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Exploring and Colonizing
     North America

   Spain, France, and
        England
■ Essential Question: What are
             Question
  the similarities & differences
  among the Spanish, French, &
  British patterns of colonization in
  North America?
America Prior to the
Arrival of Europeans
Early Human Migrations




      1st Migration, 38,000-1800 BCE
      2nd Migration, c. 10,000-4,000 BCE
      3rd Migration, c. 8,000-3,000 BCE
Spanish, French, and English Colonies
Eastern Woodland Cultures
■ Along the Atlantic Coast of North
  America, Native Americans lived
  in smaller, mobile bands:
   –Farming was supplemented by
    hunting and gathering
   –Eastern woodland Indians were
    likely the first natives to be
    encountered by English settlers
Spanish, French, and English Colonies
Locations of Major Indian Groups
 and Culture Areas in the 1600s
When Worlds Collide



 What was the impact of Spanish,
 French, and English settlement in
North America on Native Americans?
Voyages of European Exploration
European
movement
Exploration:
          Direct Causes = 3 G’s
■ Political:  Become a world power through
 gaining wealth and land. (GLORY)
■ Economic: Search for new trade routes
 with direct access to Asian/African luxury
 goods would enrich individuals and their
 nations (GOLD)
■ Religious:   spread Christianity and
 weaken Middle Eastern Muslims. (GOD)
The 3 motives reinforce each other
European
                                  explore




              EFFECTS
 •Europeans reach and settle Americas
•Expanded knowledge of world geography
   •Growth of trade, mercantilism and
               capitalism
•Indian conflicts over land and impact of
      disease on Indian populations
•Introduction of the institution of slavery
         •Columbian Exchange
NEW     OLD
WORLD   WORLD
Columbian Exchange or the transfer of
goods involved 3 continents, Americas, Europe and
                      Africa
  * Squash          * Avocado     * Peppers       * Sweet Potatoes
  * Turkey          * Pumpkin     * Tobacco       * Quinine
  * Cocoa           * Pineapple   * Cassava       * POTATO
  * Peanut          * Tomato      * Vanilla       * MAIZE        * Syphillis




  * Olive           * Coffee Beans * Banana         * Rice
  * Onion           * Turnip       * Honeybee       * Barley
  * Grape           * Peach        * Sugar Cane     * Oats
  * Citrus Fruits   * Pear         * Wheat          * HORSE
  * Cattle          * Sheep        * Pig             * Smallpox
  * Flu             * Typhus       * Measles        * Malaria
  * Diptheria       * Whooping Cough
The Columbian Exchange
Old World to New World           New World to Old World

Diseases   Smallpox, Measles, Chicken Pox   Syphilis
           Malaria, Yellow Fever,
           Influenza, The Common Cold

Animals    Horses, Cattle, Pigs, Sheep      Turkeys, Llamas, Alpacas, Guinea Pigs
           Goats, Chickens


Plants     Rice                             Corn (Maize)
           Wheat                            Potatoes (White & Sweet Varieties)
           Barley                           Beans (Snap, Kidney, & Lima Varieties)
           Oats                             Tobacco
           Coffee                           Peanuts
           Sugarcane                        Squash
           Bananas                          Peppers
           Melons                           Tomatoes
           Olives                           Pumpkins
           Dandelions                       Pineapples
           Daisies                          Cacao (Source of Chocolate)
           Clover                           Chicle (Source of Chewing Gum)
           Ragweed                          Papayas
           Kentucky Bluegrass               Guavas
                                            Avocados
The Spanish Colonies
     in America
■ Started in Caribbean, then Central and South
  America—most important was conquest of
  Aztecs by Cortez (1521) and Incas by Pizzaro
  (1531)
■ First permanent colonies in what will become
  United States are founded by Spain
   – St. Augustine (Florida) is founded (1565) to
     protect Spanish treasure fleets
Georgia
•Spanish soldiers who came to the New
World to help conquer and settle the
Americas for Spain.
•Some of their methods were harsh and
brutal especially to the Native American
population.
•With every Spanish explorer were
conquistadors and members of the
Catholic Church to convert Native
Americans.
A World Transformed
■ Native Americans were eager for
  European trade; they were not
  initially victims of Spanish
  exploration
■ They became dependent on and
  indebted to Europeans
■ Disease decimated perhaps 95%
  of Native American population
Cycle of Conquest &
     Colonization


                    Conqu
     Explorers            istador
                                  e   s


                                                   s
                                                 ie
                                            n ar
                                           o
European                                 si
                                      is
  Colonial                        M
  Empire         Permanent
                   Settlers
From Plunder to Settlement
■ By 1650, 1/2 million Spaniards
  immigrated to the New World
   –Mostly unmarried males came to
    New World; intermarriage led to
              Whites from Spain
    mixed-bloodWhites born & mulattos
                   mestizos in America
   –Distinguished between social
    classes: peninsulares & creoles
   –The Spanish gov’t operated
    strict control over the colonies
The Spanish used the encomienda system to
      Spanish Conquests & Colonies
  create large cash crop plantations using
  Native American & African slave labor
      Spanish missionaries focused
      heavily on converting Native
   Americans & establishing missions
The Colonial Class System

   Peninsulares
     Spanish              Creoles
    ancestory           Spanish and
                           Black
                          mixture.

 Mestizos
 Spanish                   Mulattos
and Indian                   White
 mixture                   American
                           and Black
                            mixture




  Native Indians   Black Slaves
What type of relationship existed
between the Spanish and the Native
    Americans living in N.Am?
■ Native people learned about new tools,
  grow food, raise sheep
■ Many converted to Catholicism
■ Spanish learned new farming techniques
■ Harsh treatment of Native Americans for
  slave labor
■ Beating of those who did not convert
■ Disease, death
■ Rebellion
Hernando Desoto – Spanish Explorer
■ Explored Southeast
 region of America in
 1540.
■ Encountered numerous
 Creek Indian tribes in
 Georgia, as well as food
 such as peaches.
■ Crossed Chattahoochee,
 Flint, Ocmulgee, Oconee,
 and Savannah Rivers.
Hernando de Soto
Spanish Settlements in Georgia
             ■   From 1578 to 1583 the Spanish Catholics
                 built two separate chains of missions. One
                 led from San Augustin north along the
                 Atlantic coast, into present day coastal
                 Georgia. The Guale tribes were
                 temporarily subdued near what is St.
                 Catherine’s Island today.
             ■   In 1597 the Franciscans in Guale
                 interfered with the mission Indians once
                 too often and they rebelled. The missions
                 along coastal Georgia were destroyed and
                 most of the friars murdered before
                 soldiers stopped the uprising by 1601.
             ■   Although the Yamasees and Lower Creeks
                 sought Spanish protection in the following
                 years, and Spanish Indians continued to
                 harass English settlers along the southern
                 frontier, Spain's plans for hegemony in
                 the Southeast disappeared along with the
                 missions.
             ■    More info on Spanish missions in Georgia
                 HERE!
Spanish empire by
   the 1600’s
  consisted of
    Southern part of
     North America
    Central America
   Caribbean Islands
     Most of outer
     South America
The French Colonies
     in America
■ French settle Quebec
  (1608) & Montreal
  (1642) and what would
  become Canada
   – Control St.
     Lawrence River &
     access to interior of
     North America
   – Develop a fur trade
The French Claim Canada
■ In 1608, Samuel de Champlain
  founded Quebec; French Empire
  eventually included St. Lawrence
  River, Great Lakes, Mississippi R.
■ The French gov’t strictly controlled
  the colonies but made little effort to
  encourage settlement
■ Because the fur trade was the
  basis of their colonial economy,
  Indians became valued trading
  partners (not exploitive like Spain)
What was the relationship between
 the French and Native Americans
     living in North America?
■ Business partners
■ Friendly
■ Huron (in Canada) were close allies
■ Enemies with Iroquois (on East coast
  with British colonies)
■ Diseases killed many
Like Spain, the French gov’t
 encouraged converting Native
Americans & establishing missions
Spanish, French, and English Colonies
The English Colonies
    in America
English settlements
■ Cabot & New Foundland 1582
■ Sir Walter Raleigh attempts to
  colonize off the coast of North
  Carolina in 1585.
■ Establishes the colony of
  Roanoke
■ Second attempt in 1585 with 150
  men and women
Lost Colony of Roanoke
■ Spanish Armada delays supply
  until 1590
■ No settlers found but buildings
  are standing
■ CROATOAN – written on fence
  post.
■ Unsolved mystery
Spanish, French, and English Colonies
What was life like in Jamestown?
■ Difficult
■ Swamp area with disease
  carrying mosquitoes
■ Laziness from settlers
■ John Smith took over during the
  starving time
■ Native Americans refuse to trade
  during this time
The English Colonies
■ In the 1600s, English settlers
  arrived in North America
   –English colonization differed
    from Spanish & French because
    the English gov’t had no desire
    to create a centralized empire in
    the New World
   –Different motivations by English
    settlers led to different types of
    colonies
Migrating to the English Colonies
■ 17th century England faced major
  social changes:
  –The most significant was a
    boom in population; Competition
    for land, food, jobs led to a large
    mobile population (vagrants?)
  –People had choices: could move
    to cities, Ireland, Netherlands, or
    America (but this was most
    expensive & dangerous)
Migrating to the English Colonies
■ Motives for migration to America:
   – Religious: purer form of worship
   – Economic: Escape poverty or
     the threat of lifelong poverty
   – Personal: to escape bad
     marriages or jail terms
■ Migration to America was
  facilitated by the English Civil War
  & Glorious Revolution
The Stuart Monarchs
Fort King George
■ First British garrison of the Georgia
  colony, is located in Darien, at the
  mouth of the Altamaha River.
■ Established in 1721 to 1732 as the
  southernmost outpost of British
  North America.
■ Protected Carolina colony against
  Spanish and French as well as
  possible attacks by the hostile
  Guale Indians.
■ Poor living conditions and a fire
                                                                                            Click HERE for a more
  that destroyed the fort in 1726 led to                                                    complete story of Ft.
                                                                                            King George!
  its disbandment.
 From New Georgia Encyclopedia – Fort King George, http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2481
Spanish, French, and English Colonies
Spanish, French, and English Colonies
Types of Colonial
  Settlements
Three types of colonial settlements
Trading Post                 Plantation          Settler colony
Colony                       Colony
Used to trade items          Grow and sell cash Settlers establish new towns and
For example, French fur      crops, such as rice, settlements, but linked to their
traders                      indigo, tobacco,     mother country by trade and
                                                  government.



Did not require a lot of     Required more       Required more money to build the
money.                       money to maintain   towns and settlements.
                             and build.


More difficult to protect.   Easier to protect   Easy to protect
Set up along a water trade
route.



Set up along a water trade   Set up on large     Set up along the water for
route.                       areas of land.      irrigation use and trade.
European colonization in
               North America
Spain                     France                     England
Plantation colonies in    Trading post colonies in   Plantation colonies in
the Caribbean, Florida,   St. Lawrence, Great        Southern English
and Mexico.               Lakes, and Mississippi     colonies.
                          regions.
Spanish missions                                     Settler colonies
converted Indians to      Port of New Orleans        Jamestown based at
Christianity by force,    controlled trade in the    first on trading, then
and governed the          Gulf of Mexico,            later became known as
colonial settlements.     threatening Spanish        a religious settlement.
                          shipping in the area.
Georgia’s coastal                                    Fort King George at
barrier islands served    Fur traders expanded       Darien, GA was
as sites of Spanish       networks throughout all    southern-most outpost
missions.                 of the Southeastern        to protect Charlestown,
                          tribes.                    South Carolina from
                                                     Spanish attacks.
By the early 1600s, Spain, England, & France
 had large territorial claims in North America
(but these colonies were not heavily populated,
    especially in Spanish & French claims)




   These colonial claims came largely
      at the expense of the Native
     Americans already living there
Colonies in North America
Spanish Colonies                 French colonies                  English colonies
Mexico, present day Florida,     Inland part of North America     They set up a variety of
South western part of South      and the St. Lawrence river.      colonies in Canada and along
America                                                           the coast of the Atlantic
                                                                  Ocean.

Controlled their colonies with   Controlled their colonies        Built for profit and others built
viceroys.                        loosely. Few settlers moved to   them for religious freedom.
                                 New France, because it was
                                 so rocky, and the temperature    England sent governors to rule
                                 was so cold.                     over their colonies.

Use of Native American labor     French got along better with     English settlers pushed Native
to work on the large farms.      the Native Americans than any    Americans off their land.
                                 other European country.

Treated the Native American      Fur traders                      England and Spain were the
harshly.                                                          two main powers in the
                                                                  Americas.

Harsh treatment of the Native    Live among the Native            Did not want to convert the
Americans, Europeans             Americans and respected their    Native Americans, they just
diseases claimed their lives     culture.                         wanted their land.

Use of African slaves.           Focused on Christianity.         Touted religious freedom
Spanish, French, and English Colonies
Spanish, French, & English
        Colonial Patterns?
■ Answer the following essential question:
  – What were the advantages &
    disadvantages of Spanish, French, &
    English colonial patterns in terms of
    long-term colonization in America?
■ Create a chart with your ideas.
■ Submit your chart in the 2.B Dropbox.
Advantages     Disadvantages
          for long-term    for long-term
           colonization     colonization

 Spain

France


England

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Spanish, French, and English Colonies

  • 1. Exploring and Colonizing North America Spain, France, and England
  • 2. ■ Essential Question: What are Question the similarities & differences among the Spanish, French, & British patterns of colonization in North America?
  • 3. America Prior to the Arrival of Europeans
  • 4. Early Human Migrations 1st Migration, 38,000-1800 BCE 2nd Migration, c. 10,000-4,000 BCE 3rd Migration, c. 8,000-3,000 BCE
  • 6. Eastern Woodland Cultures ■ Along the Atlantic Coast of North America, Native Americans lived in smaller, mobile bands: –Farming was supplemented by hunting and gathering –Eastern woodland Indians were likely the first natives to be encountered by English settlers
  • 8. Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s
  • 9. When Worlds Collide What was the impact of Spanish, French, and English settlement in North America on Native Americans?
  • 10. Voyages of European Exploration
  • 12. Exploration: Direct Causes = 3 G’s ■ Political: Become a world power through gaining wealth and land. (GLORY) ■ Economic: Search for new trade routes with direct access to Asian/African luxury goods would enrich individuals and their nations (GOLD) ■ Religious: spread Christianity and weaken Middle Eastern Muslims. (GOD) The 3 motives reinforce each other
  • 13. European explore EFFECTS •Europeans reach and settle Americas •Expanded knowledge of world geography •Growth of trade, mercantilism and capitalism •Indian conflicts over land and impact of disease on Indian populations •Introduction of the institution of slavery •Columbian Exchange
  • 14. NEW OLD WORLD WORLD
  • 15. Columbian Exchange or the transfer of goods involved 3 continents, Americas, Europe and Africa * Squash * Avocado * Peppers * Sweet Potatoes * Turkey * Pumpkin * Tobacco * Quinine * Cocoa * Pineapple * Cassava * POTATO * Peanut * Tomato * Vanilla * MAIZE * Syphillis * Olive * Coffee Beans * Banana * Rice * Onion * Turnip * Honeybee * Barley * Grape * Peach * Sugar Cane * Oats * Citrus Fruits * Pear * Wheat * HORSE * Cattle * Sheep * Pig * Smallpox * Flu * Typhus * Measles * Malaria * Diptheria * Whooping Cough
  • 17. Old World to New World New World to Old World Diseases Smallpox, Measles, Chicken Pox Syphilis Malaria, Yellow Fever, Influenza, The Common Cold Animals Horses, Cattle, Pigs, Sheep Turkeys, Llamas, Alpacas, Guinea Pigs Goats, Chickens Plants Rice Corn (Maize) Wheat Potatoes (White & Sweet Varieties) Barley Beans (Snap, Kidney, & Lima Varieties) Oats Tobacco Coffee Peanuts Sugarcane Squash Bananas Peppers Melons Tomatoes Olives Pumpkins Dandelions Pineapples Daisies Cacao (Source of Chocolate) Clover Chicle (Source of Chewing Gum) Ragweed Papayas Kentucky Bluegrass Guavas Avocados
  • 18. The Spanish Colonies in America
  • 19. ■ Started in Caribbean, then Central and South America—most important was conquest of Aztecs by Cortez (1521) and Incas by Pizzaro (1531) ■ First permanent colonies in what will become United States are founded by Spain – St. Augustine (Florida) is founded (1565) to protect Spanish treasure fleets
  • 21. •Spanish soldiers who came to the New World to help conquer and settle the Americas for Spain. •Some of their methods were harsh and brutal especially to the Native American population. •With every Spanish explorer were conquistadors and members of the Catholic Church to convert Native Americans.
  • 22. A World Transformed ■ Native Americans were eager for European trade; they were not initially victims of Spanish exploration ■ They became dependent on and indebted to Europeans ■ Disease decimated perhaps 95% of Native American population
  • 23. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Conqu Explorers istador e s s ie n ar o European si is Colonial M Empire Permanent Settlers
  • 24. From Plunder to Settlement ■ By 1650, 1/2 million Spaniards immigrated to the New World –Mostly unmarried males came to New World; intermarriage led to Whites from Spain mixed-bloodWhites born & mulattos mestizos in America –Distinguished between social classes: peninsulares & creoles –The Spanish gov’t operated strict control over the colonies
  • 25. The Spanish used the encomienda system to Spanish Conquests & Colonies create large cash crop plantations using Native American & African slave labor Spanish missionaries focused heavily on converting Native Americans & establishing missions
  • 26. The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Spanish Creoles ancestory Spanish and Black mixture. Mestizos Spanish Mulattos and Indian White mixture American and Black mixture Native Indians Black Slaves
  • 27. What type of relationship existed between the Spanish and the Native Americans living in N.Am? ■ Native people learned about new tools, grow food, raise sheep ■ Many converted to Catholicism ■ Spanish learned new farming techniques ■ Harsh treatment of Native Americans for slave labor ■ Beating of those who did not convert ■ Disease, death ■ Rebellion
  • 28. Hernando Desoto – Spanish Explorer ■ Explored Southeast region of America in 1540. ■ Encountered numerous Creek Indian tribes in Georgia, as well as food such as peaches. ■ Crossed Chattahoochee, Flint, Ocmulgee, Oconee, and Savannah Rivers.
  • 30. Spanish Settlements in Georgia ■ From 1578 to 1583 the Spanish Catholics built two separate chains of missions. One led from San Augustin north along the Atlantic coast, into present day coastal Georgia. The Guale tribes were temporarily subdued near what is St. Catherine’s Island today. ■ In 1597 the Franciscans in Guale interfered with the mission Indians once too often and they rebelled. The missions along coastal Georgia were destroyed and most of the friars murdered before soldiers stopped the uprising by 1601. ■ Although the Yamasees and Lower Creeks sought Spanish protection in the following years, and Spanish Indians continued to harass English settlers along the southern frontier, Spain's plans for hegemony in the Southeast disappeared along with the missions. ■ More info on Spanish missions in Georgia HERE!
  • 31. Spanish empire by the 1600’s consisted of  Southern part of North America  Central America  Caribbean Islands Most of outer South America
  • 32. The French Colonies in America
  • 33. ■ French settle Quebec (1608) & Montreal (1642) and what would become Canada – Control St. Lawrence River & access to interior of North America – Develop a fur trade
  • 34. The French Claim Canada ■ In 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec; French Empire eventually included St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, Mississippi R. ■ The French gov’t strictly controlled the colonies but made little effort to encourage settlement ■ Because the fur trade was the basis of their colonial economy, Indians became valued trading partners (not exploitive like Spain)
  • 35. What was the relationship between the French and Native Americans living in North America? ■ Business partners ■ Friendly ■ Huron (in Canada) were close allies ■ Enemies with Iroquois (on East coast with British colonies) ■ Diseases killed many
  • 36. Like Spain, the French gov’t encouraged converting Native Americans & establishing missions
  • 38. The English Colonies in America
  • 39. English settlements ■ Cabot & New Foundland 1582 ■ Sir Walter Raleigh attempts to colonize off the coast of North Carolina in 1585. ■ Establishes the colony of Roanoke ■ Second attempt in 1585 with 150 men and women
  • 40. Lost Colony of Roanoke ■ Spanish Armada delays supply until 1590 ■ No settlers found but buildings are standing ■ CROATOAN – written on fence post. ■ Unsolved mystery
  • 42. What was life like in Jamestown? ■ Difficult ■ Swamp area with disease carrying mosquitoes ■ Laziness from settlers ■ John Smith took over during the starving time ■ Native Americans refuse to trade during this time
  • 43. The English Colonies ■ In the 1600s, English settlers arrived in North America –English colonization differed from Spanish & French because the English gov’t had no desire to create a centralized empire in the New World –Different motivations by English settlers led to different types of colonies
  • 44. Migrating to the English Colonies ■ 17th century England faced major social changes: –The most significant was a boom in population; Competition for land, food, jobs led to a large mobile population (vagrants?) –People had choices: could move to cities, Ireland, Netherlands, or America (but this was most expensive & dangerous)
  • 45. Migrating to the English Colonies ■ Motives for migration to America: – Religious: purer form of worship – Economic: Escape poverty or the threat of lifelong poverty – Personal: to escape bad marriages or jail terms ■ Migration to America was facilitated by the English Civil War & Glorious Revolution
  • 47. Fort King George ■ First British garrison of the Georgia colony, is located in Darien, at the mouth of the Altamaha River. ■ Established in 1721 to 1732 as the southernmost outpost of British North America. ■ Protected Carolina colony against Spanish and French as well as possible attacks by the hostile Guale Indians. ■ Poor living conditions and a fire Click HERE for a more that destroyed the fort in 1726 led to complete story of Ft. King George! its disbandment. From New Georgia Encyclopedia – Fort King George, http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2481
  • 50. Types of Colonial Settlements
  • 51. Three types of colonial settlements Trading Post Plantation Settler colony Colony Colony Used to trade items Grow and sell cash Settlers establish new towns and For example, French fur crops, such as rice, settlements, but linked to their traders indigo, tobacco, mother country by trade and government. Did not require a lot of Required more Required more money to build the money. money to maintain towns and settlements. and build. More difficult to protect. Easier to protect Easy to protect Set up along a water trade route. Set up along a water trade Set up on large Set up along the water for route. areas of land. irrigation use and trade.
  • 52. European colonization in North America Spain France England Plantation colonies in Trading post colonies in Plantation colonies in the Caribbean, Florida, St. Lawrence, Great Southern English and Mexico. Lakes, and Mississippi colonies. regions. Spanish missions Settler colonies converted Indians to Port of New Orleans Jamestown based at Christianity by force, controlled trade in the first on trading, then and governed the Gulf of Mexico, later became known as colonial settlements. threatening Spanish a religious settlement. shipping in the area. Georgia’s coastal Fort King George at barrier islands served Fur traders expanded Darien, GA was as sites of Spanish networks throughout all southern-most outpost missions. of the Southeastern to protect Charlestown, tribes. South Carolina from Spanish attacks.
  • 53. By the early 1600s, Spain, England, & France had large territorial claims in North America (but these colonies were not heavily populated, especially in Spanish & French claims) These colonial claims came largely at the expense of the Native Americans already living there
  • 54. Colonies in North America Spanish Colonies French colonies English colonies Mexico, present day Florida, Inland part of North America They set up a variety of South western part of South and the St. Lawrence river. colonies in Canada and along America the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. Controlled their colonies with Controlled their colonies Built for profit and others built viceroys. loosely. Few settlers moved to them for religious freedom. New France, because it was so rocky, and the temperature England sent governors to rule was so cold. over their colonies. Use of Native American labor French got along better with English settlers pushed Native to work on the large farms. the Native Americans than any Americans off their land. other European country. Treated the Native American Fur traders England and Spain were the harshly. two main powers in the Americas. Harsh treatment of the Native Live among the Native Did not want to convert the Americans, Europeans Americans and respected their Native Americans, they just diseases claimed their lives culture. wanted their land. Use of African slaves. Focused on Christianity. Touted religious freedom
  • 56. Spanish, French, & English Colonial Patterns? ■ Answer the following essential question: – What were the advantages & disadvantages of Spanish, French, & English colonial patterns in terms of long-term colonization in America? ■ Create a chart with your ideas. ■ Submit your chart in the 2.B Dropbox.
  • 57. Advantages Disadvantages for long-term for long-term colonization colonization Spain France England

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. Lesson plan for August 14, 2007: warm-up questions, mental mapping of European exploration, notes via ppt
  2. 4 4 4 04/06/98 4 Linguistic differences & societies based on kinship; egalitarian methods of resolving differences (impressed Europeans with “democratic” styles of diplomacy)
  3. 4 4 4 04/06/98 4
  4. 17 17 17 04/06/98 16
  5. 7 7 7 04/06/98 7
  6. 18 18 18 04/06/98 17
  7. 19 19 19 04/06/98 18