1. Post Civil War Expansion

3. How had the United States changed since the end of the revolutionary war?

5. What was the major impact of the building of the transcontinental RR? Millions of acres of the public domain was passed on to individuals and immigrants

6. RR Land Grants Which cities in the United States were located in the railroad land grants? St Louis, San Francisco, Denver, Topeka, Billings, Helena, Seattle, Santa Fe, Sacramento, Omaha, Albuquerque, Colorado Springs, Salt Lake City

7. The Fight for the West The Main Idea Native Americans fought the movement of settlers westward, but the U.S. military and the persistence of American settlers proved too strong to resist.

9. By Treaty: After the massacre, Cheyenne and Sioux stepped up their raids. In return for closing a sacred trail, the Sioux agreed to live on a reservation. Other nations signed the Medicine Lodge Treaty and were moved to reservation lands in western Oklahoma. By force: Stage 1 Army troops attacked and massacred surrendering Cheyenne. Congressional investigators condemned the Army actions, but no one was punished in the Sand Creek Massacre . Stage 2: George Armstrong Custer led his troops in headlong battle against Sitting Bull and lost. The Battle of the Little Bighorn was a temporary victory for the Sioux. The U.S. government was determined to put down the threat to settlers. Stage 3: The Battle of Palo Duro Canyon ended the Indian Wars on the southern Plains. With their ponies killed and food stores destroyed, surviving Comanches moved onto the reservation. Finally: The Wounded Knee Massacre when fleeing Sioux were massacred a day after they surrendered to the US Calvary. This action marked the end of the bloody conflict between the army and the Plains Indians. What were the Indian Wars and their consequences?

11. What was life like on the Reservation? The government wanted control over all the western territories and wanted Indians to live like white Americans. The Bureau of Indian Affairs began to erase the Indian culture through a program of Americanization . Indian students could speak only English and could not wear their traditional clothing. They learned to live like Americans. The Dawes Act of 1887 broke up many reservations and turned Native Americans into individual property owners. Ownership was designed to transform their relationship to the land. The Indians received less productive land, and few had the money to start farms. Most of the land given to the Indians was unsuitable for farming.

13. What caused the cattle boom? Demand: Growing populations in the East needed food. The age of the cattle drive had arrived. Cowboys drove the cattle to towns with railroads to be shipped to meatpacking centers such as Chicago. One of the most famous cattle trails was the Chisholm Trail . New Breeds: The Spanish were the first ranchers in the West, raising cattle under dry and difficult conditions. They cultivated the breed known as the Texas longhorn. New Technologies: Joseph Glidden invented barbed wire, allowing ranchers to enclose grazing lands; the increase in railroad networks; and the mechanization of meat packing in Chicago transformed the cattle business into big business.

15. Farming the Plains The Main Idea The government promoted the settlement of the West, offering free or cheap land to those willing to put in the hard work of turning the land into productive farms.

19. What were some of the technologies that encouraged western expansion? Farmers installed windmill-driven pumps and used irrigation techniques. They used the earth for shelter, first building dugouts into hillsides, then making sod houses. James Oliver developed a sharper plow edge. George Stockton Berry of Lindsay, California developed the steam-driven “Combine Harvester” which used one operation to cut wheat, separate grains, and remove the husks.