This is the presentation on the topic "UNIT 731 JAPAN". Unit 731 was the secret program formed by "Japanese Imperial army" in 1932. The main commander of this unit was "General Shiro Ishii". He had conducted lots of experiments on human being. Several people were killed during this experimentation.

2. INTRODUCTION
• COVERT BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL WARFARE RESEARCH
AND DEVELOPMENT UNIT OF THE IMPERIAL JAPANESE ARMY
• RESPONSIBLE FOR SOME OF THE MOST NOTORIOUS WAR
CRIMES CARRIED OUT BY JAPAN
• KNOWN AS THE EPIDEMIC PREVENTION AND WATER
PURIFICATION DEPARTMENT OF THE KWANTUNG ARMY
• AROUND 3,000 AND 250,000 MEN, WOMEN AND CHILDREN
WERE THE VICTIMS (AN ESTIMATED AMOUNT)

3. THEN

4. NOW

5. NAME : SHIRO ISHII
BORN : JUNE 25, 1892
DIED : OCTOBER 9, 1959
ALLEGIANCE : EMPIRE OF JAPAN
YEARS ACTIVE : 1921 – 1945
Shiro Ishii
ESTABLISHER

6. Shirō Ishii, was appointed as lieutenant general of Unit 731

7. In 1930s, Biological Weapons interested
Japanese High Command.

8. WHAT LED TO IT’S ESTABLISHMENT
• BEFORE GETTING APPOINTED, ISHII HAD A TWO YEAR STUDY TRIP
ABROAD THAT GAVE HIM THE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT WESTERNERS
DEVELOPING THEIR OWN PROGRAMS FOR PRODUCING BIOLOGICAL
AND CHEMICAL WEAPONS.
• AFTER GETTING IN COMMAND, HE CREATED A SECRET RESEARCH
GROUP KNOWN AS “THE TOGO UNIT”.
• WITH SUPPORT OF KWANTUNG ARMY, UNIT WAS FURTHER
EXPANDED AND SUBDIVIDED. EVENTUALLY, ALL OF THESE UNITS
COLLECTIVELY BECAME UNIT 731.

9. OTHER SIGNIFICANT MEMBERS
• LIEUTENANT COLONEL RYOICHI NAITO
• CHIKAHIKO KOIZUMI (THEN BECAME JAPAN’S HEALTH MINISTER)
• MASAJI KITANO
• YOSHIO SHINOZUKA
• YASUJI KANEKO

10. GATHERING MARUTAS:
• MAIN LOCATION WAS IN PINGFANG, CHINA I.E. MAXIMUM CHINESE
CIVILIANS AND POW’S
• OTHERS INCLUDING PACIFIC ISLANDERS, SOUTH EAST ASIANS AND
TRIBAL LIVING ON THE COAST
• CAPTURED BANDITS, ANTI-JAPANESE PARTISANS, CRIMINALS AND
POLITICAL PRISONERS.

11. ATROCIOUS ACTIVITIES
• PRISONERS WERE REFERRED TO AS “LOGS”.
• THE “LOGS” WERE REFERRED TO AS “MONKEYS” BUT DESPITE OF
ALL THE COVER-UP, IS WAS AN OPEN SECRET THAT HUMANS WERE
THE REAL TEST SUBJECTS.
• AFTER EXPERIMENTS AND HORRIFIC PUNISHMENTS, SHIRO ISHII
PRODUCED SCIENTIFIC PAPERS GIVING THE RESULTS OF THESE
HIDEOUS EXPERIMENTS AND CIRCULATING THEM THROUGHOUT THE
JAPANESE MEDICAL AND SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY.

12. Deployment Diagram for Germ Bomb. N.d.
Photograph. NetEase. 13 June 2005. Web. 10 Mar.
2014.
Unit 731. N.d. Photograph. Moral Low Ground. 24 Feb. 2011.
Web. 10 Mar. 2014.
LaShiro Ishii - Unit 731. N.d. Photograph. Soundcloud. Web. 10
Mar. 2014.
Forgotten Horrors: The Human Experiments of Unit 731. N.d. Photograph.
Knowledgenuts. 13 July 2013. Web. 10 Mar. 2014.Inhumane Experiments

13. LIST OF EXPERIMENTS BEING PERFORMED
• GERM WARFARE
• FROSTBITE TESTING
• FIELD TESTS
• DOOM FOR THE FEMALE
• BRAIN EXPERIMENT
• VIVISECTION
• BIOLOGICAL WARFARE

14. GERM WARFARE
• PRISONERS WERE INJECTED WITH DISEASE INCEPTIVE GERMS, IN
THE FORM OF VACCINATIONS.
• TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF VENEREAL/SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED
DISEASES, MALE AND FEMALE PRISONERS WERE INJECTED WITH
SYPHILIS AND GONORRHEA.
• PLAGUE FLEAS, INFECTED CLOTHING AND INFECTED SUPPLIES
ENCASED IN BOMBS WERE DROPPED ON CHINESE CIVILIANS
WHICH RESULTED IN CHOLERA, ANTHRAX AND PLAGUE.
• DEATH ESTIMATION WERE AROUND 400,000 CIVILIANS.

16. FROSTBITE TESTING
• THE UNIT WAS ALSO KEENLY INTERESTED IN “FROSTBITE”
EXPERIMENTATION.
• FROSTBITE DEGRADED MILITARY EFFICIENCY DURING THE BITTER
MANCHURIAN WINTERS.
• ECHOING SIMILAR WORK BY THE NOTORIOUS NAZI, DR. JOSEPH
MENGELE, NAKED PRISONERS, BOTH MALES AND FEMALES WERE
SUBJECTED TO SUB-FREEZING TEMPERATURES.
• LATER THEY WERE “DEFROSTED” BY A RANGE OF EXPERIMENTAL
TECHNIQUES.
• IT WAS USUAL FOR THESE “LOGS” TO HAVE THEIR LIMBS BEATEN
WITH STICKS UNTIL THEY RESOUNDED WITH A HARD, HOLLOW
RING, SIGNIFYING THE FREEZING PROCESS WAS COMPLETE.

17. FIELD TESTS:
• OTHER EXPERIMENTS INVOLVED “HANGING MATERIAL” (I.E.
HUMANS) UPSIDE DOWN TO DETERMINE HOW LONG IT TOOK FOR
SUBJECTS TO CHOKE TO DEATH.
• ANOTHER INVOLVED INJECTING AIR INTO PRISONERS TO TEST FOR
THE ONSET OF EMBOLISMS.
• PRACTICE OF INJECTING HORSE URINE INTO THE KIDNEYS OF
PRISONERS.
• A COMMON PRACTICE WAS FEEDING “LOGS” WITH FOOD AND DRINK
HEAVILY LACED WITH CHOLERA, HEROIN AND CASTOR OIL SEEDS
AND OTHER PATHOGENS.

18. • PRISONERS WERE USED AS HUMAN TARGETS TO TEST GRENADES
AND FLAME THROWERS POSITIONED AT VARIOUS DISTANCES AND
POSITIONS
• IN OTHER TESTS, SUBJECTS WERE PLACED INTO HIGH-PRESSURE
CHAMBERS UNTIL DEATH, PLACED INTO CENTRIFUGES AND SPUN
UNTIL DEATH
• INJECTED WITH ANIMAL BLOOD; EXPOSED TO LETHAL DOSES OF X-
RAYS, SUBJECTED TO VARIOUS CHEMICAL WEAPONS INSIDE GAS
CHAMBERS, INJECTED WITH SEA WATER TO DETERMINE IF IT COULD
BE A SUBSTITUTE FOR SALINE SOLUTION, AND BURNED OR BURIED
ALIVE.

19. DOOM FOR THE FEMALE
• WOMEN AT UNIT 731 WERE RAPED OR INFECTED WITH A SERUM
CONTAINING VIRULENT STRAINS OF SYPHILIS IN ORDER TO RESPOND
TO THE GROWING THREAT OF SYPHILIS AMONG JAPANESE TROOPS
• EXTERNAL REACTIONS LIKE CHANGE IN SKIN AND ORGAN
APPEARANCE AS WELL AS INTERNAL CHANGES WERE STUDIED. IN
THE CASE OF THE BODY’S INTERNAL REACTION TO INFECTION,
PATIENTS WERE VIVISECTED OR KILLED WITH AUTOPSIES BEING
CONDUCTED IMMEDIATELY AFTERWARD.
• FORCED PREGNANCY WAS USED TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF
VERTICAL TRANSMISSION OF THE DISEASE.

20. VIVISECTION
• PRISONERS WERE SUBJECTED TO VIVISECTIONS WITHOUT
ANESTHESIA, AFTER INJECTING THEM WITH VARIOUS DISEASES.
• SCIENTISTS PERFORMED INVASIVE SURGERY LIKE REMOVING
PRISONERS BODY ORGANS WHILE THEY WERE ALIVE BECAUSE
RESEARCHERS FEARED THAT DECOMPOSITION WOULD AFFECT
THEIR RESULTS IF CAPTIVES WERE KILLED BEFORE GETTING
OPERATED.
• OTHER HORRIFIC ACTIVITIES INCLUDE LIMB AMPUTATION AND
REMOVAL THEN REATTACHMENT OF ORGANS TO OPPOSITE SIDES
OF THE BODY, WHICH RESULTED IN ROTTING OR GANGRENE.

22. BRAIN EXPERIMENTS
• WHEN ISHII WANTED A HUMAN BRAIN TO EXPERIMENT UPON,
GUARDS WERE ASSIGNED TO ACQUIRE THE ORGAN.
GRABBING A PRISONER, THE GUARDS HELD HIM DOWN,
WHILE ANOTHER CLEAVED OPEN HIS SKULL WITH AN AXE
• THE ORGAN WAS CLUMSILY REMOVED AND RUSHED TO
ISHII’S LABORATORY. THE REMAINS OF THE “SACRIFICED”
PRISONER WERE THEN “DISPOSED” OFF IN THE CAMP
CREMATORIUM
• GENDER OR AGE WAS NEVER AN ISSUE BECAUSE EVERY
PRISONER IN THE CAMP HAD THEIR OWN FATE WRITTEN OR
CATEGORIZED IN VARIOUS EXPERIMENTS SUITABLE TO THEIR
AGE.

23. BIOLOGICAL WARFARE
• THE RESEARCHERS PERFORMED TESTS ON PRISONERS WITH BUBONIC
PLAGUE, CHOLERA, SMALLPOX, BOTULISM, AND OTHER DISEASES.
• THIS RESEARCH LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DEFOLIATION BACILLI
BOMB AND THE FLEA BOMB USED TO SPREAD BUBONIC PLAGUE.
• THESE BOMBS ENABLED JAPANESE SOLDIERS TO LAUNCH BIOLOGICAL
ATTACKS, INFECTING AGRICULTURE, RESERVOIRS, WELLS, AND OTHER
AREAS WITH ANTHRAX, PLAGUE-CARRIER FLEAS, TYPHOID, DYSENTERY,
CHOLERA, AND OTHER DEADLY PATHOGENS
• 1,700 JAPANESE IN CHEKIANG WERE KILLED BY THEIR OWN BIOLOGICAL
WEAPONS WHILE ATTEMPTING TO UNLEASH THE BIOLOGICAL AGENT,
WHICH INDICATES SERIOUS ISSUES WITH DISTRIBUTION.

24. DIVISIONS
UNIT 731 WAS DIVIDED INTO EIGHT DIVISIONS
• DIVISION 01: RESEARCH ON BUBONIC PLAGUE, CHOLERA,
ANTHRAX, TYPHOID AND TUBERCULOSIS USING LIVE HUMAN
SUBJECTS. FOR THIS PURPOSE, A PRISON WAS CONSTRUCTED
TO CONTAIN AROUND THREE TO FOUR HUNDRED PEOPLE.
• DIVISION 02: RESEARCH FOR BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS USED IN
THE FIELD, IN PARTICULAR THE PRODUCTION OF DEVICES TO
SPREAD GERMS AND PARASITES.
• DIVISION 03: PRODUCTION OF SHELLS CONTAINING
BIOLOGICAL AGENTS. STATIONED IN HARBIN.

25. • Division 04: Production of other miscellaneous
agents.
• Division 05: Training of personnel.
• Divisions 06-08: Equipment, medical and
administrative units

26. FACILITIES
• THE UNIT 731 COMPLEX COVERED SIX SQUARE KILOMETERS
AND CONSISTED OF MORE THAN 150 BUILDINGS. THE DESIGN OF
THE FACILITIES MADE THEM HARD TO DESTROY BY BOMBING.
• THE COMPLEX CONTAINED VARIOUS FACTORIES. IT HAD AROUND
4,500 CONTAINERS TO BE USED TO RAISE FLEAS, SIX
CAULDRONS TO PRODUCE VARIOUS CHEMICALS, AND AROUND
1,800 CONTAINERS TO PRODUCE BIOLOGICAL AGENTS.
APPROXIMATELY 30 KG OF BUBONIC PLAGUE BACTERIA COULD
BE PRODUCED IN SEVERAL DAYS.
• IT HAD MANY DIVISIONS SPREAD ACROSS JAPAN AND CHINA.
THE MAIN CENTERS WERE LOCATED IN TOKYO, GUANGZHOU
AND PINGFANG.

27. SURRENDER & IMMUNITY
• OPERATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS CONTINUED UNTIL THE END OF
THE WAR. BY THE END OF THE WAR, ISHII’S SUBORDINATES
WERE BOUND TO AN OATH OF SECRECY. THEY DESTROYED ALL
THE EVIDENCES AND PINGFANG FACILITY AND OTHER SITES, AS
BEST AS THEY COULD.
• DESPITE CLAIMS THAT MOST OF THE ALL THE IMPORTANT
RECORDS WERE DESTROYED, IT IS SAID THAT MANY WERE
BURIED BY ISHII, FOR LATER RETRIEVAL.
• DESPITE THEIR PRECAUTIONS, ALLIED INTELLIGENCE HAD
SIZEABLE DOSSIERS ON THE LEADING JAPANESE
MICROBIOLOGISTS.
• AS A QUID-PRO-QUO, AMERICANS PROMISED TO PROVIDE
IMMUNITY TO ALL THE RESEARCHERS BUT IN RETURN WERE
DEMANDING FOR REMAINING RECORDS.

28. • SO, THE US AND JAPANESE GOVERNMENTS ROUTINELY DENIED
THAT THESE EVENTS TOOK PLACE, DESPITE AN INCREASING
BODY OF AVAILABLE INFORMATION.
• THE SECRECY FINALLY WILTED IN 1993, WHEN US DEFENSE
SECRETARY, WILLIAM PERRY, UNDER PRESSURE, PROMISED TO
DECLASSIFY RECORDS OF WW2 EXPERIMENTS.
• SOVIET TRIALS WERE CONDUCTED FOR CAPTURED JAPANESE
PERPETRATORS, HELD IN KHABAROVSK IN DECEMBER 1949.
• JAPANESE DOCTORS AND ARMY COMMANDERS WHO HAD
PERPETRATED THE UNIT 731 EXPERIMENTS RECEIVED
SENTENCES FROM THE KHABAROVSK COURT RANGING FROM
TWO TO 25 YEARS IN A SIBERIAN LABOR CAMP

29. AFTER WORLD WAR II
• AFTER WORLD WAR II, THE SOVIET UNION BUILT A
BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS FACILITY IN SVERDLOVSK USING
DOCUMENTATION CAPTURED FROM UNIT 731 IN MANCHURIA.
• UNDER THE AMERICAN OCCUPATION THE MEMBERS OF UNIT
731 AND OTHER EXPERIMENTAL UNITS WERE ALLOWED TO GO
FREE.
• ONE GRADUATE OF UNIT 1644, MASAMI KITAOKA, CONTINUED
TO DO EXPERIMENTS ON UNWILLING JAPANESE SUBJECTS
FROM 1947 TO 1956 WHILE WORKING FOR JAPAN'S NATIONAL
INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCES. HE INFECTED PRISONERS
WITH RICKETTSIA AND MENTAL HEALTH PATIENTS WITH
TYPHUS.

30. OFFICIAL GOVERNMENT RESPONSE IN JAPAN:
• SINCE THE END OF THE ALLIED OCCUPATION, THE JAPANESE
GOVERNMENT HAS REPEATEDLY APOLOGIZED FOR ITS PRE-WAR
BEHAVIOR IN GENERAL.
• UNIT 731 PRESENTS A SPECIAL PROBLEM, SINCE UNLIKE NAZI
HUMAN EXPERIMENTATION WHICH THE U.S. PUBLICLY
CONDEMNED, THE ACTIVITIES OF UNIT 731 ARE KNOWN TO THE
GENERAL PUBLIC ONLY FROM THE TESTIMONIES OF WILLING
FORMER UNIT MEMBERS.
• THE AMERICAN RETRIEVAL OF THE HIGHLY DOCUMENTED
EXPERIMENTATIONS OF UNIT 731 IS COVERT AND NOT
SOMETHING EITHER THE U.S. OR JAPAN ARE WILLING TO ADMIT
HAS HAPPENED IN THE FIRST PLACE.

31. Handed over the experiment data to the U.S.
To Avoid Punishment.
The Trial. N.d. Photograph. NetEase. 13 June 2005. Web. 11 Mar.
2014.

32. Protests and litigations from Victims still continue…
Protest From Unit 731 Victims. N.d. Photograph. News.xinhuanet. 23 Mar. 2005. Web. 11 Mar. 2014.
Denial and Concealment are not
Acceptable
Today

33. CONCLUSION:
TIME HAS CHANGED AND PEOPLE NOW HAVE GRADUALLY LEARNED TO
MOVE ON. REOPENING TOPICS AKIN THIS SHOULD NOT BY ANY MANNER
CHANGE THE ASPECTS AND VIEWS OF PEOPLE IN CURRENT TIMES.
ALSO, MODERN DAY GOVERNING AUTHORITIES SHOULD TRY TO
MAINTAIN FACTS RELATED TO HISTORICAL EVENTS CRYSTAL CLEAR IF
THE FACTS DOESN’T CREATE MUCH IMPACTS ON POLITICAL RELATIONS.

34. • A Spectacular Presentation Of Unit 731's Work. N.d. Photograph. Pingfang
District. 21 Sept. 2011. Web. 7 Mar. 2014.
• Ad Hoc Prison Historic Site. N.d. Photograph. Exhibition Hall of Crime
Evidence of Japanese Germ Factory, Pingfang District. 13 June 2005. Web.
7 Mar. 2014.
• Captured Chinese Resistance Fighters. N.d. Photograph. Harbin. 21 Sept.
2011. Web. 7 Mar. 2014.
• Corpses of Plague Patients In Liaobei District. N.d. Photograph. Exhibition
Hall of Crime Evidence of Japanese Germ Factory. NetEase. 13 June 2005.
Web. 10 Mar. 2014.
• Corpses of Plague Patients In Pingfang District. N.d. Photograph.
Exhibition Hall of Crime Evidence of Japanese Germ Factory. NetEase. 13
June 2005. Web. 10 Mar. 2014.
• Deployment Diagram for Germ Bomb. N.d. Photograph. NetEase. 13 June
2005. Web. 10 Mar. 2014.
• Forgotten Horrors: The Human Experiments of Unit 731. N.d. Photograph.
Knowledgenuts. 13 July 2013. Web. 10 Mar. 2014.
• Introduction to Biological Weapons. N.d. Photograph. CANCER| Just
Another WordPress.com Weblog. 21 Feb. 2011. Web. 10 Mar. 2014
Work Cited