
rarely life-threatening. However, pain
from gallstones can vary in intensity and
may cause vomiting. Gallstones that cause
symptoms usually are treated with surgery
to remove the gallbladder
(cholecystectomy).

42. Abdominalultrasoundshowing the gallbladder
Figure 1 shows a normal gallbladder on
ultrasound. Figure 2 shows a large gallstone in
the gallbladder.

43. WHY ISIT DONE?
Detect kidney stones.

44. KIDNEY STONES:
Kidney stones are made of salts and
minerals in the urine that stick
together to form small "pebbles."
They are usually painless while they
remain in the kidney, but they can
cause severe pain as they break loose
and travel through narrow tubes
(ureters) to exit the body during
urination.

46. KIDNEY STONES:
Symptoms of a kidney stone include
severe pain on one side of the back,
just below the rib cage (flank pain). The
pain may spread to the lower abdomen,
groin, and genital area. Other symptoms
include blood in the urine (hematuria),
painful or frequent urination (dysuria),
and nausea and vomiting.

48. KIDNEY STONES:
A kidney stone is usually treated by
increasing fluid intake and taking
medications to relieve pain until the stone
has passed. This typically occurs within a
few days. If the stone seems unlikely to
pass on its own or is causing severe pain,
treatment options include a shock wave
treatment (lithotripsy), which can break up
a large stone into smaller pieces that are
easier to pass, or very rarely, surgery.

49. WHY ISIT DONE?
Determine the size of an enlarged
spleen and look for damage or
disease.

50. WHY ISIT DONE?
Detect problems with the pancreas,
such as pancreatitis or pancreatic
cancer.

51. Pancreatitis:
Pancreatitis is an inflammation of the
pancreas, which is an organ in the
upper abdomen that makes insulin and
digestive enzymes. Pancreatitis may
cause sudden, severe abdominal pain.

52. Pancreatitis:
Pancreatitis is most commonly caused by
excessive use of alcohol or by a blockage
of the tube (duct) that leads from the
pancreas to the beginning of the small
intestine (duodenum), usually by a
gallstone. Other causes include an
infection, an injury, or certain medicines.
It may develop suddenly (acute), or it may
be a long- term, recurring (chronic)
problem.

53. Pancreatitis:
Treatment in the hospital includes pain
medicine and fluids given through a vein
(IV) until the inflammation goes away.
Nutrition is given through a tube to
avoid stimulating the pancreas.
Although most people recover fully
from pancreatitis, complications such as
bleeding, infection, or organ failure may
develop.

54. WHY ISIT DONE?
Determine the cause of blocked urine
flow in a kidney. A kidney ultrasound
may also be done to determine the size
of the kidneys, detect kidney masses,
detect fluid surrounding the kidneys,
investigate causes for recurring urinary
tract infections, or evaluate the
condition of transplanted kidneys.

56. Urinary tract infection
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an
infection in the organs and tubes
that process and carry urine out of
the body. Most UTIs are either
bladder infections (cystitis) or
kidney infections (pyelonephritis).

57. UTIs occur most often when bacteria begin
to grow in the kidneys, the bladder, the
tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to
the bladder (ureters), or the tube that
carries urine from the bladder to outside
of the body (urethra). Sexual intercourse
may introduce bacteria into the urinary
tract, especially in women. Catheterization
is a common source of bacterial infection in
people who are hospitalized or live in long-
term care facilities.
Urinary tract infection

58. Urinary tract infection
An adult or older child with a UTI may have:
Pain or burning during urination.
An urge to urinate frequently but usually
passing only small quantities of urine.
Dribbling (inability to control urine
release).
Reddish or pinkish urine.
Foul-smelling urine.
Cloudy urine.

59. Determine whether
a mass in any of
the abdominal
organs (such as
the liver) is a
solid tumor or a
simple fluid-filled
cyst.
WHY ISIT DONE?

60. Cyst:
A cyst is a saclike structure in the
body. Cysts usually are filled with
fluid, which may be blood, clear fluid,
or pus.
A cyst can be normal, abnormal, or, in
rare cases, cancerous. In some cases,
a cyst may be drained either with a
needle or by cutting it open, or it may
be removed entirely.

62. WHY ISIT DONE?
Determine the condition of the
abdominal organs after an accident
or abdominal injury and look for blood
in the abdominal cavity. However,
computed tomography (CT) scanning
is more commonly used for this
purpose because it is more precise
than abdominal ultrasound.

63. Ct/cat scan:
A computed tomography (CT) scan uses
X-rays to make detailed pictures of
structures inside of the body.

64. A CT scan can be used to study any
body organ, such as the liver,
pancreas, intestines, kidneys, adrenal
glands, lungs, and heart. It also can
study blood vessels, bones, and the
spinal cord.
Ct/cat scan:

65. Guide the placement of a needle or
other instrument during a biopsy.
WHY ISIT DONE?

66. Biopsy:
A biopsy is a sample of tissue collected
from an organ or other part of the
body. A biopsy can be done by cutting
or scraping a small piece of the tissue
or by using a needle and syringe to
remove a sample, which is then
examined for abnormalities, such as
cancer, by a doctor trained to look at
tissue samples (pathologist).

67. Tell your doctor if you have had a
barium enema or a series of upper GI
(gastrointestinal) tests within the
past 2 days. Barium that remains in
the intestines can interfere with the
ultrasound test
preparation

69. Other preparations depend on the reason
for the abdominal ultrasound test you are
having.
For ultrasound of the liver, gallbladder,
spleen, and pancreas, you may be asked to
eat a fat-free meal on the evening before
the test and then to avoid eating for 8 to
12 hours before the test.
preparation

70. preparation
For ultrasound of the kidneys, you may not
need any special preparation. You may be
asked to drink 4 to 6 glasses of liquid
(usually juice or water) about an hour
before the test to fill your bladder. You
may be asked to avoid eating for 8 to 12
hours before the test to avoid gas buildup
in the intestines. This could interfere with
the evaluation of the kidneys, which lay
behind the stomach and intestines.

71. preparation
For ultrasound of the aorta, you may
need to avoid eating for 8 to 12
hours before the test.

72. Procedure:
This test is done by a doctor who
specializes in performing and
interpreting imaging tests (
radiologist) or by an ultrasound
technologist (sonographer) who is
supervised by a radiologist. It is done
in an ultrasound room in a hospital or
doctor's office.

73. Procedure:
You will need to remove any jewelry that
might interfere with the ultrasound
scan. You will need to take off all or
most of your clothes, depending on
which area is examined (you may be
allowed to keep on your underwear if it
does not interfere with the test). You
will be given a cloth or paper covering to
use during the test.

74. You will lie on your back (or on your side) on
a padded examination table. Warmed gel
will be spread on your abdomen to improve
the quality of the sound waves. A small
handheld unit, called a transducer, is
pressed against your abdomen and moved
back and forth over it. A picture of the
organs and blood vessels can be seen on a
video monitor.
Procedure:

75. You may be asked to change positions
so additional scans can be made. For
a kidney ultrasound, you may be
asked to lie on your stomach.
Procedure:

76. You need to lie very still while the
ultrasound scan is being done. You
may be asked to take a breath and
hold it for several seconds during the
scanning. This lets the sonographer
see organs and structures, such as
the bile ducts, more clearly because
they are not moving.
Procedure:

77. Holding your breath also temporarily
pushes the liver and spleen lower into
the belly so they are not hidden by
the lower ribs which makes it harder
for the sonographer to see them
clearly.
Procedure:

78. Abdominal ultrasound usually takes 30
to 60 minutes. You may be asked to
wait until the radiologist has
reviewed the information. The
radiologist may want to do additional
ultrasound views of some areas of
your abdomen.
Procedure:

79. Results:
An abdominal ultrasound uses reflected
sound waves to produce a picture of
the organs and other structures in
the abdomen.

80. Normal:
The size and shape of the abdominal
organs appear normal. The liver,
spleen, and pancreas appear normal in
size and texture. No abnormal
growths are seen. No fluid is found in
the abdomen.

82. Normal:
The diameter of the aorta is normal
and no aneurysms are seen.
The thickness of the gallbladder wall is
normal. The size of the bile ducts
between the gallbladder and the
small intestine is normal. No
gallstones are seen.

83. Normal:
The kidneys appear as sharply outlined
bean-shaped organs. No kidney
stones are seen. No blockage to the
system draining the kidneys is
present.

84. abNormal:
An organ may appear abnormal because of
inflammation, infection, or other diseases.
An organ may be smaller than normal
because of an old injury or past
inflammation. An organ may be pushed out
of its normal location because of an
abnormal growth pressing against it. An
abnormal growth (such as a tumor) may be
seen in an organ. Fluid in the abdominal
cavity (ascites) may be seen.

85. Normal aorta
Abnormal
aorta

86. abNormal
The liver may
appear abnormal,
which may
indicate liver
disease (such as
cirrhosis or
cancer).

87. abNormal
The walls of the gallbladder may be
thickened, or fluid may be present
around the gallbladder, which may
indicate inflammation. The bile ducts
may be enlarged because of blockage
(from a gallstone or an abnormal
growth in the pancreas). Gallstones
may be seen inside the gallbladder.

89. abNormal
The kidneys may be enlarged because
of urine that is not draining properly
through the ureters. Kidney stones
are seen within the kidneys (not all
stones can be seen with ultrasound).

91. abNormal
An area of infection (abscess) or a
fluid-filled cyst may appear as a
round, hollow structure inside an
organ. The spleen may be ruptured (if
an injury to the abdomen has
occurred).

92. Contraindications:
Factors that can interfere with your test
and the accuracy of the results include:
Stool, air (or other gas), or contrast
material (such as barium) in the stomach
or intestines.
The inability to remain still during the
test.
Extreme obesity.
Having an open wound in the area being
viewed.

93. Nursing responsibilities
Assist the client with a gown, robe and
slippers. Make sure the client has no
internal metal devices or external
metal objects because it will
interfere with diagnostic findings.

94. Nursing responsibilities
For best visualization, schedule
abdominal ultrasound before any
examinations that use barium.

95. Instruct the client undergoing
abdominal ultrasonography to drink
five to six full glasses of fluid
approximately 1 to 2 hours before
the test. To ensure a full bladder,
they should not urinate until after
the test is done.
Nursing responsibilities

96. Explain that acoustic gel is applied over
the area where the transducer is
placed.
Nursing responsibilities

97. Abdominalultrasound duringpregnancy
Abdominal ultrasounds are also used in
pregnancy to check on the baby and
potentially detect concerns with the
pregnancy. It is a reliable way to check on a
baby's gestational age, growth, detect
multiple gestations and establish the
placental location. Early identification of
problems in the pregnancy can direct
medical care for better pregnancy
outcomes.

98. First trimester
An ultrasound in the first trimester,
performed before 13.5 weeks of
pregnancy, is used to confirm the
viability of the pregnancy and
determine the gestational age of the
embryo. A standard ultrasound, also
called a level I, is generally used.

99. First trimester
Sometimes, a transvaginal ultrasound is
used if the clinician cannot get a
good look though the abdomen. The
first trimester ultrasound has the
ability to detect multiple gestations,
ensure that the embryo is not
outside the uterus and detect the
heartbeat.

100. Secondand Third Trimester
Standard ultrasounds performed in the
second and third trimester look at
the age and size of the fetus, how
many babies are present, where the
placenta is located and detect the
heartbeat. This evaluation can also
determine if the normal amount of
amniotic fluid is present and look at
the basic fetal anatomy.

101. Secondand Third Trimester
A second trimester ultrasound usually
takes place between 18 and 20 weeks
gestation. Woman may or may not
have a third trimester ultrasound,
depending on the recommendations of
her doctor.

102. SpecializedUltrasound Evaluations
If a potential birth defect is
identified, a more detailed
ultrasound may be ordered. Called a
"level II" ultrasound, the evaluation
takes a careful look at the baby's
size, head circumference and internal
organs--including the heart, stomach
and kidneys.

103. The clinician also looks at the length and
structure of the arms and leg bones, the
spine and the face. Depending on the
type of birth defect suspected, more
frequent ultrasounds or a 3D/4D
ultrasound may be performed. Changes
may be made to pregnancy management,
the way the baby is delivered and
creating a medical care plan for after
the baby is born.
SpecializedUltrasound Evaluations

104. Types ofUltrasounds
A standard ultrasound is the most
common type. Some practices have a
Doppler ultrasound that evaluates
blood flow though the baby. This
includes blood flow in and out of the
umbilical cord. 3D ultrasounds
provide a "picture-like" image, unlike
a standard, 2D ultrasound that only
shows a cross-section of the baby.

105. Types ofUltrasounds
A 4D ultrasound includes video,
allowing a real-time look at the fetus.
The 3D and 4D ultrasounds are often
used to evaluate specific types of
suspected birth defects, such as
cleft lip

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