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GUILT MANIPULATION
VS REAL REPENTANCE
How can you tell the difference
between real guilt and false guilt?
THE IMPORTANCE OF HISTORY
History tells us what has
worked, and what has not.
We need to develop the
ability to recognise these
lessons in every area of
life.
“The longer you look back, the further you can
look forward.” Winston Churchill.
“If we don’t know
our own history,
we will simply
have to endure all
the same
mistakes,
sacrifices and
absurdities all
over again.”
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn.
“Those who cannot remember the past, are
condemned to repeat it.”George Santayana.
“To be
ignorant of
what has
happened
before you
were born is
to remain a
child
forever.”
Cicero
“It is not the remembered, but the forgotten,
past that enslaves us.” C.S. Lewis
“History is, and
must ever
continue to be,
next to God’s
Word, the richest
foundation of
wisdom, and the
surest guide to
all successful
practical activity.”
Philip Schaff
“Histories are a true school for learning
how to order our lives.” John Calvin
“Now these things
occurred as
examples, to keep us
from setting our
hearts on evil
things…”
1 Corinthians 10:6
GUILT MANIPULATION
VS REAL REPENTANCE
How can you tell the difference
between real guilt and false guilt?
“Seek the Lord while He may be found, call
upon Him while He is near. Let the wicked
forsake his way and the unrighteous man his
thoughts; let him return to the Lord, and He
will have mercy on him; and to our God, for He
will abundantly pardon. ‘For My thoughts are
not your thoughts, nor are your ways My
ways’, says the Lord. ‘For as the Heavens are
higher than the earth, so are My ways higher
than your ways, and My thoughts than your
thoughts’.” Isaiah 55:6-11
CORPORATE GUILT or
PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY
We live in an age of guilt manipulation, where many reject
the concept of an objective standard of right and wrong.
Yet, while denying personal responsibility, many
will accuse whole nations of corporate guilt.
A BRAZILIAN CONFESSION
An example of this was seen at the Cape Town 2010
Third Lausanne Congress on World Evangelisation.
On the final Sunday, at the Africa regional
meeting, a delegation from Brazil asked to
speak to the African participants.
Their spokesman then read out a very long
declaration, which in very categoric terms declared
their guilt for the Slave Trade:
“We are guilty of having kidnapped Africans from
their homes, transported them across the Atlantic, to
excavate our mines and to build our cities.”
“FORGIVE US AND PUNISH US!”
The Brazilian spokesman declared:
“Our children deserve to be taken from us and
forced to be your slaves, to be buried in
unmarked graves beneath your cities!”
In these, and in many other words,
the Brazilians bewailed their guilt,
confessed their sin and pleaded with the African delegates
to forgive them for this evil and to regard the Brazilians
as their own slaves, to do with as they wished.
SHOULD DESCENDANTS BE HELD
ACCOUNTABLE FOR THE ACTIONS
OF THEIR ANCESTORS?
Evidently the
Brazilian
participants were
sincere and their
declaration of
repentance
indicated humility,
and a genuine
desire to make
right the wrongs
of long ago.
However, as I sat in the auditorium listening to this, the Scripture came
to mind: “The soul who sins shall die. The son shall not bear the guilt of
the father, nor the father bear the guilt of the son. The righteousness
of the righteous shall be upon himself and the wickedness of the
wicked shall be upon himself.” Ezekiel 18:20
CONFESSING SOMEONE ELSE’S SIN
Were these humble, dedicated Christian Brazilians really
personally responsible for the evils of the slave trade?
Of course not.
WOULD 2 WRONGS MAKE a RIGHT?
Would it be just for their sons to be sold into slavery in this generation?
Would such a wrong make right the wrongs of long ago?
IS IT BIBLICAL?
Then one of the African
participants made the comment
that it was a pity that this
apology had not come from the
delegates from Europe, or the
United States of America.
From the nodding heads and
exclamations of agreement all
around me, it was evident that
many in the auditorium agreed
with this sentiment.
But is it Biblical?
SIN IS SPECIFIC AND PERSONAL
In the Bible sin is very specific. It is the violation of the Law of God.
Repentance in the Bible is specific and personal. We are guilty when we
disobey one of God’s Commandments.
Sin is failing to worship
God alone, it is making,
or worshiping, an idol,
taking God’s Name in
vain, desecrating the
Sabbath, dishonouring
our parents, taking
innocent life, committing
adultery, stealing,
bearing false witness and
being covetous.
In the Bible guilt and
repentance are specific
and personal, not vague
and national.
RESTITUTION IS TO BE
FROM THE VILLAIN TO THE VICTIM
There was some discussion about the needs for restitution from
America and Europe for the slave trade, but Biblical restitution is to
be made by the culprit to the victim – directly and entirely.
Restitution is not
meant to be some
political scam, a
coverforcorruption,
where restitution is
demanded from
people who didn’t
do the crime,
to be distributed
to people who
weren’tthevictims.
WHAT ABOUT THE ONGOING
ARAB SLAVE TRADE?
If the 300 year European and North American involvement in the
Atlantic Slave Trade is to be discussed, then why not the 1,400 year
Arabic involvement in the Slave trade in North Africa, Central
Africa, East Africa, in the Indian Ocean and the Middle East?
THE AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE
In fact, as the president of Benin pointed out some years ago,
everyone in Africa is descended from those who were both
the victims of the slave trade,
and descended from slave traders
It is a fact of history that almost every tribe in Africa
practised slavery, as part of their criminal justice
system, and enslaved neighbouring tribes.
The Yao people of Malawi carried out slave raids on
the Bemba and Chichewa of Zambia. The
Madagascans enslaved Mozambicans.
The Ovambo enslaved the Bushmen.
The Matebele enslaved Shona people.
Congolese tribes enslaved the Pygmies.
In Loziland, the paramount chief of the
Barotse abolished slavery only in 1906.
Ethiopia abolished slavery in 1942.
Saudi Arabia only abolished slavery in 1962.
Peru abolished slavery in 1968
and India only in 1976.
Yet, there are still officially
over 27 million slaves
in the world today,
mostly in the Muslim world.
BRITAIN’S LEGACY OF SETTING
THE CAPTIVES FREE
It seems most
unreasonable to single
out Great Britain in
demands for reparation,
for her disgraceful
involvement in the slave
trade, considering that it
was Britain who first
pioneered the abolition
of the slave trade from
1807.
For anyone to demand of Great Britain a further apology, for its part in
the transatlantic slave trade, betrays an ignorance of history.
Britain’s involvement in the slave trade, from 1713 – 1807,
was indeed disgraceful.
But, led by William Wilberforce, the British nation
more than atoned for its guilt in this vile trade in
human flesh, by setting every slave in Britain free in
1772, and by outlawing the slave trade in 1807,
mobilising her navy to suppress the
slave trade throughout the 19th Century,
and setting free all slaves in any territory in
which Britain had influence, or control, in 1833.
The British representative at the Congress of Vienna
insisted on Abolition of the slave trade being
included in the International Treaty.
After the Battle of Waterloo,
this treaty was signed by all the European powers
(with the exception of Portugal), on 9 June 1815.
A Declaration by the eight powers of Europe that
they would abolish the Slave Trade
“as swiftly as possible” was annexed
to the final Treaty signed on 9 June 1815.
WAR AGAINST SLAVERY
From 1809 the British government mobilised its
navy to search suspected slave ships,
even foreign vessels, on the high seas.
For a century, the Royal Navy was dedicated to
setting the captives free, going far beyond
clearing the oceans of slave ships,
to boldly sailing up unchartered rivers and
creeks,
to storm slave stockades,
freeing captives at every turn.
No other nation has done more than Great
Britain in fighting and opposing the slave trade.
The British spent millions of pounds
in suppressing the slave trade, and sacrificed
much blood in fighting to set the captives free.
BRITISH RESTITUTION
Britain also invested vast amounts of money into
developing Sierra Leone as a free and independent
state, where liberated slaves could settle.
The United States, for their part, engaged in a bloody
civil war, in part to set all slaves free,
at a cost of over 650,000 of their own people dead.
AMERICAN RESTITUTION
The United States also heavily invested
in establishing Liberia as a free state
where liberated slaves could settle.
Some participants at the congress made the comment that
all whites are to blame for the slave trade,
yet the word ‘slave’ comes from the East European ‘Slavs’.
WHITE SLAVES
Most of the slaves in the Roman
Empire were white people.
St. Patrick, the English missionary to the Irish, was
once a slave himself, kidnapped from his home in
England and taken to Ireland against his will.
Millions of whites were enslaved
by Muslims throughout the Middle East from
the 7th Century onwards.
Many were kidnapped from coastal towns
by Muslim pirates.
In 1526, over 200,000 Hungarian
Christians were dragged off to slavery in
Turkey.
If all whites are to blame for the slave trade, which a few
whites, over 200 years ago, were involved in, are all blacks to
blame for the murders and massacres which many tribes
engaged in over the last 200 years ?
THE BLAME GAME
What about the Arabs, who are still
involved in the slave trade today?
Considering that many whites opposed the slave trade, and
that the British Empire did the most to end the slave trade,
BLAMING the BENEFACTORS
is it reasonable to blame Britain for an evil that she
vigorously fought against, and eradicated, throughout the
19th Century?
What about great emancipators,
such as Dr. David Livingstone,
Dr. James Kirk,
Samuel Baker,
Henry Morton Stanley, and other dedicated
emancipators who set countless captives free?
Are claims for restitution from Great Britain and the
United States reasonable, when both these nations
abolished the slave trade over 200 years ago?
IGNORING PAST ACCOMPLISHMENTS
AND PRESENT REALITIES
Bearing in mind that both Britain and the United
States have invested many billions of pounds
and dollars into developing Africa,
should the demands for restitution not more
rightly be demanded from the Arab world
which has been enslaving Africans
and waging Jihad against Christians to the
present day?
How far are we to go in corporate and national guilt?
HOW FAR BACK DO WE GO?
Must the Italians
repent for, and do
restitution for,
the devastations,
wars, aggressions
and enslavement
of the
Roman Empire?
Must the Greeks do restitution for the
destruction of Troy ?
Must the Greeks do restitution for the
conquests of Alexander the Great?
Are the Iranians
to do restitution
for the invasions
and oppression
by the Persians?
Are the Danes and Norwegians responsible for the
death and destruction caused by the Viking raids?
What restitution should be required of the French for
the devastation caused by the Napoleonic wars?
Are all Zulus to blame for the Mfecane and for
the murder of Piet Retief and hundreds of Boer
women and children ?
Are all Matabele
guilty for Mzilikazi’s
Path of Blood ?
Is every German responsible for crimes
committed by the Nazi Party in WW2 ?
What about the Japanese
for atrocities committed
in World War 2?
Indiscriminate bombing was internationally outlawed.
The Washington Treaty of 1922 expressly forbade the use of bombing
against civilian populations.
United States
government
propaganda films
condemned the
Japanese Empire for
bombing of cities,
such as Shanghai.
Yet upon America’s entry into the war, US General, H. H. Arnold,
advocated the policy of strategic bombing of cities
as the only way that Germany could be beaten.
Winston Churchill commented: The air opened paths along which death
and terror could be carried far behind the lines of the actual enemy;
to women, children, the aged, the sick, who in earlier struggles
would perforce have been left untouched.
On the night of 28 March 1942, 234 Wellington and Sterling
Bombers dropped over 400 tonnes of bombs on Lubeck
1,468 buildings were destroyed, 2,180 were seriously
damaged and 9,103 were lightly damaged. 62% of all
buildings in Lubeck were damaged or destroyed.
On the night of 30 May 1942, Cologne was destroyed
by RAF Bomber Command..
2,000 tonnes of high explosives were delivered
by 1,046 bombers in 90 minutes.
Between 24 July and 2 August 1943, RAF Bomber Command unleashed
Operation Gomorrah against the coastal town of Hamburg in Germany.
Lead Bombers dropped parachute flare markers to guide the following
bombers as to where to release their bombs in the dark.
8,000 pound blockbusters and 4,000 pound cookie bombs
knocked out roofs and windows.
Subsequent waves dropped 350,412 incendiary bombs to start fires.
Crews of Halifax Bombers reported a mass of raging fires in Hamburg,
rising to 19,000 feet.
As the waterworks were destroyed first, there was no running water
with which the fire brigade could extinguish the sea of flames, which
soon engulfed the entire city.
The next day, 25 July, US Army Air Force B17 Flying Fortress Bombers
unleashed further destruction upon the stricken city of Hamburg.
For 10 days and nights, the RAF and USAAF kept up a relentless day
and night bombardment of the doomed city.
16,000 residential buildings in Hamburg were destroyed.
70,000 civilians died in the 10 day
fire bombing of Hamburg.
Between 13 and 15 February 1945, the city of Dresden was destroyed
by over 2,000 bombers of the RAF and the USAAF. Dresden had been
chosen as a target by the Soviets.
Joseph Stalin persuaded Churchill and Roosevelt at Yalta to target
Dresden, which was a major receiving area for refugees fleeing the
Soviet advance on the Eastern front.
The city was swollen with civilians fleeing the Red Army’s rapid and
destructive advance.
On the evening of 13 February 1945, 796 Lancaster’s and 9 DeHaviland
Mosquitos dropped 1,478 tonnes of high explosive and 1,182 tonnes of
incendiary bombs between 22:14 and 22:22. Three hours later another
1,800 tonnes of bombs were dropped by a second group of Lancasters.
The first official reports on the air raid on Dresden described it as one of
the most successful of the Thousand Bomber Raids: Our pilots report
that as there was little flack they were able to make careful and straight
runs over the targets without bothering much about their defences; a
terrific concentration of fires were started in the centre of the city.
The British described the raid as one of the powerful blows promised by
the Allied leaders to Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin at Yalta.
Allied Bombers who were involved in the fire bombing of Dresden later
recalled the sense of shame they felt when no anti-aircraft fire,
or night fighters, opposed their bombing of the city.
Numerous historians and jurists have described the bombing of the
cities of Germany as a war crime and a holocaust.
Yet British
Air Marshal
“Bomber” Arthur
Harris,
the Bomber
Command chief
directly
responsible for
the saturation
bombing of
civilian centres,
was knighted for
his efforts!
News reports from neutral countries, such as Sweden and Switzerland,
pointed out that Dresden was one large hospital city swollen with
refugees fleeing the advancing Red Army.
They also pointed out that the main railway station on the outskirts of
town was unaffected by the bombing which targeted the residential
section of town. 22 Hospitals had been destroyed in Dresden.
One British commentator asked: Who the devil is going to get anything
out of it? We contribute the bombs and the machines
and the crews who don’t return from these raids,
the Dresdeners themselves don’t get anything out of it, naturally.
The only ones who look like they’re getting anything are the Russians –
they get Dresden at our expense. I don’t see any reason why we should
go and kill people for the benefit of the Russians alone. Do you?
An Associated Press radio despatch put out from Paris was broadcast
throughout the United States describing the: Deliberate Terror
Bombings of German population centres…
carried out by heavy bombers of the Allied Air Forces on residential
sections of Berlin, Dresden… with the unprecedented day and
night assault on the refugee crowded capital, with civilians
fleeing from the Red Tide in the East.
The report noted that, as all available German air forces were
concentrated on the Eastern Front to combat the Red Army offensive
which threatened to destroy Germany and all of Europe, the targeting of
civilian centres in Germany seemed exceptional cowardice.
Between 1940 and 1945, 63 German cities were destroyed
in bombing campaigns by RAF Bomber Command.
At least two million Germans civilians were killed by the
air raids of the RAF and USAAF.
Have the British and Americans undertaken sufficient
restitution for bombing whole cities like Hamburg and
Dresden, incinerating hundreds of thousands of men,
women and children in civilian centres?
What restitution has been done by the United
Nations and Organisation of African Unity for
destroying Rhodesia
WHAT ABOUT CONTEMPORARY
CRIMES?
and installing Mugabe’s murderous regime
in Zimbabwe?
What restitution have the Cubans undertaken for the
wholesale atrocities and massacres perpetrated
in Angola?
Have the World Council of Churches and their associate
members duly repented, apologised publicly and undertaken
restitution for supporting and financing terrorists who
murdered missionaries in Rhodesia?
Have the Kenyans apologised, and repented for, the
Mau Mau murders and mutilations?
Have the Congolese undertaken national repentance for the
massacres of hundreds of missionaries and tens of thousands
of Christians in the Simba Uprising in the 1960s?
• Has the United Nations
apologised for
invading, bombing and
devastating Katanga ?
Is every Afrikaner responsible for every action
of the National Party Apartheid government ?
What about ANC supporters
for the petrol bombs,
necklace murders,
landmines
and car bombs?
ARE WHOLE RACES GUILTY
FOR THE CRIMES OF SOME?
If all whites are guilty for what some
whites did over 200 years ago did,
are all blacks guilty for what some blacks have done in
murders and mutilations of missionaries and farmers
more recently?
Are all Jews guilty of Deicide
– the Murder of Jesus Christ ?
IT IS UNREASONABLE TO BLAME
CHRISTIANS FOR WHAT PAGANS
HAVE DONE
No, it is not reasonable to blame Protestant
Christians for what Catholic Inquisitors and
Conquistadors may have done centuries ago.
Christian whites are not responsible for
what pagan whites have done at other
times and places.
It is not fair to blame Christian blacks
for what non-Christian blacks have
perpetrated.
Tanzania
Kenia
Rwanda
Sudan
Congo
South Africa
Biblically, true guilt is when I personally
violate a specific Command in Scripture.
TRUE GUILT
False guilt, or psychological guilt, is a result of
selected focus, distortion of reality and ignorance of
history. It is vague and it involves guilt manipulation.
PSYCOLOGICAL GUILT
When we repent of our personal guilt in
violating God’s Commands the result is
forgiveness, freedom, healing and restoration.
FORGIVENESS AND FREEDOM
However, you can repent for false, or psychological,
guilt every day for decades, but you will never find
freedom and forgiveness from false guilt
– because the devil is a hard taskmaster.
The Holy Spirit brings conviction of sin, but the
devil brings condemnation.
You can easily tell the difference. Conviction
by the Holy Spirit leads to Repentance.
CONDEMNATION ENSLAVES
On the other side of repentance is
forgiveness, freedom, healing and
restoration.
By way of contrast, condemnation from the
devil and his disciples paralyses and enslaves
us.
At the congress I also heard some people grumbling about colonialism.
However, the blaming of all the ills of Africa on colonialism reveals
ignorance of history.
IS COLONIALISM TO BLAME?
Much of Africa was not colonised, but became protectorates as part of
the European crusade against the slave trade. Sudan was once a colony
of Egypt, but never of Britain. Sudan became a protectorate of Great
Britain. Similarly, Lesotho and Swaziland were never colonies, but
protectorates. Britain’s involvement in Malawi was primarily to end the
slave trade there and set the captives free.
Most of North Africa came under European control in response to raids
by Muslim Barbary pirates on Southern Europe. The colonisation of
North Africa began as campaigns to close down the slave markets and
prevent the ports of North Africa from being used for slave raids on
Southern Europe.
TO END SLAVE RAIDS
The fact is that Africa was in a desperate state in the mid 19th Century.
Yet, in a few generations, European involvement brought about a
dramatic improvement in the standards of living of millions of Africans -
many benefits and blessings of civilisation, medicine, literacy, education,
roads, railways, bridges, aircraft, telecommunications, trade and
industry, tourism, jobs, employment, freedom and the Gospel.
DEVELOPING A CONTINENT
On balance it is clear that there were far more benefits and blessings to
the European involvement in Africa than burdens.
Never, in all of history, has any continent done more to aid
in the development of another continent.
BENEFITS AND BALANCE
Future historians will look back in amazement at how Europe benefited
Africa in less than a century. European settlers fed the starving,
cared for the sick, liberated nations in bondage and
uplifted the standards of living to unprecedented levels.
Yet, another example
of guilt manipulation
can be seen in a most
dishonest book,
which is being
promoted on shelves
at this time: “The
Kaisers Holocaust.”
REWRITING HISTORY
What this book ignores is the
context of centuries of
incessant inter-tribal genocide
and the ravages of the Herero
and Damara who were
annihilating and enslaving the
other tribes of South West
Africa (Namibia).
Local chiefs pleaded with
the missionaries to request
colonial intervention. The
Rhenish Mission requested
the involvement of Great
Britain, but their colonial
authorities claimed that
they were too thinly spread
and overcommitted
elsewhere. Aside from
annexing Walvis Bay, the
only potential sea port on
the coast, the British had
no further interest
in South West Africa.
At this point the
missionaries
approached
the German
Chancellor,
Otto von
Bismarck,
GERMAN INTERVENTION
who persuaded the Kaiser to send a small
detachment to attempt to bring peace
to the warring tribes of South West Africa.
This they achieved in a remarkably short time.
When the Herero
revolted against this new
rule of law the result was
the War of 1904 to 1905.
Missionaries, settlers and
officials were murdered
and mutilated and the
Kaisers’ soldiers
responded with
decisiveness to put down
the rebellion.
This was done to the
applause and approval
of the other tribes in
South West Africa who
had all suffered for far
too long at the hands of
the Herero and Damara.
That this defensive war
has now been
reinterpreted in such a
sinister and
manipulative way is
outrageous.
“Woe to those who call evil good and good evil; who put darkness for
light and light for darkness; who put bitter for sweet and sweet for
bitter! Woe to those who are wise in their own eyes and prudent in
their own sight.” Isaiah 20:21
Ignorance of history makes one susceptible to
guilt manipulation.
IGNORANCE LEADS TO EXPLOITATION
Communism not only seeks to re-write history,
but to hijack and pervert Christianity.
Both in the Soviet Union and Red China the commissars set up public
confessions where landowners would confess to being “bourgeois”
“enemies of the people”. Public repentance and confession sessions to
humiliate the previous elite, and thereby to lift up the Commissar and
Communist Party members, was seen as part of “class warfare.”
There is a place for national repentance before God.
Ezra 9, Nehemiah 9, and Daniel 9 are examples where
prophets led the people of God in repentance of
behalf of the sins of the nation.
NATIONAL REPENTANCE
However, this repentance was based upon
specific transgressions of God’s Law and
this national guilt was confessed to God,
not to men.
When we are guilty of breaking God’s Commandments we must humble
ourselves, seek God’s face, turn from our wicked ways and pray. We
should humbly kneel before God in full surrender, praying the Psalms,
working through the Ten Commandments, listing out our sins and
naming them in repentance and confession before Almighty God.
PERSONAL REPENTANCE
Then we should do Restitution, such as Zacchaeus, returning, repairing
and restoring. Reconciliation with family members and friends is also a
natural outworking of Repentance before God. We should list the
people whom we need to make right with. Make that appointment.
Initiate that phone call. Write that letter.
RESTITUTION
Are you guilty of idolatry? Blasphemy? Disrespect? Desecrating the
Lord’s Day? Malice? Immorality? Theft? Greed? Gossip? Pride? Envy?
Covetousness? Selfishness? Bitterness? Unforgiveness?
ARE YOU PERSONALLY GUILTY?
If God was to speak to
you today, what sins
would He confront you
with? You know He
wouldn’t be bringing up
other people’s sins from
long ago. He would be
dealing with what you
personally are
responsible for and
guilty of.
“The lust of the eyes,
the lust of the flesh, and
the pride of life.”
ENSURE THAT YOUR RELATIONSHIP
WITH GOD IS RIGHT
We have enough sins of our own that
we are personally guilty of, without
wasting our time following the political
agenda of guilt manipulators seeking to
get rich out of other people’s
misfortune.
“If you abide in My Word, you are My disciples
indeed. And you shall know the Truth, and the Truth
shall make you free … Therefore if the Son makes
you free, you shall be free indeed.” John 8:31-35
“Seek the Lord while
He may be found,
call upon Him when
He is near. Let the
wicked forsake his
way, and the
unrighteous man
His thoughts; let
him return to the
Lord and He will
have mercy on him;
and to our God, for
He will abundantly
pardon.”
FRONTLINE FELLOWSHIP
PO Box 74
Newlands, 7725
Cape Town
South Africa
E-mail: admin@frontline.org.za
Web: www.frontline.org.za
• Under The Influence
• What If Jesus Had Never Been Born?
• What If The Bible Had Never Been Written?
Photo Album
by Joshua
REFORMATION SOCIETY
PO Box 74
Newlands, 7725
Cape Town
South Africa
E-mail: info@ReformationSA.org
Web: www.ReformationSA.org

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Guilt Manipulation vs Real Repentance

  • 1. GUILT MANIPULATION VS REAL REPENTANCE How can you tell the difference between real guilt and false guilt?
  • 2.
  • 3. THE IMPORTANCE OF HISTORY History tells us what has worked, and what has not. We need to develop the ability to recognise these lessons in every area of life.
  • 4. “The longer you look back, the further you can look forward.” Winston Churchill.
  • 5. “If we don’t know our own history, we will simply have to endure all the same mistakes, sacrifices and absurdities all over again.” Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn.
  • 6. “Those who cannot remember the past, are condemned to repeat it.”George Santayana.
  • 7. “To be ignorant of what has happened before you were born is to remain a child forever.” Cicero
  • 8. “It is not the remembered, but the forgotten, past that enslaves us.” C.S. Lewis
  • 9. “History is, and must ever continue to be, next to God’s Word, the richest foundation of wisdom, and the surest guide to all successful practical activity.” Philip Schaff
  • 10. “Histories are a true school for learning how to order our lives.” John Calvin
  • 11. “Now these things occurred as examples, to keep us from setting our hearts on evil things…” 1 Corinthians 10:6
  • 12. GUILT MANIPULATION VS REAL REPENTANCE How can you tell the difference between real guilt and false guilt?
  • 13. “Seek the Lord while He may be found, call upon Him while He is near. Let the wicked forsake his way and the unrighteous man his thoughts; let him return to the Lord, and He will have mercy on him; and to our God, for He will abundantly pardon. ‘For My thoughts are not your thoughts, nor are your ways My ways’, says the Lord. ‘For as the Heavens are higher than the earth, so are My ways higher than your ways, and My thoughts than your thoughts’.” Isaiah 55:6-11
  • 14. CORPORATE GUILT or PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY We live in an age of guilt manipulation, where many reject the concept of an objective standard of right and wrong.
  • 15. Yet, while denying personal responsibility, many will accuse whole nations of corporate guilt.
  • 16. A BRAZILIAN CONFESSION An example of this was seen at the Cape Town 2010 Third Lausanne Congress on World Evangelisation.
  • 17. On the final Sunday, at the Africa regional meeting, a delegation from Brazil asked to speak to the African participants.
  • 18. Their spokesman then read out a very long declaration, which in very categoric terms declared their guilt for the Slave Trade:
  • 19. “We are guilty of having kidnapped Africans from their homes, transported them across the Atlantic, to excavate our mines and to build our cities.”
  • 20. “FORGIVE US AND PUNISH US!” The Brazilian spokesman declared: “Our children deserve to be taken from us and forced to be your slaves, to be buried in unmarked graves beneath your cities!”
  • 21. In these, and in many other words, the Brazilians bewailed their guilt,
  • 22. confessed their sin and pleaded with the African delegates to forgive them for this evil and to regard the Brazilians as their own slaves, to do with as they wished.
  • 23. SHOULD DESCENDANTS BE HELD ACCOUNTABLE FOR THE ACTIONS OF THEIR ANCESTORS?
  • 24. Evidently the Brazilian participants were sincere and their declaration of repentance indicated humility, and a genuine desire to make right the wrongs of long ago.
  • 25. However, as I sat in the auditorium listening to this, the Scripture came to mind: “The soul who sins shall die. The son shall not bear the guilt of the father, nor the father bear the guilt of the son. The righteousness of the righteous shall be upon himself and the wickedness of the wicked shall be upon himself.” Ezekiel 18:20
  • 26. CONFESSING SOMEONE ELSE’S SIN Were these humble, dedicated Christian Brazilians really personally responsible for the evils of the slave trade? Of course not.
  • 27. WOULD 2 WRONGS MAKE a RIGHT? Would it be just for their sons to be sold into slavery in this generation? Would such a wrong make right the wrongs of long ago?
  • 28. IS IT BIBLICAL? Then one of the African participants made the comment that it was a pity that this apology had not come from the delegates from Europe, or the United States of America. From the nodding heads and exclamations of agreement all around me, it was evident that many in the auditorium agreed with this sentiment. But is it Biblical?
  • 29. SIN IS SPECIFIC AND PERSONAL In the Bible sin is very specific. It is the violation of the Law of God. Repentance in the Bible is specific and personal. We are guilty when we disobey one of God’s Commandments.
  • 30. Sin is failing to worship God alone, it is making, or worshiping, an idol, taking God’s Name in vain, desecrating the Sabbath, dishonouring our parents, taking innocent life, committing adultery, stealing, bearing false witness and being covetous. In the Bible guilt and repentance are specific and personal, not vague and national.
  • 31. RESTITUTION IS TO BE FROM THE VILLAIN TO THE VICTIM There was some discussion about the needs for restitution from America and Europe for the slave trade, but Biblical restitution is to be made by the culprit to the victim – directly and entirely.
  • 32. Restitution is not meant to be some political scam, a coverforcorruption, where restitution is demanded from people who didn’t do the crime, to be distributed to people who weren’tthevictims.
  • 33. WHAT ABOUT THE ONGOING ARAB SLAVE TRADE? If the 300 year European and North American involvement in the Atlantic Slave Trade is to be discussed, then why not the 1,400 year Arabic involvement in the Slave trade in North Africa, Central Africa, East Africa, in the Indian Ocean and the Middle East?
  • 34. THE AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE In fact, as the president of Benin pointed out some years ago, everyone in Africa is descended from those who were both the victims of the slave trade, and descended from slave traders
  • 35. It is a fact of history that almost every tribe in Africa practised slavery, as part of their criminal justice system, and enslaved neighbouring tribes.
  • 36. The Yao people of Malawi carried out slave raids on the Bemba and Chichewa of Zambia. The Madagascans enslaved Mozambicans.
  • 37. The Ovambo enslaved the Bushmen. The Matebele enslaved Shona people. Congolese tribes enslaved the Pygmies.
  • 38. In Loziland, the paramount chief of the Barotse abolished slavery only in 1906.
  • 40. Saudi Arabia only abolished slavery in 1962.
  • 41. Peru abolished slavery in 1968 and India only in 1976.
  • 42. Yet, there are still officially over 27 million slaves in the world today, mostly in the Muslim world.
  • 43. BRITAIN’S LEGACY OF SETTING THE CAPTIVES FREE It seems most unreasonable to single out Great Britain in demands for reparation, for her disgraceful involvement in the slave trade, considering that it was Britain who first pioneered the abolition of the slave trade from 1807.
  • 44. For anyone to demand of Great Britain a further apology, for its part in the transatlantic slave trade, betrays an ignorance of history. Britain’s involvement in the slave trade, from 1713 – 1807, was indeed disgraceful.
  • 45. But, led by William Wilberforce, the British nation more than atoned for its guilt in this vile trade in human flesh, by setting every slave in Britain free in 1772, and by outlawing the slave trade in 1807,
  • 46. mobilising her navy to suppress the slave trade throughout the 19th Century,
  • 47. and setting free all slaves in any territory in which Britain had influence, or control, in 1833.
  • 48. The British representative at the Congress of Vienna insisted on Abolition of the slave trade being included in the International Treaty.
  • 49. After the Battle of Waterloo, this treaty was signed by all the European powers (with the exception of Portugal), on 9 June 1815.
  • 50. A Declaration by the eight powers of Europe that they would abolish the Slave Trade “as swiftly as possible” was annexed to the final Treaty signed on 9 June 1815.
  • 52. From 1809 the British government mobilised its navy to search suspected slave ships, even foreign vessels, on the high seas.
  • 53. For a century, the Royal Navy was dedicated to setting the captives free, going far beyond clearing the oceans of slave ships,
  • 54. to boldly sailing up unchartered rivers and creeks,
  • 55. to storm slave stockades,
  • 56. freeing captives at every turn.
  • 57. No other nation has done more than Great Britain in fighting and opposing the slave trade.
  • 58. The British spent millions of pounds in suppressing the slave trade, and sacrificed much blood in fighting to set the captives free. BRITISH RESTITUTION
  • 59. Britain also invested vast amounts of money into developing Sierra Leone as a free and independent state, where liberated slaves could settle.
  • 60. The United States, for their part, engaged in a bloody civil war, in part to set all slaves free, at a cost of over 650,000 of their own people dead. AMERICAN RESTITUTION
  • 61. The United States also heavily invested in establishing Liberia as a free state where liberated slaves could settle.
  • 62. Some participants at the congress made the comment that all whites are to blame for the slave trade, yet the word ‘slave’ comes from the East European ‘Slavs’. WHITE SLAVES
  • 63. Most of the slaves in the Roman Empire were white people.
  • 64. St. Patrick, the English missionary to the Irish, was once a slave himself, kidnapped from his home in England and taken to Ireland against his will.
  • 65. Millions of whites were enslaved by Muslims throughout the Middle East from the 7th Century onwards.
  • 66. Many were kidnapped from coastal towns by Muslim pirates.
  • 67. In 1526, over 200,000 Hungarian Christians were dragged off to slavery in Turkey.
  • 68.
  • 69. If all whites are to blame for the slave trade, which a few whites, over 200 years ago, were involved in, are all blacks to blame for the murders and massacres which many tribes engaged in over the last 200 years ? THE BLAME GAME
  • 70. What about the Arabs, who are still involved in the slave trade today?
  • 71. Considering that many whites opposed the slave trade, and that the British Empire did the most to end the slave trade, BLAMING the BENEFACTORS
  • 72. is it reasonable to blame Britain for an evil that she vigorously fought against, and eradicated, throughout the 19th Century?
  • 73. What about great emancipators, such as Dr. David Livingstone,
  • 76. Henry Morton Stanley, and other dedicated emancipators who set countless captives free?
  • 77. Are claims for restitution from Great Britain and the United States reasonable, when both these nations abolished the slave trade over 200 years ago? IGNORING PAST ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND PRESENT REALITIES
  • 78. Bearing in mind that both Britain and the United States have invested many billions of pounds and dollars into developing Africa,
  • 79. should the demands for restitution not more rightly be demanded from the Arab world which has been enslaving Africans
  • 80. and waging Jihad against Christians to the present day?
  • 81. How far are we to go in corporate and national guilt? HOW FAR BACK DO WE GO?
  • 82. Must the Italians repent for, and do restitution for, the devastations, wars, aggressions and enslavement of the Roman Empire?
  • 83.
  • 84.
  • 85. Must the Greeks do restitution for the destruction of Troy ?
  • 86. Must the Greeks do restitution for the conquests of Alexander the Great?
  • 87. Are the Iranians to do restitution for the invasions and oppression by the Persians?
  • 88. Are the Danes and Norwegians responsible for the death and destruction caused by the Viking raids?
  • 89.
  • 90. What restitution should be required of the French for the devastation caused by the Napoleonic wars?
  • 91. Are all Zulus to blame for the Mfecane and for the murder of Piet Retief and hundreds of Boer women and children ?
  • 92.
  • 93.
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  • 95.
  • 96. Are all Matabele guilty for Mzilikazi’s Path of Blood ?
  • 97. Is every German responsible for crimes committed by the Nazi Party in WW2 ?
  • 98. What about the Japanese for atrocities committed in World War 2?
  • 99. Indiscriminate bombing was internationally outlawed. The Washington Treaty of 1922 expressly forbade the use of bombing against civilian populations.
  • 100. United States government propaganda films condemned the Japanese Empire for bombing of cities, such as Shanghai.
  • 101. Yet upon America’s entry into the war, US General, H. H. Arnold, advocated the policy of strategic bombing of cities as the only way that Germany could be beaten.
  • 102. Winston Churchill commented: The air opened paths along which death and terror could be carried far behind the lines of the actual enemy; to women, children, the aged, the sick, who in earlier struggles would perforce have been left untouched.
  • 103. On the night of 28 March 1942, 234 Wellington and Sterling Bombers dropped over 400 tonnes of bombs on Lubeck
  • 104. 1,468 buildings were destroyed, 2,180 were seriously damaged and 9,103 were lightly damaged. 62% of all buildings in Lubeck were damaged or destroyed.
  • 105.
  • 106.
  • 107.
  • 108.
  • 109.
  • 110.
  • 111. On the night of 30 May 1942, Cologne was destroyed by RAF Bomber Command..
  • 112. 2,000 tonnes of high explosives were delivered by 1,046 bombers in 90 minutes.
  • 113. Between 24 July and 2 August 1943, RAF Bomber Command unleashed Operation Gomorrah against the coastal town of Hamburg in Germany.
  • 114. Lead Bombers dropped parachute flare markers to guide the following bombers as to where to release their bombs in the dark.
  • 115. 8,000 pound blockbusters and 4,000 pound cookie bombs knocked out roofs and windows.
  • 116. Subsequent waves dropped 350,412 incendiary bombs to start fires. Crews of Halifax Bombers reported a mass of raging fires in Hamburg, rising to 19,000 feet.
  • 117.
  • 118. As the waterworks were destroyed first, there was no running water with which the fire brigade could extinguish the sea of flames, which soon engulfed the entire city.
  • 119. The next day, 25 July, US Army Air Force B17 Flying Fortress Bombers unleashed further destruction upon the stricken city of Hamburg.
  • 120. For 10 days and nights, the RAF and USAAF kept up a relentless day and night bombardment of the doomed city. 16,000 residential buildings in Hamburg were destroyed.
  • 121. 70,000 civilians died in the 10 day fire bombing of Hamburg.
  • 122.
  • 123.
  • 124.
  • 125.
  • 126. Between 13 and 15 February 1945, the city of Dresden was destroyed by over 2,000 bombers of the RAF and the USAAF. Dresden had been chosen as a target by the Soviets.
  • 127.
  • 128. Joseph Stalin persuaded Churchill and Roosevelt at Yalta to target Dresden, which was a major receiving area for refugees fleeing the Soviet advance on the Eastern front.
  • 129. The city was swollen with civilians fleeing the Red Army’s rapid and destructive advance.
  • 130. On the evening of 13 February 1945, 796 Lancaster’s and 9 DeHaviland Mosquitos dropped 1,478 tonnes of high explosive and 1,182 tonnes of incendiary bombs between 22:14 and 22:22. Three hours later another 1,800 tonnes of bombs were dropped by a second group of Lancasters.
  • 131. The first official reports on the air raid on Dresden described it as one of the most successful of the Thousand Bomber Raids: Our pilots report that as there was little flack they were able to make careful and straight runs over the targets without bothering much about their defences; a terrific concentration of fires were started in the centre of the city.
  • 132.
  • 133. The British described the raid as one of the powerful blows promised by the Allied leaders to Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin at Yalta.
  • 134. Allied Bombers who were involved in the fire bombing of Dresden later recalled the sense of shame they felt when no anti-aircraft fire, or night fighters, opposed their bombing of the city.
  • 135. Numerous historians and jurists have described the bombing of the cities of Germany as a war crime and a holocaust.
  • 136.
  • 137. Yet British Air Marshal “Bomber” Arthur Harris, the Bomber Command chief directly responsible for the saturation bombing of civilian centres, was knighted for his efforts!
  • 138. News reports from neutral countries, such as Sweden and Switzerland, pointed out that Dresden was one large hospital city swollen with refugees fleeing the advancing Red Army.
  • 139. They also pointed out that the main railway station on the outskirts of town was unaffected by the bombing which targeted the residential section of town. 22 Hospitals had been destroyed in Dresden.
  • 140. One British commentator asked: Who the devil is going to get anything out of it? We contribute the bombs and the machines and the crews who don’t return from these raids, the Dresdeners themselves don’t get anything out of it, naturally.
  • 141. The only ones who look like they’re getting anything are the Russians – they get Dresden at our expense. I don’t see any reason why we should go and kill people for the benefit of the Russians alone. Do you?
  • 142. An Associated Press radio despatch put out from Paris was broadcast throughout the United States describing the: Deliberate Terror Bombings of German population centres…
  • 143. carried out by heavy bombers of the Allied Air Forces on residential sections of Berlin, Dresden… with the unprecedented day and night assault on the refugee crowded capital, with civilians fleeing from the Red Tide in the East.
  • 144. The report noted that, as all available German air forces were concentrated on the Eastern Front to combat the Red Army offensive which threatened to destroy Germany and all of Europe, the targeting of civilian centres in Germany seemed exceptional cowardice.
  • 145. Between 1940 and 1945, 63 German cities were destroyed in bombing campaigns by RAF Bomber Command.
  • 146. At least two million Germans civilians were killed by the air raids of the RAF and USAAF.
  • 147. Have the British and Americans undertaken sufficient restitution for bombing whole cities like Hamburg and Dresden, incinerating hundreds of thousands of men, women and children in civilian centres?
  • 148. What restitution has been done by the United Nations and Organisation of African Unity for destroying Rhodesia WHAT ABOUT CONTEMPORARY CRIMES?
  • 149. and installing Mugabe’s murderous regime in Zimbabwe?
  • 150.
  • 151.
  • 152. What restitution have the Cubans undertaken for the wholesale atrocities and massacres perpetrated in Angola?
  • 153.
  • 154.
  • 155.
  • 156. Have the World Council of Churches and their associate members duly repented, apologised publicly and undertaken restitution for supporting and financing terrorists who murdered missionaries in Rhodesia?
  • 157.
  • 158. Have the Kenyans apologised, and repented for, the Mau Mau murders and mutilations?
  • 159. Have the Congolese undertaken national repentance for the massacres of hundreds of missionaries and tens of thousands of Christians in the Simba Uprising in the 1960s?
  • 160.
  • 161. • Has the United Nations apologised for invading, bombing and devastating Katanga ?
  • 162.
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  • 168. Is every Afrikaner responsible for every action of the National Party Apartheid government ?
  • 169. What about ANC supporters for the petrol bombs,
  • 173.
  • 174. ARE WHOLE RACES GUILTY FOR THE CRIMES OF SOME?
  • 175.
  • 176. If all whites are guilty for what some whites did over 200 years ago did,
  • 177. are all blacks guilty for what some blacks have done in murders and mutilations of missionaries and farmers more recently?
  • 178. Are all Jews guilty of Deicide – the Murder of Jesus Christ ?
  • 179.
  • 180. IT IS UNREASONABLE TO BLAME CHRISTIANS FOR WHAT PAGANS HAVE DONE
  • 181. No, it is not reasonable to blame Protestant Christians for what Catholic Inquisitors and Conquistadors may have done centuries ago.
  • 182. Christian whites are not responsible for what pagan whites have done at other times and places.
  • 183.
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  • 185. It is not fair to blame Christian blacks for what non-Christian blacks have perpetrated.
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  • 195. Biblically, true guilt is when I personally violate a specific Command in Scripture. TRUE GUILT
  • 196. False guilt, or psychological guilt, is a result of selected focus, distortion of reality and ignorance of history. It is vague and it involves guilt manipulation. PSYCOLOGICAL GUILT
  • 197. When we repent of our personal guilt in violating God’s Commands the result is forgiveness, freedom, healing and restoration. FORGIVENESS AND FREEDOM
  • 198. However, you can repent for false, or psychological, guilt every day for decades, but you will never find freedom and forgiveness from false guilt – because the devil is a hard taskmaster.
  • 199. The Holy Spirit brings conviction of sin, but the devil brings condemnation. You can easily tell the difference. Conviction by the Holy Spirit leads to Repentance. CONDEMNATION ENSLAVES
  • 200. On the other side of repentance is forgiveness, freedom, healing and restoration.
  • 201. By way of contrast, condemnation from the devil and his disciples paralyses and enslaves us.
  • 202. At the congress I also heard some people grumbling about colonialism. However, the blaming of all the ills of Africa on colonialism reveals ignorance of history. IS COLONIALISM TO BLAME?
  • 203. Much of Africa was not colonised, but became protectorates as part of the European crusade against the slave trade. Sudan was once a colony of Egypt, but never of Britain. Sudan became a protectorate of Great Britain. Similarly, Lesotho and Swaziland were never colonies, but protectorates. Britain’s involvement in Malawi was primarily to end the slave trade there and set the captives free.
  • 204. Most of North Africa came under European control in response to raids by Muslim Barbary pirates on Southern Europe. The colonisation of North Africa began as campaigns to close down the slave markets and prevent the ports of North Africa from being used for slave raids on Southern Europe. TO END SLAVE RAIDS
  • 205. The fact is that Africa was in a desperate state in the mid 19th Century. Yet, in a few generations, European involvement brought about a dramatic improvement in the standards of living of millions of Africans - many benefits and blessings of civilisation, medicine, literacy, education, roads, railways, bridges, aircraft, telecommunications, trade and industry, tourism, jobs, employment, freedom and the Gospel. DEVELOPING A CONTINENT
  • 206. On balance it is clear that there were far more benefits and blessings to the European involvement in Africa than burdens. Never, in all of history, has any continent done more to aid in the development of another continent. BENEFITS AND BALANCE
  • 207. Future historians will look back in amazement at how Europe benefited Africa in less than a century. European settlers fed the starving, cared for the sick, liberated nations in bondage and uplifted the standards of living to unprecedented levels.
  • 208. Yet, another example of guilt manipulation can be seen in a most dishonest book, which is being promoted on shelves at this time: “The Kaisers Holocaust.” REWRITING HISTORY
  • 209. What this book ignores is the context of centuries of incessant inter-tribal genocide and the ravages of the Herero and Damara who were annihilating and enslaving the other tribes of South West Africa (Namibia).
  • 210. Local chiefs pleaded with the missionaries to request colonial intervention. The Rhenish Mission requested the involvement of Great Britain, but their colonial authorities claimed that they were too thinly spread and overcommitted elsewhere. Aside from annexing Walvis Bay, the only potential sea port on the coast, the British had no further interest in South West Africa.
  • 211. At this point the missionaries approached the German Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, GERMAN INTERVENTION
  • 212. who persuaded the Kaiser to send a small detachment to attempt to bring peace to the warring tribes of South West Africa.
  • 213. This they achieved in a remarkably short time.
  • 214. When the Herero revolted against this new rule of law the result was the War of 1904 to 1905. Missionaries, settlers and officials were murdered and mutilated and the Kaisers’ soldiers responded with decisiveness to put down the rebellion.
  • 215. This was done to the applause and approval of the other tribes in South West Africa who had all suffered for far too long at the hands of the Herero and Damara. That this defensive war has now been reinterpreted in such a sinister and manipulative way is outrageous.
  • 216. “Woe to those who call evil good and good evil; who put darkness for light and light for darkness; who put bitter for sweet and sweet for bitter! Woe to those who are wise in their own eyes and prudent in their own sight.” Isaiah 20:21
  • 217. Ignorance of history makes one susceptible to guilt manipulation. IGNORANCE LEADS TO EXPLOITATION
  • 218. Communism not only seeks to re-write history, but to hijack and pervert Christianity.
  • 219. Both in the Soviet Union and Red China the commissars set up public confessions where landowners would confess to being “bourgeois” “enemies of the people”. Public repentance and confession sessions to humiliate the previous elite, and thereby to lift up the Commissar and Communist Party members, was seen as part of “class warfare.”
  • 220. There is a place for national repentance before God. Ezra 9, Nehemiah 9, and Daniel 9 are examples where prophets led the people of God in repentance of behalf of the sins of the nation. NATIONAL REPENTANCE
  • 221. However, this repentance was based upon specific transgressions of God’s Law and this national guilt was confessed to God, not to men.
  • 222. When we are guilty of breaking God’s Commandments we must humble ourselves, seek God’s face, turn from our wicked ways and pray. We should humbly kneel before God in full surrender, praying the Psalms, working through the Ten Commandments, listing out our sins and naming them in repentance and confession before Almighty God. PERSONAL REPENTANCE
  • 223. Then we should do Restitution, such as Zacchaeus, returning, repairing and restoring. Reconciliation with family members and friends is also a natural outworking of Repentance before God. We should list the people whom we need to make right with. Make that appointment. Initiate that phone call. Write that letter. RESTITUTION
  • 224. Are you guilty of idolatry? Blasphemy? Disrespect? Desecrating the Lord’s Day? Malice? Immorality? Theft? Greed? Gossip? Pride? Envy? Covetousness? Selfishness? Bitterness? Unforgiveness? ARE YOU PERSONALLY GUILTY?
  • 225. If God was to speak to you today, what sins would He confront you with? You know He wouldn’t be bringing up other people’s sins from long ago. He would be dealing with what you personally are responsible for and guilty of. “The lust of the eyes, the lust of the flesh, and the pride of life.”
  • 226. ENSURE THAT YOUR RELATIONSHIP WITH GOD IS RIGHT
  • 227. We have enough sins of our own that we are personally guilty of, without wasting our time following the political agenda of guilt manipulators seeking to get rich out of other people’s misfortune.
  • 228. “If you abide in My Word, you are My disciples indeed. And you shall know the Truth, and the Truth shall make you free … Therefore if the Son makes you free, you shall be free indeed.” John 8:31-35
  • 229. “Seek the Lord while He may be found, call upon Him when He is near. Let the wicked forsake his way, and the unrighteous man His thoughts; let him return to the Lord and He will have mercy on him; and to our God, for He will abundantly pardon.”
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  • 233. FRONTLINE FELLOWSHIP PO Box 74 Newlands, 7725 Cape Town South Africa E-mail: admin@frontline.org.za Web: www.frontline.org.za
  • 234. • Under The Influence
  • 235. • What If Jesus Had Never Been Born?
  • 236. • What If The Bible Had Never Been Written?
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  • 253. REFORMATION SOCIETY PO Box 74 Newlands, 7725 Cape Town South Africa E-mail: info@ReformationSA.org Web: www.ReformationSA.org