1. Republic of the Philippines
Tarlac State University
College of Education
Laboratory High School
Lucinda Campus, Tarlac City
APPROVAL SHEET
This thesis of David Marco Bildan, Marly Vea Clarisse Elli, Gian Carlo Muldong,
Liana Faith De Leon, Ray John Dorig, and Mies Eliel Dela Cruz entitled “BLAPTICA
DUBIA (DUBIA COCKROACH) AS AN ADDITIVE FOR BROILER CHICKEN FEEDS”,
which prepared and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Math-Science
Curriculum, is hereby accepted.
ESTRELLA B. PAGCO, M.A. Ed. – Math
Instructor, Science Research II
PANEL OF EXAMINEES
RAMACHANDRA C. TORRES
Member
SHARON A. GALBADORES MILAGROS BONDOC
Member Member
Accepted and approved in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for Science Research II.
NORBINA GENEVER M. CASTRO, M.A. Ed. – EDMA.
Director, Laboratory High School
Date: ________________

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BLAPTICA DUBIA (Dubia Cockroach) AS AN ADDITIVE FOR BROILER
CHICKEN FEEDS
_______________
A Research Study
Presented to
The Faculty of Tarlac State University
Laboratory High School
Tarlac City
_______________
In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for
Science Research II
_______________
Presented by:
BILDAN, DAVID MARCO A.
ELLI, MARLY VEA CLARISSE L.
MULDONG, GIAN CARLO B.
DE LEON, LIANA FAITH Q.
DORIG, RAY JOHN A.
DELA CRUZ, MIES ELIEL C.
MARCH 2012

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ABSTRACT
Title: Blaptica Dubia(Dubia Cockroach) as an Additive for Broiler Chicken
Feeds
Researchers: David Marco A. Bildan
Marly Vea Clarisse L. Elli
Gian Carlo B. Muldong
Liana Faith Q. De Leon
Ray John A. Dorig
Mies Eliel C. Dela Cruz
Institution: Tarlac State University Laboratory High School
The Dubia cockroach (Blapticadubia) is one of the best falsifiers of the common
misconceptions about cockroaches. This study provided information to people, especially
poultry raiser, on its composition, benefits, and other information.
The study aims to answer the following questions:
1. How are the control and experimental feeds be described in terms of their:
a. Odor;
b. Color;
c. Texture;
2. How are the control and experimental feeds be described in terms of their:
a. Moisture Content;
b. Ash Content;
c. Crude Protein;
d. Crude Fat;
e. Crude Fiber; and
f. Calcium?

4. 4
3. How are the control and experimental groups described in terms of their:
a. Cost of Production?
4. Is there a significant difference between the control and experimental
groups in terms of:
a. Odor;
b. Color; and
c. Texture?
This study is an experimental research and descriptive research. It determines the
effectiveness of Dubia cockroach (Blapticadubia) asan additive for broiler chicken feeds.
This research is intended to offer Filipinos, especially poultry raisers, to use Dubia
cockroaches as the main source of protein in feeds and to utilize the Dubia cockroaches.
The experiments conducted by the researchers’ yielded results including the
following:
1.1 The means of the odor evaluation are as follows; the control group has a mean
of 4.6 and the experimental group has a mean of 4.8. Having the higher mean of the
experimental group, it is said to be more preferred in terms of odor.
1.2 The means of the color evaluation are as follows; the control group has a
mean of 4.5 and the experimental group has a mean of 4.7. Having the higher mean of the
experimental group, it is said to be more preferred in terms of color.
1.3 The means of texture evaluations are as follows; the control group has a mean
of 4.2 and the experimental group has a mean of 4.5. Having the higher mean of the
experimental group, it is said to be more preferred in terms of texture.

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1.4 The results of laboratory testing done to evaluate the levels of moisture
content of the commercial and experimental broiler chicken feeds are as follows; the
control group has moisture content level of 12% and the experimental group has moisture
content level of 10.70%. Having the standard level of moisture content in Broiler
Chicken Feeds as 11%, the control group has a 9.09% of difference with the standard
level and the experimental group has a 2.27% of difference with the standard level of
moisture content. Feeds with high moisture content are liable to spoil quickly, mostly
from fungal contamination. Thus, the experimental group is more preferred than the
control group because of the lower percentage of the moisture content.
1.5 The results of laboratory testing done to determine the ash content level of the
commercial and experimental broiler chicken feeds are as follows; the control group has
an ash content level of 6% and the experimental group has an ash content level of 0.8%.
Having the standard level of ash content for Broiler Chicken Feeds as 3%, the control
group has a 100% of difference with the standard level and the experimental group has a
73.33% of difference with the standard level of moisture content. The amount of acid
insoluble ash is a good guide to the amount of sand or other dirt which may be present
and the total of all the minerals found in the feeds. The feed is usually adulterated with
sand during drying process. The experimental group is more preferred than the control
group because of the acid insoluble ash present and the lower difference in percentage
from the standard level.
1.6 The results of laboratory testing done to determine the level of crude protein
present in the commercial and experimental broiler chicken feeds are as follows; the
control group has 18% of crude protein present and the experimental group has 13.81%

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of crude protein. Having the standard level of crude protein for Broiler Chicken Feeds as
13%, the control group has 38.43% difference from the standard level of crude protein
and the experimental group has a 6.23% difference from the standard. Crude protein is
needed especially for Broiler developers in maintaining their diet. Thus, the experimental
group is more preferred than the control group because of the difference in percentage
from the standard level, and the quantity of crude protein needed by the broilers.
1.7 The results of laboratory testing done to determine the levels of crude fat
present in the commercial and experimental broiler chicken feeds are as follows; 3% of
crude fat was present in the control group and 8.77% of crude fat was present in the
experimental group. Having the standard level of crude fat for Broiler Chicken Feeds as
6.5%, the control group was 53.85% different from the standard level of crude fat for
Broiler Chicken feeds and the experimental group was 34.29% different from the
standard level. The high Crude Fat is indicative of adulteration with urea and or some
inferior quality oil seed meals. The free fatty acid content of oily materials will affect
palatability due to rancidity of oils. Thus, the control group is more preferred than the
experimental group because of the high crude fat in the experimental group which may
affect the palatability of the chicken feeds.
1.8 The results of laboratory testing done to determine the levels of crude fiber
present in the commercial and experimental broiler chicken feeds are as follows; the
control group has 6% of crude fiber and the experimental group has 1.12% of crude fiber.
Having the standard level of crude fiber for Broiler Chicken Feeds as 6.5%, the control
group had 7.69% difference from the standard level of crude fiber for Broiler Chicken
feeds and the experimental group had 82.77% of difference from the standard level.

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Crude fiber is a term used to describe the fibrous food residue that is left over after it has
been dissolved in the laboratory with certain harsh chemical solvents such as sulfuric acid
and sodium hydroxide. Crude fiber has no nutritional value. Thus, the experimental group
is more preferred than the control group because of the lower crude fiber for the
nutritional content of the chicken feeds.
1.9 The results of laboratory testing done to determine the levels of calcium of the
commercial and experimental broiler chicken feeds are as follows; the control group has
1.1% of calcium and the experimental group has 0.004% of calcium. Having the standard
level of calcium for broiler chicken feeds as 0.8, the control group had 7.5% difference
from the standard level of calcium and the experimental group had a 39.95% difference
from the standard level of calcium for broiler chicken feeds. Calcium feeding may
improve eggshell quality (Farmer et al., 1983; Van Wambeke and DeGroote, 1986) and
the bones of the chickens. Thus, the control group is more preferred than the
experimental group because of the calcium content that a broiler chicken needed.
2.0 In terms of cost, the Dubia cockroach-mixed feeds costs P39.12/kg which is
cheaper by 2.2% compared to the commercial feeds which costs P40.00/kg.
2.1 In terms of odor, since the T-value -0.9487 is higher than the critical value -
2.101, the researchers accepted Ho. Hence, there is no significant difference between the
two groups, controlled and experimental.
2.2 In terms of color, since the T-value 0.7386 is lower than the critical value
2.101, the researchers accepted Ho. Hence, there is no significant difference between the
two groups, controlled and experimental.

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2.3 In terms of texture, since the T-value is 1 is lower than the critical value 2.101,
the researchers accepted Ho. Hence, there is no significant difference between the two
groups, controlled and experimental.
Based from the gathered data, the researchers concluded the following:
1. The control group was found to be of very acceptable color, odor and moderately
acceptable texture. The experimental feeds was found to be of very acceptable
color, odor, and texture.
2. There is no significant difference between the color, odor, and texture between the
commercial and experimental feeds.
3. The implication of the study to science research is that the growing cost for
broiler chicken feeds often turns down poultry raisers. Research into the
alternatives of commercial broiler chicken feeds is expected to lower the cost of
production and maintenance by local poultry raisers. Blapticadubia Cockroaches
can be found from households to chicken pens and add to tempest burdened by
poultry raisers. Dubia cockroaches are also an effective source of protein
commonly overlooked as pests by many. It is possible that the efficacy provided
by commercial broiler chicken feeds can be sought by the provision of
Blapticadubia as an additive for homemade broiler chicken feeds at a significantly
lower cost. Preliminary results of this investigation indicates that Blaptica Dubia
as an additive for homemade broiler chicken feeds has a high potential of being a
cheaper alternative to commercial broiler chicken feeds especially if the home-
made ingredients were nutritious left-over or being harvested in owned farm.

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Based on findings and recommendations, the researchers strongly recommend the
following:
1. This study is only a preliminary investigation. Hence, further studies and
utilization of Blapticadubia and homemade feeds should be pursued to determine
its most effective potential needed to locate the active principle from the various
nutrients and their agricultural studies.
2. Increasing the ratio of Blapticadubia over homemade feeds can possibly improve
the nutritional value of the homegrown feeds and the cost of production.
3. Other tests can also be conducted to the experimental group to add more value to
its significant property.
4. Also, other researchers can study other kinds of cockroaches, Americana
Periplaneta, in terms of their properties and used to man.
5. Other researchers may include soybean or fish meals for additional nutrient
content.
6. Also, increasing the skimmed milk or adding bone meal for calcium content.
7. Adding ingredients with vitamins or minerals can possibly improve the ash
content of the feeds.
8. Other researchers may not grind or pound the ingredients because these processes
can cause the loss of protein and nutrients needed.

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© 2012
David Marco A. Bildan
MarlyVea Clarisse L. Elli
Gian Carlo B. Muldong
Liana Faith Q. De Leon
Ray John A. Dorig
MiesEliel C. Dela Cruz
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, the researchers would like to thank the Lord God Almighty who,
they know, has been with them since they first decided this research study, for giving
them the wisdom, knowledge, and strength to accomplish a very significant requirement
for their subject, Science Research II.
To their parents, for their unending support, be it morally or financially and for
their great understanding on our schedule.
To their teachers from Tarlac State University – Laboratory High School, for
giving some advices and understanding their schedules, thank you for granting them
some of their spare time.
To their classmates (MS – IV) who helped them in every little way they can,
even though they also had same obligations to do, the researchers appreciate it a lot.
To Sir Ramachandra C. Torres, Ma’am Sharon A. Galbadores, and Ma’am
Milagros Bondoc, their panellists, for helping them improve their research study through
their critical analysis.
To Ma’am Diane Quinto, their English critic, for helping them improve their
research study through correcting grammatical errors.
To Prof. EstrellaB.Pagco, their Science Research II adviser, for helping their
group intellectually, for bestowing them every thought that she had just to help them,

12. 12
thank you for all the support and concern that served as their foundation and inspiration
to finish their research study.
DMAB, MVCLE, GCBM, LFQDL, RJAD, MECDC

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DEDICATION
The efforts and sacrifices are dedicated
to the Almighty God,
our beloved parents and teachers,
friends and
Math Science – IV.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
APPROVAL SHEET …………………………………………………………... i
TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………….….. ii
THESIS ABSTRACT ………...…..…………………………………………….. iii
COPYRIGHT PAGES ………...……..…………………………………………... x
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………..……………….……………………………. xi
DEDICATION …………....……..…………………………………………....... xiii
LIST OF TABLES ….…….………………...……………………………...….... xv
LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………...………………………….... xvi
Chapter
1. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND ………………………. 1
Introduction …………………………………………………………… 1
Statement of the Problem ……………………………………………... 3
Significance of the Study ……………………………………………... 4
Hypothesis …………………………………………………..….……… 5
Scope and Delimitation ……..……………………………………..….. 5
Definition of Terms …………………………………………………… 6
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES ………….. 10
Related Literature ……………………………………………………... 10
Foreign ………………….……..………………………………….. 10
Local …………………………………….……………..………… 12
Related Studies ………………………………………………………... 13
Foreign ………………………….………………………...………. 13
Local ……………………….……………………………………… 14
Conceptual Framework ……………………………………………….. 15
Research Paradigm …………………………………………………… 17
3. METHODOLOGY ………..…………………………………………… 18
Research Design ….………….………………………………………… 18
Sampling Design …….……………………………………………….... 19
Sensory Evaluation …….…………...…………………………………... 19
Instruments ……………………………...……………………………... 20
Preparation of Feeds …………………………………………………...... 20

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Animal Feeds Testing ………………......……………………………….. 22
Statistical Treatment ....……………………………………………….... 24
4. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
………………………………………………………………… 26
Odor Evaluation of Feeds …….……….…...…………………..……………26
Color Evaluation of Feeds …….……....…...…………………..……………27
Texture Evaluation of Feeds …….….…...…………………..………………27
Moisture Content of Feeds ……...…...….....………………..………………28
Ash Content of Feeds ……………....………..……………...………………29
Crude Protein Levels of Feeds ……….…...……….……..…………………30
Crude Fat Levels of Feeds ……….…...…………………..……...…………31
Crude Fiber Levels of Feeds ……….…...………………..…………………32
Calcium Levels of Feeds ………….....…………………..…………………33
Cost Analysis of Feeds ………….…...…………………..…………………34
Test of Difference of Odor, Color and Texture of Feeds ...…...……………35
Cost of Feeds ………….……………......………………..…………………35
5. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION ........................................................................... 36
Summary of Findings ………………………………………………… 36
Conclusion ………………………………………………………….….. 40
Recommendation …………………………………………….……….. 40
BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………………… 42
APPENDICES ……………………………..………………………………… 45
DOCUMENTATION ………………………………………………………… 53
CURRICULUM VITAE ……………………..……………………………… 60

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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1. Odor Evaluation of Feeds ………….…...…………………..………………… 26
2. Color Evaluation of Feeds ………....…...…………………..………………… 27
3. Texture Evaluation of Feeds ……….…...…………………..………………… 27
4. Moisture Content of Feeds ………….….....………………..………………… 28
5. Ash Content of Feeds ………….…...………..……………...………………… 29
6. Crude Protein Levels of Feeds ………….…...……….……..………………… 30
7. Crude Fat Levels of Feeds ………….…...…………………..……...………… 31
8. Crude Fiber Levels of Feeds ………….…...………………..………………… 32
9. Calcium Levels of Feeds ………….…....…………………..………………… 33
10. Cost Analysis of Feeds ………….……...…………………..………………… 34
11. Test of Difference of Odor, Color and Texture of Feeds ………...…………… 35
12. Cost of Feeds ………….……………......…………………..………………… 35

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1. Research Paradigm…………………………………………………….. 17

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Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
There is nothing in the world more hated, and perhaps feared, than that bane of
mankind which is the cockroach infestation. Cockroaches have been one of the most
common house pests for centuries now. At night, cockroaches search for food in kitchens,
food storage places, rubbish bins, drains and sewers.
Long the annoyance and fourth class unwanted resident of major urban cities, the
cockroach resists even when resistance is futile. Habits and high reproductive rate of pest
cockroaches can lead to large populations spreading disease organisms, contaminating
food, causing allergies, and even worsening asthma.
Cockroaches are also a nuisance to Tarlaqueños in situations such as: children
bitten in eyelids, food contamination, and unbinding of books.
These are the common stereotypes that put a negative impression upon hearing
the word cockroaches but not all redeem these nuisances. Not all cockroaches feed on
waste materials and harmful substances which cause undesired effects to human health;
same as through with the misconception of cockroaches thriving on filthy environments.
Also, not all cockroaches emit a foul odor.
Dubia Cockroaches (Blaptica dubia) serves as a living falsifier to these
stereotypes. Dubia Cockroaches feed on sweet foods, carrots, apples, oranges, lettuce, dry
cat/dog food, cereals, and fish food. Beyond the similarities of the common cockroach’s
(Periplaneta americana) appearance to the Dubia cockroach, they differ greatly in terms

19. 19
of odor and habits. Dubia roaches are used as feeder insects and have become popular for
feeding reptiles and amphibians because they have high quality herp food source that is
easier to raise than crickets. Dubia are meaty roaches with a soft body which contain a
much higher ratio of protein compared to crickets. They breed in drier conditions than
many other roaches and produce little odor. They are calm and easy to handle for feeding.
They do not make any noise which is another reason they are becoming much more
popular than crickets. They don’t bite and they can’t fly. If the handler drops a roach, the
roach is easy to catch. Compared to other roaches, they are exceptionally poor climbers
and cannot climb glass or plastic. The adults can live up to 1-2 years and can be bred
easily. The females give live birth (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaptica_dubia).
Insects are rich in protein and this gives the cockroach a potential to complement
Broiler Chicken feeds. Complete feeds are the most expensive type. Using a protein
concentrate mixed with home-grown grain will reduce the costs. Mixing some
cockroaches in the chicken feeds, in detail, the Dubia cockroach (Blaptica dubia) can
reduce a native poultry owner’s expenses.
A poultry raiser in Tarlac City is raising some chickens in a backyard, one of the
things that a poultry raiser would have to continually do to ensure that the chickens are in
good condition would be to clean the chicken coop. Having a messy and unsanitary coop
could lead to a load of trouble for both the owner and the chickens.
If the poultry raiser would not clean the coop, the chickens are risked to be
infected by disease carrying bacteria and would get sick and even die. Worse, the bacteria
of an unclean chicken coop could also be the cause of some human diseases. Thus, the

20. 20
stench of an un-sanitized coop could also make local city inspectors ban the raiser from
raising chickens.
If the raiser would feed cockroaches to chickens, the raiser should take measures
in order to prevent the unwanted materials from cockroaches that can be a possible
danger to the chickens’ health.
As to the high prices of commercial feeds, this study aims to prove the capability
of the Dubia Cockroach as an additive for Broiler Chicken feeds and offer a cheaper
alternative.
Statement of the Problem
The Dubia cockroach (Blapticadubia) is one of the best falsifiers of the common
misconceptions about cockroaches. This study provided information to people, especially
poultry raiser, on its composition, benefits, and other information.
The study aimed to answer the following questions:
5. How are the control and experimental feeds be described in terms of their:
a. Odor;
b. Color;
c. Texture;
6. How are the control and experimental feeds be described in terms of their:
a. Moisture Content;
b. Ash Content;
c. Crude Protein;
d. Crude Fat;

21. 21
e. Crude Fiber; and
f. Calcium?
7. How are the control and experimental groups described in terms of their:
a. Cost of Production?
8. Is there a significant difference between the control and experimental
groups in terms of:
a. Odor;
b. Color; and
c. Texture?
Significance of the Study
Tarlaqueños are fond of chickens and they own hectares of land which may be
used as farms, specifically, a poultry farm, but the high cost of maintenance on raising
broiler chickens often turns down poultry raisers. As to the high prices of commercial
feeds, this study aims to prove the capability of the Dubia Cockroach as an additive for
Broiler Chicken feeds and offer a cheaper alternative. Being aware of the current
situation, it will be easier to provide a positive resolution for the said cockroach.
To the poultry raisers, this study intends to produce broiler chicken feeds
compromisingof the mentioned cockroach.
To the community, this study could help in eliminating the misconception of
Dubia roaches as pest which resides in residential households. This study subsists to
discern the positive resolutions of the said pest to the human population.

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Furthermore, it may point-out possible nutrients that can be extracted from the
Dubia Cockroach, providing future references that can be utilized to perform
experimental activities for the scientists and animal biologists.
Null Hypotheses
There is no significant difference between the experimental feeds and the control
feeds in terms of its odor, color, texture, moisture content, ash content, effectiveness, and
cost of production.
Assumption
There is a significant difference between the experimental feeds and the control
feeds in terms of its odor, color, texture, moisture content, ash content, effectiveness, and
cost of production.
Scope and Delimitation
The study dealt with the comparison of Blapticadubia (Dubia Cockroach) as
an additive for broiler chicken feeds over the commercially available broiler chicken
feeds.
The study focused that the cockroaches will only be mixed in the homemade
feeds as an additive.
Control and experimental chicken feeds were differentiated by ten (10)
respondents from Magaspac, Gerona, Tarlacaccording to its physical description: Odor,
Color, and Texture. Results from the observation and questionnaire were used to answer

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the problems stated on the statement of the problem and as a basis to draw conclusions
and recommendations.
The study also focusedon the possibility of a broiler chicken benefiting from
Dubia Cockroaches through analyzing the nutritional content of the said roach provided
by the laboratory examination conducted by the Department of Science and Technology –
Region III (DOST-III).
Definition of Terms
The following terms were defined to help for a better understanding of this study.
Additive. Characterized by, being, or producingeffects (as drug responses or gene
products) that when the causative factors act together are the sum of their individual
effects (www.merriam-webster.com) In this study, additive refers to the Blapticadubia
supplemented to the original mixture of feeds.
AOAC. The “Association of Official Analytical Chemists” or is now being called
as "Association of Analytical Communities,” AOAC INTERNATIONAL is committed to
being a proactive, worldwide provider and facilitator in the development, use, and
harmonization of validated analytical methods and laboratory quality assurance programs
and services.
Ash Content. It is a measure of the total amount of minerals present in the food
(people.umass.edu) In this study, ash content is determines the amount of acid insoluble
ash which affects the nutritional value of the feeds.
Blaptica dubia. Also known as Orange-spotted Cockroach. It is ameaty roach
with a soft body which contains a much higher ratio of protein compared to

24. 24
crickets. (www.wikipedia.com).It is the main additive for broiler chicken feeds as used in
this study.
Broilers. Chickens raised specifically for meat production. (www.wikipedia.com).
In this study, broilers were used as the subject of consumer in regards to the yielded
chicken feeds.
Calcium. It determines the strength of the shells of the produced eggs by chickens.
(www.dummies.com) In this study, calcium refers to the component of the control and
experimental feeds which improves the shell and bone strength of the chickens. The
closer level of calcium possessed by the control and experimental feeds to the standard
level will end to a more favorable result.
Chicken Feeds. These feeds supply the nutrients required by chickens to allow
optimal growth and development (www.dummies.com) Referred to as the manufactured
pellet type feeds which will be the control group, and another home-made mixed with
cockroaches as an experimental group in this study. The type of chicken feeds used is for
broilers.
Color. The term used for the palatability of the feeds in terms of the appearance.
Crude Fat. The term used to refer to the crude mixture of fat-soluble material
present in a sample (www.foodscience-avenue.com). Crude fat is also one of the bases of
comparison between the experimental and control group.
Crude Fiber. A measure of the quantity of indigestible cellulose, pentosans,
lignin, and other components of this type in present foods. The components have little
food value but provide the bulk necessary for proper peristaltic action in the intestinal
tract. (www.foodscience-avenue.com) Crude fiber is used to describe the amount of

25. 25
fibrous food residue with no nutritional value left after the control and experimental feeds
are dissolved in the laboratory with harsh chemical substances.
Crude Protein. A measure of dietary protein that is based on the assumption that
the average amino acid in a protein contains 16 percent nitrogen. Thus, total chemically
determined nitrogen × 6.25 (100 ÷ 16) = crude protein. (www.extension.org) Crude fiber
is used to describe the component which enables proper development of the reproductive
system within the Broiler chickens. Crude protein also contributes to the essential
nutritional requirements of a well-balanced feed diet.
Judgmental Sampling. In judgment sampling, the researcher or some other
"expert" uses his/her judgment in selecting the units from the population for study based
on the population’s parameters. (www.uoguelph.ca) In this study, it is used as the
sampling design to select respondents to provide their comparison between the
experimental and control group under the variables of odor, color and texture.
Moisture Content. It is the quantity of water contained in a material.
(www.wikipedia.com) In this study, moisture content refers to the balance between shelf-
life and palatability of the control and experimental feeds. Too much moisture content
would result to lower shelf-life, but the lack of moisture content would result to
unpalatable feeds and increased requirement for water.
Odor. In this study, it is thearoma of the feeds.
Palatability. Acceptable to the taste; sufficiently agreeable in flavor to be eaten
(www.thefreedictionary.com). Palatability is utilized in this study as the satisfaction level
of the Blapticadubia feeds when consumed by Broiler chickens.

26. 26
Steaming. It is a process that uses indirect heat with the use of a steamer to cook
whichresults in a more nutritious product than boiling because fewer nutrients are leached
away into the water. (www.wikipedia.com) In this study, it is used as a method of
sterilization of the Blapticadubia.
Texture. In this study, it is the smoothness, roughness, and such of the feeds.

27. 27
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter exhibits works that are related and show relevance to the subject
matter. The researchers gather facts and knowledge through looking into articles in books
and internet. Also, by examining and searching for thesis and dissertations that will lead
and bring us information about our research problem.
Related Literature
a. Foreign
Cockroaches are crazy for cleanliness. They spend hours washing themselves,
licking their feet and sucking on their own antennae – two very important body parts
(Masoff, Joy., 2000 “Oh Yuck!”The Encyclopedia of Everything Nasty).
The Orange Spotted Roach, BlapticaDubia(or Guyana) can be a valuable food for
reptiles, birds, amphibians, fishes, etc. This roach makes an excellent feeder insect as it
rarely flies and cannot scale glass or plastic. Adults and juveniles alike have a soft
exoskeleton, and are thus an ideal food for amphibians, birds, spiders, scorpions, fishes,
reptiles and certain small mammals (I have used them as treats for flying squirrels and
deer mice). The nymphs are only .1 inch in length, and eagerly accepted by tiny
amphibians and reptiles (Frank Indiviglio, 2009).
A blogger said “Bearded and Dwarf Monitors are probably two of the most
popular pets in the U.S. Dragons and Monitors need a good mixture of fruits, veggies,
and insects. Till recently most of us have used crickets, mealworms, and other treats like
wax worms. The problem is none of these feeders get large enough or carry the necessary

28. 28
meat to fulfill our dragon’s appetite. I few years ago while keeping frilled dragons I got
into roaches. It amazed me how well they were able to maintain their weight while using
roaches compared to other feeders. Plus one roach was like feeding 4-5 crickets. Using
the roaches was also key part in weight recuperation after breeding. Most people just let
the dragon’s pound pinkies or high fat worms that are not providing the necessary protein
and vitamins. I really recommend that everyone should at least try roaches once before
passing judgment on them”
(http://www.blaberus.com/Documents/What%20Eats%20Roaches.pdf).
At the end of the year there could be 10 million new cockroaches as a result of
one romantic evening (Masoff, Joy., 2000 “Oh Yuck!”The Encyclopedia of Everything
Nasty).
Of all roaches, the Blaptica Dubia Roaches are among the best feeder roaches on
the market. Dubia Roaches don't climb smooth surfaces, they don't fly (males have wings
and can sometimes hover), and, if kept properly they have no
odor. Blapticadubiaroaches are nutritious for a variety of reptiles because they are soft-
bodied, high in protein, low in fat, and have a lot of meat. Dubia roaches have a “clean”,
streamlined look that is not upsetting to many bug-phobic people. They breed at a
moderate rate so a small colony is adequate for a correspondingly small reptile collection
(http://blapticadubiaroaches.com/).
Roaches are used to make sauces, condiments, and appetizers. Some people eat
cockroaches fried in oil and garlic as a cure for indigestion. Cockroaches are supreme
couch potatoes. They spend 75 percent of their time resting. There are people that collect

29. 29
cockroaches. The roaches are captured, killed and hold in a jar until the next morning.
The chickens can eat them after. Chickens will also eat other insects, like termites, grubs,
and worms and will hang around when turn over the compost pile, because chickens have
access to roaches, worms, and centipedes (AlinaNiemi, Ezine Articles, 2010).
Large aquatic turtles like snapping turtles, large tortoises, sail fin lizards,
basilisks, water dragons, and other huge lizards eat cockroaches (Rhudy, 2011). Wasps,
centipedes, birds, bats, spiders, frogs, snakes, rats, and most other small animals also eat
cockroaches (Paladin, 2008 and Jim, 2004).
A chameleon can't also resist eating a cockroach. In fact, one can buy a cockroach
online for a chameleon to feed (Modhayan, 2008 & Cornett, 2005).
Several chicken foods are in pet shops. One can feed it for a chicken.
Unfortunately, the commercial chicken feeds at pet store are expensive. One can make
chicken feed too. Making chicken feed is not difficult. It can be made from breakfast
leftovers. Chicken is an omnivore bird after all (Dihl, 2010).
b. Local
Cockroaches serve as reminders for people to clean rooms, kitchen sinks or
bathrooms. Cockroaches also play a huge ecological role by helping decompose forest
land animal waste and are food for scavengers (those animals that eat decomposing
organisms), thus they circulate the food chain. In laboratory experiments, cockroaches
have not been involved in actual disease occurrences. In fact, cockroaches spend more
time bathing themselves than humans (Garcia, 2009).
Many animals (including small mammals, amphibians, and birds) eat
cockroaches, and are also used by some for medicinal purposes. For centuries, they have

30. 30
been used to cure illnesses, like indigestion and dropsy (edema). Some people put on
crushed roaches to stinging wounds to relieve pain (Diana, 2010)
Cockroaches have proteins that chickens can benefit. Cockroaches scurrying
about farms can be fed to chickens by setting a trap which includes a jar with Vaseline
Jelly inside the jar on the upper portion and bait inside. By the time the roaches get
inside, the roaches won’t be able to come out due to the Vaseline gel. Owners can feed
the chickens with the cockroaches and benefited with the extra protein (Jason, 2005)
Related Studies
a. Foreign
This study of Eekeren (2004), Small-scale Poultry Production in the Tropics, the
diet of poultry must include the following essential nutrients: water, energy sources,
protein (amino acids), vitamins, minerals and other ingredients. Another animal protein
that could be used for feeding to poultry is blood-meal. Blood-meal and all other animal
protein products must be thoroughly sterilized before being mixed into food to avoid
infecting birds and eggs with disease. Commercially bred cockroaches are a safer option.
The study of Katie Cordrey, an author and researcher in Medicinal Roaches
(2010), says that antibiotics in cockroach brains may lead to new bacteria-killing drugs.
Harmful bacteria have become increasingly resistant to antibiotics, so scientists have
been looking to nature for alternatives. Molecules that are found in the brains of these
insects can potentially kill deadly bacteria like MRSA and E. coli. Experiments revealed
that antibiotics in cockroach brains are effective and non-toxic to humans. Substances
called lysates of locust and cockroach brains proved more than 90% effective against

31. 31
bacteria tested, she says. What’s more, the substances had no toxic effects on human
brain cells, and more research is under way to purify and further characterize the
antibacterial properties of the biological agents from the insects’ brains.
This study entitled “Raising Backyard Chickens” (2010), chickens will scratch for
worms, are happy with people leftovers, love pellets, seeds and vegetables, peels, bugs
and slugs. Chickens want to eat bread while pecking at a cockroach, and sometimes, they
will eat grass and even pebbles. Chickens are most content when range around for food
and they will know what to eat and what not to every time. On the other hand, people
could prepare the fanciest feed preparation for them but if the chickens do not want it,
they will avoid it. What to feed chickens should not be too complicated. Simple steps like
this could provide eggs for the table or for hatching.
This study conducted by Dessie and Ogle, (1996)states that the feed resource is
deficient in protein, energy and probably calcium for layer birds which show that
supplementation of local birds with food sources containing energy and protein and a
calcium source brings about a considerable increase in egg production.
This study conducted by Eekeren, et al (2004), states that medium-weight (3 to 5
pounds) and heavy chicken breeds are raised for meat production, and can quickly reach
a high slaughter weight when given plenty of good quality feed.
b. Local
This study conducted by Macapia, et al (2010), found that Poultry production is
considered one of the most common and very promising agricultural enterprises
especially for low income farm families. It offers several advantages to the raisers.Boiler
production is a big industry. It represents 85 percent of poultry meat that Filipinos

32. 32
consume. Unfortunately, the demand for poultry and poultry by products continue to rise
as human population increases, resulting in the greater demand for high quality
ingredients to be used in mixed feeds. High quality feeds usually means importation of
major ingredients such as fish meal and soybean meal. It is therefore desirable to source
alternative ways to enhance and hasten animal’s growth during these times of unstable
prices of feeds.
In this study, the researchers used Blaptica dubia as an additive for Broiler
Chicken feeds. The studies shown above showed that well-balanced feeds will increase
meat and egg production of chicken breeds. Good quality feeds include a balanced
mixture between water, minerals, protein, calcium and energy sources.
Compared to this study, Dubia Cockroaches were not to be fed to the chickens
purely, but used as an additive for Broiler Chicken Feeds. Cockroaches also underwent
different stages before being added to feeds.
Conceptual Framework
The study dealt only on the efficacy of Dubia Cockroaches (Blaptica dubia) as an
additive for broiler chicken feeds with the use of samples undergoing specific tests.
The experimental and descriptive type of research method were used in this study.
The principal aim in employing this method is to test the nutritional content of Dubia
Cockroaches. Dubia cockroaches (Blaptica dubia), adults and sub-adults, were gathered
and collected using a bottle for safe-keeping, by means of catching and breeding. The live
cockroaches underwent into cleansing and sterilization for about 15 minutes at 100 °C
(212 °F) by using any steam sterilization utensil. This step was done for it will inactivate

33. 33
all bacteria, viruses and other microorganisms in the cockroaches (also from insecticides
that can affect the chickens’ health), which can be quite resistant. The steamed
cockroaches were chopped and sun dried.
Home-made feeds ingredients were gathered like corn, nuts, rice, and skimmed
milk. The ingredients were pounded using a mortar and pestle and refined.
The refined ingredients were mixed with the chopped and sun-dried cockroaches
with the percentage of the weight they are designated with, and afterwards were given to
the Department of Science and Technology – Region III in Maimpis, San Fernando,
Pampanga for the animal feeds tests.
The researchers observed the two groups in terms of odor, color, texture, moisture
content, ash content, crude fat, crude fiber, crude protein, calcium content, and cost of
production.

34. 34
Gathering of Dubia
Cockroaches
Preparation of Home-
made feeds
Preparation of
Experimental Feeds:
a. cleansing and
sterilization
b. chopping
c. sun drying
Experimental Feeds Control Feeds
Observations in terms of:
a. Odor
b. Color
c. Texture
d. Ash content
e. Crude fat
f. Crude fiber
g. Crude protein
h. Calcium Content
i. Cost of Production
Figure 1
Paradigm of the Study

35. 35
Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
This research was conducted in order to determine whether the cockroach
Blapticadubia has the potential to become an additive for broiler chicken feeds and play a
significant role in poultry farms and households in Tarlac City.
The advantages and disadvantages as well as the reliability of the methods that
were used were also part of the objectives.
Research Design
In order to answer these research goals, a combination of approaches, survey,
descriptive and experimental research methods were used in this study. The researchers
tested out hypotheses by reaching conclusions that resulted to new discoveries. The
survey and the descriptive method yielded qualitative data while the experiment yielded
quantitative data which was analyzed by the researchers using tables and graphs.
In this study, the experimental method was employed to determine whether it was
possible for a cockroach to be considered as an additive feed for chickens and if there
were nutrients for the chickens to benefit. The researchers opted to use this research
method considering the objective to obtain first-hand data from experimentation,
description and surveys.
This research is intended to offer Filipinos, especially poultry raisers that
cannot afford commercial products.

36. 36
Sampling Design
Sensory evaluation of control feeds and experimental feeds were assessed using
judgmental sampling method. The researcher chose the respondents based on who they
think would be appropriate for the study. This method is used primarily because there
were alimitednumber of people that have expertise in the area being researched. The
researchers selected ten respondents from Magaspac, Gerona, Tarlac. The respondents
were interviewed based on their observations on the control and experimental groups.
The respondents evaluated the odor, color and texture from: Very Acceptable,
Moderately Acceptable, Acceptable, Less Acceptable, and Not Acceptable. The
experimental method is then appropriate for this research since this method is used for
gathering data through observation.
Sensory Evaluation
The sensory evaluation was composed of odor, color, and texture. This research
used any Dubia cockroach as an additive for broiler chicken feeds. The researchers
prepared a treatment which contains 9.5g chopped Dubia cockroaches (Blaptica Dubia).
Actual Compositions of the Set-ups (Broiler Chicken Feeds)
Material Set-Up
Chopped Dubia Cockroach (Blaptica Dubia) 9.5 g
Ground Field Corn 97.2 g
Pounded Rice Grains 80.7 g
Raw Ground Nuts 42.6 g
Skimmed Milk 20 g

37. 37
Instruments
The actual instruments, apparatus, and equipment that were used for the Broiler
chicken feeds preparation are 1 mortar & pestle, 1 steamer, 1 gas stove, 1 measuring
spoon, 1 triple beam balance, 1 knife, and 4 pairs of gloves. For testing the Broiler
chicken feeds, equipments and apparatus of AOAC methods of Analysis 18th ed. are used.
1 VelpScientifica Distillation apparatus (for Crude Protein), 1 Air Oven, 1 Flame
photometer, 1 Silica crucible, 1 Muffle furnace, 1 Velp Fat Extractor, 6 beakers, 1
Aluminum dish, 2Ashing dishes, 2 Desiccators, 1Filtering device, 1 Suction filter, and 1
Fiber analyzer.
Procedure
I. Catching and Collecting of Cockroaches
The researchers considered the gathering of cockroaches with methods which did
not include anything poisonous that can potentially harm the chickens. The researchers
also considered the use of traps such as jars with bait inside (e.g. carrots, apples, oranges,
lettuce, dry cat/dog food, cereals, and fish food) and the walls of the jar polished with
lubricants (e.g. oil, Vaseline gel, Petroleum Jelly). This set up did not permit the leaving
of the cockroaches, thus rendered them trapped.
The researchers bred the roaches for adequate use for the broiler chicken feeds.
II. Sterilization
After the researchers have gathered the cockroaches, the cockroaches underwent
cleansing to remove any unwanted materials which could be crucial to the chicken’s
health, and then were sterilized by using steam. The cockroaches were heated at a holding

38. 38
time of at least 15 minutes at 100 °C (212 °F) to achieve sterility by using any steam
sterilization utensil. This step was done for it will inactivate certain bacteria, viruses and
other microorganisms like E. coli and Coliform in the cockroaches (also from insecticides
that can affect the chickens’ health), which can be quite resistant. It did not necessarily
eliminate all prions, but helped in eliminating some harmful substances.
III. Chopping and Sun Drying
After doing so, the researchers chopped the cockroaches to prevent the chicks or
chickens to choke. The cockroaches were exposed to the sun’s heat to kill certain bacteria
and to dry them.
IV. Preparation of the Home-made feeds
The ingredients used were 97.2 g of ground field corn, 80.7 g of pounded rice
grains, 42.6 g of raw ground nuts, and 20 g of skimmed milk. The ingredients were mixed
thoroughly.
V. Mixture of the Components
The home-made feeds were mixed with the chopped and sun-dried cockroaches
with the percentage of the weight they are designated with by using a Triple Beam
Balance.
VI. Data Collection
The Dubia cockroach-mixed feeds was given to the Department of Science and
Technology – Region III in Maimpis, San Fernando, Pampanga for the animal feeds tests
that includes Moisture Content, Ash Content, Crude Protein, Crude Fat, Crude Fiber, and
Calcium. The researchers used judgmental sampling to get ten respondents from

39. 39
Magaspac, Gerona, Tarlac to react on the difference between the experimental product
and the commercial product.
VII. Testing Procedures of the Dubia cockroach-mixed Feeds (AOAC methods of
Analysis 18thed)
a. Moisture content (AOAC 930.15)
"Loss on Drying at 135°C for 2 Hours" - A 2g sample was placed in an
Aluminum dish which was in turn placed in a forced air draft oven set to
135°C. The dish was removed after exactly two hours, covered and placed in a
desiccator. When cooled, the dish is weighed and the loss in weight is the
moisture content.
b. Ash Content (AOAC 942.05)
2 g of sample was weighed accurately in a silica crucible. The sample was
ignited on a burner until smoke ceases. The crucible was placed in a muffle
furnace and heated to 550°C and kept for 2 hours. At this temperature all organic
matter was burnt leaving behind minerals. The crucible was removed from the
furnace carefully and cooled in a desiccator at room temperature and weighed
again.
c. Crude Protein
The crude protein content of a feed was estimated by measuring the
amount of nitrogen (N) in the feed and by using VelpScientifica Distillation
apparatus operation manual.
Two grams sample was digested in H2SO4 using CuSO4 5H2O as catalyst
and by adding Na2SO4 or K2SO4 to elevate the boiling point converting

40. 40
organically bound N to ammonium sulphate which when heated with excess alkali
(40% NaOH), NH3 was liberated which is distilled into a known excess of
standard acid (0.1 N H2SO4). The unneutralized acid was mixed with standard
alkali (0.1 N NaOH). From the known value, the nitrogen content and crude
protein were calculated by multiplying by 6.25.
c. Crude Fat (AOAC 945.16)
With reference to Velp Fat Extractor Manual, A dried, ground sample was
extracted with petroleum ether which dissolves fats, oils, pigments and other fat
soluble substances. The ether is then evaporated from the fat solution. The
resulting residue is weighed and referred to as ether extract or crude fat.
e. Crude Fiber (AOAC 962.09)
Crude fibre is the residue remaining after sequential digestion with 0.255N
sulfuric acid and 0.313N sodium hydroxide solutions in a Fibre Analyzer,
followed by oven-drying at 104ºC overnight and ignition at 600ºC for 3
hours. The compounds removed are predominantly protein, sugar, starch, lipids
and portions of both the structural carbohydrates and lignin. These residues
(containing cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, ash and tannins) are indigestible
substances, often called structural carbohydrates.
f. Calcium (AOAC 988.06)
Calcium was determined by using the Flame Photometric Method.

41. 41
Statistical Treatment
Continuum Frequency counts were used to describe the appearance of the
experimental feeds. Mean was also used to describe the control group in terms of odor
and texture.
Scoring the Variables
This study used the Likert Scale. The Likert Scale is an ordered, one-dimensional
scale from which respondents chose one option that best aligned with their view. In
scoring, numbers are usually assigned to each option.
4.50 and above = Very Acceptable (va)
3.50 – 4.49 = Moderately Acceptable (ma)
2.50 – 3.49 = Acceptable (a)
1.50 – 2.49 = Less Acceptable (la)
1.49 and below = Not Acceptable (na)
Descriptive method was used to compare the animal feeds tests of the control and
experimental product by using the standard product as basis.
T-Test II
To test the significant difference between the two samples, the T-Test II shall be
used. The formula is as follows:

42. 42
T-test Independent Formula:
where:
t – t-probability
, – mean scores
Σ ,Σ – mean squares
, – number of cases

43. 43
Chapter 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter presents the data gathered during the experimentation and interpreted
to satisfy the problems identified in the research.
Table 1
Description of Odor of the Experimental and Commercial Broiler Chicken Feeds
Very Moderately Acceptable Less Not
Acceptable Acceptable acceptable acceptable Mean Description
5 4 3 2 1
Control Very
6 4 0 0 0 4.6
Group Acceptable
Experimental Very
8 2 0 0 0 4.8
Group Acceptable
Table 1 shows the odor evaluation of the experimental and commercial broiler
chicken feed. It is shows that the control group is found to be of very acceptable odor
with a mean of 4.6 and the experimental group is found to be of very acceptable odor
with a mean of 4.8.
Table 2 represents the color evaluation of experimental and commercial broiler
chicken feeds. In terms of color, it is shown on the table that the control group has a mean
of 4.5 which is very acceptable color and the experimental group has a mean of 4.7 which
is very acceptable.

44. 44
Table 2
Description of Color of the Experimental and Commercial Broiler Chicken Feeds
Very Moderately Acceptable Less Not
Acceptable Acceptable acceptable acceptable Mean Description
5 4 3 2 1
Control Very
6 3 1 0 0 4.5
Group Acceptable
Experimental Very
7 3 0 0 4.7
Group Acceptable
Table 3
Description of Texture of the Experimental and Commercial Broiler Chicken Feeds
Very Moderately Acceptable Less Not
Acceptable Acceptable acceptable acceptable Mean Description
5 4 3 2 1
Control Moderately
3 6 1 0 0 4.2
Group Acceptable
Experimental Very
6 3 1 0 0 4.5
Group Acceptable
Table 3 shows the texture evaluation of the experimental and control groups. The
control group was found to be of moderately acceptable texture with a mean of 4.2 and
the experimental group was found to be of very acceptable texture with a mean of 4.5.

45. 45
Table 4
Moisture Content Levels of the Experimental and Commercial Broiler Chicken
Feeds
Percentage of
Moisture Content Difference from
Standard Level
Control Group 12% 9.09%
Experimental Group 10.70% -2.27%
Standard Level 11% 0%
Table 4 shows the results of the laboratory test done to the control and
experimental groups to determine their levels of moisture content. The control group has
a moisture content level of 12% which had a 9.09% of difference from the standard level
and the experimental group has a moisture content level of 10.70% which had a -2.27%
of difference from the standard level of moisture content for Broiler Chicken Feeds.
The moisture or water content of the feed is a key nutrient that is often neglected
but is frequently limiting particularly in tropical situations and especially in lactating
animals. Much of the animal’s water is likely to come from the feed, particularly when
the animal is grazing or browsing lush vegetation. Once harvested, feeds with high
moisture content are liable to spoil quickly, mostly from fungal contamination. The
molds and more particularly the toxins that are produced by many molds make the feed
unpalatable and can cause illness or even death to both the animals and people handling
the feed. On the other hand, very dry feeds, while being stable during storage, are less
palatable for the animal and also increase the animal’s requirement for water
(http://www.smallstock.info/info/feed/chemical.htm#Moisture).

46. 46
Table 5
Ash Content Levels of the Experimental and Commercial Broiler Chicken Feeds
Percentage of
Ash Content Difference from
Standard Level
Control Group 6% 100%
Experimental Group 0.80% 73.33%
Standard Level 3% 0%
Table 5 shows the results of the laboratory test done to determine the ash content
of the control and experimental broiler chicken feeds. The control group showed 6% of
ash content with had a 100% of difference from the standard level of ash content and the
experimental group showed 0.8% of ash content which had a 73.33% difference with the
standard level of ash content for Broiler Chicken Feeds.
An analytical laboratory for the precise estimation of nutrient contents and
contaminants is of utmost importance. Analyze the feeds for proximate principles. The
amount of acid insoluble ash is a good guide to the amount of sand or other dirt which
may be present. The feed is usually adulterated with sand during drying process. The ash
also represents the total of all the minerals found in the feeds. Although a smaller amount
can come from plant-based ingredients, most ash comes from the bone
content and minerals additives in a product
(http://www.unapcaem.org/Activities%20Files/A16/Animal%20Feed%20&%20Quality.pdf).

47. 47
Table 6
Crude Protein Levels of the Experimental and Commercial Broiler Chicken Feeds
Percentage of
Crude Protein Difference from
Standard Level
Control Group 18% 38.46%
Experimental Group 13.81% 6.23%
Standard Level 13% 0%
Table 6 shows the results of the laboratory test done to determine the levels of
crude protein of the control and experimental broiler chicken feeds. The control group
showed 6% of crude protein with had a 38.46% of difference from the standard level of
crude protein and the experimental group showed 13.81% of crude protein which had a
6.23% difference with the standard level of crude protein for Broiler Chicken Feeds.
Diets containing 12.4 percent crude protein offered for consumption to broiler
breeder males during the period of 7 to 21 weeks of age were adequate for development
of the reproductive system and subsequent reproductive performance (Wilson et al.,
1971). Broiler breeder males can be fed 12 to 14 percent crude protein on a restricted
basis after 4 weeks of age with no adverse effects on final body weight, sexual maturity,
or semen quality; a greater number of males produced semen through 53 weeks when fed
12 percent crude protein than when fed higher levels (Wilson et al., 1987a).

48. 48
Table 7
Crude Fat Levels of the Experimental and Commercial Broiler Chicken Feeds
Percentage of
Crude Fat Difference from
Standard Level
Control Group 3% 53.85%
Experimental Group 8.77% 34.92%
Standard Level 6.5% 0%
Table 7 shows the results of the laboratory test done to determine the levels of
crude fat of the control and experimental broiler chicken feeds. The control group showed
3% of ash content with had a 53.85% of difference from the standard level of crude fat
and the experimental group showed 8.77% of crude protein which had a 34.92%
difference with the standard level of crude fat for Broiler ChickenFeeds.
An analytical laboratory for the precise estimation of nutrient contents and
contaminants is of utmost importance. Analyze the feeds for proximate principles. This
indicates possible constraints on usage due to the presence of excessive content of crude
fiber, fat or total ash. The high Crude Fat is indicative of adulteration with urea and or
some inferior quality oil seed meals.The free fatty acid content of oily materials will
affect the palatability and rancidity of oils.

49. 49
Table 8
Crude Fiber Levels of the Experimental and Commercial Broiler Chicken Feeds
Percentage of
Crude Fiber Difference from
Standard Level
Control Group 6% 7.69%
Experimental Group 1.12% 82.77%
Standard Level 6.5% 0%
Table 8 shows the results of the laboratory test done to determine the levels of
crude fiber of the control and experimental broiler chicken feeds. The control group
showed 6% of crude fiber with had a 7.69% of difference from the standard level of
crude fiber and the experimental group showed 1.12% of crude fiber which had a82.77%
difference with the standard level of crude fiber for Broiler Chicken Feeds.
In the intestinal tract, fiber resists being broken down by enzymes, although part
of it may be metabolized by bacteria in the lower gut. Fiber is characterized by low or no
nutritional value. Dietary fiber is a complex mixture of different components; it may or
may not include the fibrous structure. Crude fiber, on the other hand, is a term used to
describe the fibrous food residue that is left over after it has been dissolved in the
laboratory with certain harsh chemical solvents such as sulfuric acid and sodium
hydroxide.
According to experts from Colorado State University, crude fiber only equals
about one seventh to one half of total dietary fiber, depending upon the source of the fiber
(http://www.livestrong.com/article/322507-the-definition-of-crude-fiber-in-
food/#ixzz1p4WuOsf2).

50. 50
Table 9
Calcium Levels of the Experimental and Commercial Broiler Chicken Feeds
Percentage of
Calcium Difference from
Standard Level
Control Group 1.1% 37.5%
Experimental Group 0.004% 99.5%
Standard Level 0.8% 0%
Table 9 shows the results of the laboratory test done to determine the levels of
calcium present in the control and experimental broiler chicken feeds. The control group
showed 1.1% of calcium with had a 37.5% of difference from the standard level of
calcium and the experimental group showed 0.004% of calcium which had a 99.5%
difference with the standard level of calcium for Broiler Chicken Feeds.
As calcium level is increased, shell strength of eggs from meat-type or broiler
hens also increases (Mehring, 1965). Egg production and hatchability of meat-type hens
on litter were not improved by feeding more than 3.91 g of calcium per hen daily (Wilson
et al., 1980). One of the best determinants of calcium adequacy for breeder hens is egg
specific gravity; eggs should have a specific gravity of 1.080 or greater for optimal
hatchability (McDaniel et al., 1979). Since meat-type hens are usually given a daily
allotment of feed early in the morning before significant eggshell calcification occurs,
supplying a portion of the calcium in an afternoon feeding may improve eggshell quality
(Farmer et al., 1983; Van Wambeke and DeGroote, 1986). Feeding the entire dietary
allocation in the afternoon, however, may significantly reduce hatchability because of
production of eggs with thicker eggshells (Brake, 1988).

51. 51
Table 10
Cost Analysis
Set- up Price per kg
Control Group P40.00 / kg
Experimental Group P39.12 / kg
Table 10 shows the computation of the cost of production of the two groups. It
shows that the researchers spentP40.00/kg for the commercial broiler chicken feeds and
P39.12/ kg for the experimental broiler chicken feeds.
Table 11 shows the test of difference of the odor, color, and texture of the control
and experimental groups. The table shows the t-test in terms of odor with a t computed of
-0.9487 and t-critical of -2.101. Therefore, the commercial feeds and experimental feeds
are incomparable. The t-test in terms of color with a t computed of 0.7386 and t critical of
2.101. Therefore, the commercial feeds and experimental feeds are incomparable. The t-
test in terms of texture with a t computed of 1 and t critical of 2.101. Therefore, the
commercial feeds and experimental feeds are incomparable

52. 52
Table 11
Test of difference of the Odor, Color and Texture of the Experimental and Control
Group
T – Critical Conclusion Inference
Group Mean Decision
Value Value
Control 4.6 Accept
Odor -0.9487 -2.101 Insignificant
Ho
Experimental 4.8
Control 4.5
Accept Insignificant
Color 0.7386 2.101
Experimental 4.7 Ho
Control 4.2
Accept Insignificant
Texture 1 2.101
Experimental 4.5 Ho
Table 12
Cost
Price Cheaper by
Control Group P40.00 0%
Experimental Group P39.12 2.2 %
Table 12 reveals that the experimental group is cheaper by 2.2 % than the
commercial group.

53. 53
Chapter 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION
This chapter presents the summary of the study, its findings, conclusions and
recommendations.
Summary of findings
Based on the gathered data, the researchers came out with the following results:
1.1 The means of the odor evaluation are as follows; the control group has a
mean of 4.6 and the experimental group has a mean of 4.8. Having the higher mean of the
experimental group, it is said to be more preferred in terms of odor.
1.2 The means of the color evaluation are as follows; the control group has a
mean of 4.5 and the experimental group has a mean of 4.7. Having the higher mean of the
experimental group, it is said to be more preferred in terms of color.
1.3 The means of texture evaluations are as follows; the control group has a
mean of 4.2 and the experimental group has a mean of 4.5. Having the higher mean of the
experimental group, it is said to be more preferred in terms of texture.
1.4 The results of laboratory testing done to evaluate the levels of moisture
content of the commercial and experimental broiler chicken feeds are as follows; the
control group has moisture content level of 12% and the experimental group has moisture
content level of 10.70%. Having the standard level of moisture content in Broiler
Chicken Feeds as 11%, the control group has a 9.09% of difference with the standard
level and the experimental group has a 2.27% of difference with the standard level of
moisture content. Feeds with high moisture content are liable to spoil quickly, mostly

54. 54
from fungal contamination. Thus, the experimental group is more preferred than the
control group because of the lower percentage of the moisture content.
1.5 The results of laboratory testing done to determine the ash content level of
the commercial and experimental broiler chicken feeds are as follows; the control group
has an ash content level of 6% and the experimental group has an ash content level of
0.8%. Having the standard level of ash content for Broiler Chicken Feeds as 3%, the
control group has a 100% of difference with the standard level and the experimental
group has a 73.33% of difference with the standard level of moisture content. The amount
of acid insoluble ash is a good guide to the amount of sand or other dirt which may be
present and the total of all the minerals found in the feeds. The feed is usually adulterated
with sand during drying process. The experimental group is more preferred than the
control group because of the acid insoluble ash present and the lower difference in
percentage from the standard level.
1.6 The results of laboratory testing done to determine the level of crude protein
present in the commercial and experimental broiler chicken feeds are as follows; the
control group has 18% of crude protein present and the experimental grouphas 13.81% of
crude protein. Having the standard level of crude protein for Broiler Chicken Feeds as
13%, the control group has 38.43% difference from the standard level of crude protein
and the experimental group hasa 6.23% difference from the standard. Crude protein is
needed especially for Broiler developers in maintaining their diet. Thus, the experimental
group is more preferred than the control group because of the difference in percentage
from the standard level, and the quantity of crude protein needed by the broilers.

55. 55
1.7 The results of laboratory testing done to determine the levels of crude fat
present in the commercial and experimentalbroiler chicken feeds are as follows; 3% of
crude fat was present in the control group and 8.77% of crude fat was present in the
experimental group. Having the standard level of crude fat for Broiler Chicken Feeds as
6.5%, the control group was 53.85% different from the standard level of crude fat for
Broiler Chicken feeds and the experimental group was 34.29% different from the
standard level. The high Crude Fat is indicative of adulteration with urea and or some
inferior quality oil seed meals. The free fatty acid content of oily materials will affect
palatability due to rancidity of oils. Thus, the control group is more preferred than the
experimental group because of the high crude fat in the experimental group which may
affect the palatability of the chicken feeds.
1.8 The results of laboratory testing done to determine the levels of crude fiber
present in the commercial and experimental broiler chicken feeds are as follows; the
control group has 6% of crude fiber and the experimental group has 1.12% of crude fiber.
Having the standard level of crude fiber for Broiler Chicken Feeds as 6.5%, the control
group had 7.69% difference from the standard level of crude fiber for Broiler Chicken
feeds and the experimental group had 82.77% of difference from the standard level.
Crude fiber is a term used to describe the fibrous food residue that is left over after it has
been dissolved in the laboratory with certain harsh chemical solvents such as sulfuric acid
and sodium hydroxide. Crude fiber has no nutritional value. Thus, the experimental group
is more preferred than the control group because of the lower crude fiber for the
nutritional content of the chicken feeds.

56. 56
1.9 The results of laboratory testing done to determine the levels of calcium of
the commercial and experimental broiler chicken feeds are as follows; the control group
has 1.1% of calcium and the experimental group has 0.004% of calcium. Having the
standard level of calcium for broiler chicken feeds as 0.8, the control group had 7.5%
difference from the standard level of calcium and the experimental group had a 39.95%
difference from the standard level of calcium for broiler chicken feeds. Calcium feeding
may improve eggshell quality (Farmer et al., 1983; Van Wambeke and DeGroote, 1986)
and the bones of the chickens. Thus, the control group is more preferred than the
experimental group because of the calcium content that a broiler chicken needed.
2.0 In terms of cost, the Dubia cockroach-mixed feeds costs P39.12/kg which is
cheaper by 2.2% compared to the commercial feeds which costs P40.00/kg.
2.1 In terms of odor, since the T-value -0.9487 is higher than the critical value -
2.101, the researchers accepted Ho. Hence, there is no significant difference between the
two groups, controlled and experimental.
2.2 In terms of color, since the T-value 0.7386 is lower than the critical value
2.101, the researchers accepted Ho. Hence, there is no significant difference between the
two groups, controlled and experimental.
2.3 In terms of texture, since the T-value is 1 is lower than the critical value
2.101, the researchers accepted Ho. Hence, there is no significant difference between the
two groups, controlled and experimental.

57. 57
Conclusion
Based from the gathered data, the researchers concluded the following:
4. The control group was found to be of very acceptable color, odor and moderately
acceptable texture. The experimental feeds were found to be of very acceptable
color, odor, and texture.
5. The control group was found to be of 12% moisture content, 6% ash content, 12%
crude protein, 3% crude fat, 6% crude fiber and 1.1% calcium. The experimental
group was found to be of 10.70% moisture content, 0.80% ash content, 13.81%
crude protein, 8.77% crude fat, 1.12% crude fiber and 0.004% calcium.
6. The control group costs Php 40.00 / kg and the experimental group costs Php
39.12 / kg; thus, the experimental group is 2.2% cheaper than the control group.
7. There is no significant difference between the control and experimental group in
terms of their color, odor and texture.
Recommendations
Based on findings and recommendations, the researchers strongly recommend the
following:
9. This study is only a preliminary investigation. Hence, further studies and
utilization of Blapticadubia and homemade feeds should be pursued to determine
its most effective potential needed to locate the active principle from the various
nutrients and their agricultural studies.
10. Increasing the ratio of Blapticadubia over homemade feeds can possibly improve
the nutritional value of the homegrown feeds and the cost of production.

58. 58
11. Other tests can also be conducted to the experimental group to add more value to
its significant property.
12. Also, other researchers can study other kinds of cockroaches, Americana
Periplaneta, in terms of their properties and used to man.
13. Other researchers may include soybean or fish meals for additional nutrient
content.
14. Also, increasing the skimmed milk or adding bone meal for calcium content.
15. Adding ingredients with vitamins or minerals can possibly improve the ash
content of the feeds.
16. Other researchers may not grind or pound the ingredients because these processes
can cause the loss of protein and nutrients needed.

59. 59
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. BOOKS
Chiba, Lee I., 2009. Animal Nutrition Handbook Section 12:
“PoultryNutrition and Feeding” page 316
Masoff, Joy., 2000 “Oh Yuck!”The Encyclopedia of Everything
“Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition,
1994”pp. 20-30
B. PUBLISHED AND UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS
Babiker , M.S., C. Kijora , S.A. Abbas and J. Danier. 2009. Nutrient
Composition Main Poultry Feed Ingredients Used in Sudan and Their
Variations from Local Standard Tables Values
Bakker, Robert R. and H.W. Elbersen. 2005. Managing Ash Content and
Quality Herbaceous Biomass: An Analysis From Plant To Product
Bastianelli, D., E. Fermet-Quinet, C. Hervouet, S. Domenech, L. Bonnal And D.
Friot 2000. Quality of poultry feeds in East Africa. Interest of near
infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for the estimation of their composition
Dessie, Tadelle. 1996. The Role of Scavenging Poultry in Integrated Farming
Systems in Ethiopia
Eekeren, N. Van, A. Maas, H.W. Saatkamp, M. Verschuur.2004. Small-scale
Poultry Production in the Tropics
Harvey, Mueller I. 2000. Modern Techniques for Feed Analysis

60. 60
Heijden, Maarten van der and D de Haan. 2010. Optimising Moisture while
Maintaining Feed Quality
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/09/100909-cockroach-brains-
mrsa-ecoli-antibiotics-science-health/
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/09/100909-cockroach-brains-
mrsa-ecoli-antibiotics-science-health/
C. INTERNET
http://www.blaberus.com/Documents/What%20Eats%20Roaches.pdf
http://blapticadubiaroaches.com/
http://blogs.thatpetplace.com/thatreptileblog/2008/12/01/the-orange-spotted-
roach-an-interesting-pet-and-valuable-food-for-reptiles-amphibians-invertebrates-
birds-and-fishes-part-1/ (2009)
http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070519053647AAdoBSx
http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080925084257AAJXvrf
http://www.reptileknowledge.com/care/chameleon-feeding.php
http://www.roachcom.net/rofacts/
http://ezinearticles.com/?Diet-of-a-Chicken---Chicken-Feed-and-Other-
Tips&id=5575670 (10 July 2010)
http://www.bukisa.com/articles/357947_how-to-make-chicken-feed
(21 September 2010)
http://www.thenewstoday.info/2009/05/05/cockroaches.html (2009)

61. 61
http://www.brighthub.com/environment/science-
environmental/articles/73152.aspx (2 June 2010)
http://www.smallstock.info/info/feed/chemical.htm
http://www.foragetesting.org/lab_procedure/sectionC/part8.0.htm
http://www.aoac.org/oma_revision/toc.htm
http://www.a2la.org/scopepdf/1307-02.pdf
http://www.plamondon.com/faq_feed.html
http://agromedia.ca/ADM_Articles/content/f1a1c1.pdf
http://www.lionsgrip.com/labels.html
http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/80324/Interpreting-the-
feed-analysis-report.pdf
http://urbanchickens.org/benefits-urban-chickens

62. 62
Appendix A
Excuse letter
Republic of the Philippines
Tarlac State University
Laboratory High School
Lucinda Campus, Tarlac City
February 14, 2012
Sir/Madam:
Blessed day! We, the fourth year Math and Science students of Laboratory High School are
accomplishing a study entitled, “Blaptica dubia (Dubia Cockroach) as an Additive for Broiler
Chicken Feeds” in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Science Research II at Tarlac State
University Laboratory High School.
In this connection, we are requesting your good office to excuse us on our classes for one whole day
on February 14, 2012. We are going to bring the samples that will undergo animal feeds test at the
Department of Science and Technology – Region III in Maimpis, San Fernando, Pampanga.
We hope that this request will merit utmost consideration and approval from you. We are looking
forward for your kind support.
Thank you and God bless!
Respectfully yours,
(Sgd) David Marco Bildan
(Sgd) Marly Vea Clarisse Elli
(Sgd) Gian Carlo Muldong
(Sgd) Liana Faith De Leon
(Sgd) Ray John Dorig
(Sgd) Mies Eliel Dela Cruz
Noted by:
(Sgd) Estrella B. Pagco
Adviser/ Research II Instructor
Recommended by:
(Sgd) Ma. Shinette P. Morales
Academic Head
Approved by:
(Sgd) Norbina Genever M. Castro
Director

63. 63
Appendix B
Discount letter
Republic of the Philippines
Tarlac State University
Laboratory High School
Lucinda Campus, Tarlac City
February 14, 2012
Victor B. Mariano, DBA
Regional Director
Department of Science and Technology 3
San Fernando, Pampanga
Sir:
Blessed day! We, the fourth year Math and Science students of Laboratory high School are accomplishing a
study entitled, “Blaptica dubia (Dubia Cockroach) as an Additive for Broiler Chicken Feeds” in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for Science Research II at Tarlac State University Laboratory High School.
In this connection, we appeal for discount regarding your animal feeds tests specifically Crude Fat, Crude
Protein, Crude Fiber, Ash Content, Moisture Content, and Calcium.
We hope that this request will merit utmost consideration and approval from you.
Thank you and God bless!
Respectfully yours,
(Sgd) David Marco Bildan
(Sgd) Marly Vea Clarisse Elli
(Sgd) Gian Carlo Muldong
(Sgd) Liana Faith De Leon
(Sgd) Ray John Dorig
(Sgd) Mies Eliel Dela Cruz
Noted by:
(Sgd) Estrella B. Pagco
Adviser/ Research II Instructor
(Sgd) Ma. Shinette P. Morales
Academic Head
Approved by:
(Sgd) Norbina Genever M. Castro
Director

64. 64
Appendix C
Permission letter
Republic of the Philippines
Tarlac State University
Laboratory High School
Lucinda Campus, Tarlac City
February 14, 2012
Dr. Julius Caesar V. Sicat
Officer-in-Charge, Quality Manager
Department of Science and Technology 3
San Fernando, Pampanga
Sir:
Blessed day! We, the fourth year Math and Science students of Laboratory High School are
accomplishing a study entitled, “Blaptica dubia (Dubia Cockroach) as an Additive for Broiler
Chicken Feeds” in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Science Research II at Tarlac State
University Laboratory High School.
In this connection, we request to have the pictures of the samples from the preparation, analysis
procedures, and the results of the animal feeds tests specifically Crude Fat, Crude Protein, Crude
Fiber, Ash Content, Moisture Content, and Calcium.
We hope that this request will merit utmost consideration and approval from you.
Thank you and God bless!
Respectfully yours,
(Sgd) David Marco Bildan
(Sgd) MarlyVea Clarisse Elli
(Sgd) Gian Carlo Muldong
(Sgd) Liana Faith De Leon
(Sgd) Ray John Dorig
(Sgd) MiesElielDela Cruz
Noted by:
(Sgd) Estrella B. Pagco
Adviser/ Research II Instructor
(Sgd) Ma. Shinette P. Morales
Academic Head
Approved by:
(Sgd) Norbina Genever M. Castro
Director

65. 65
Appendix D
Questionnaire
Name (optional): ________________________________________________
Please rate the products as to their COLOR and TEXTURE by putting check (√)
on the boxes.
ODOR
Product Very Moderately Less Not
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
A
B
COLOR
Product Very Moderately Less Not
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
A
B
TEXTURE
Product Very Moderately Less Not
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
A
B