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09/30/12   3
The Chesapeake Bay




           A small part of the Universe
           A Big part of our Lives
09/30/12                                  4
How Big Is the Chesapeake
                 Bay?
   •       180-200 miles North to South
   •       Shoreline is 4,600 miles long
   •       Average depth is 30 feet
   •       The Chesapeake bay is the nations largest estuary
   •       80 % water from Susquehanna, Potomac, James rivers
   •       The Chesapeake bay runs from Maryland to Virginia
   •       Bordering states are VA and MD
   •       Watershed is VA, MD, DE, PA, and WV
   •       Western shore has the largest rivers
   •       498,000 acres of wetlands


09/30/12                                                        5
SALINITY
 • Salinity is measured in parts per thousand 0/00
 • This means how much salt (particles) there are in
   a thousand parts of water
 • Varies from fresh in the North to salty in the
   South
 • Salinity is greater at bottom due to gravity
 • Euryhaline is an organism that is tolerant to
   salinity changes
 • Has tides twice a month called Semi-diurnal

09/30/12                                           6
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WETLANDS
  • Has 2,700 species of plants and animals
  • 10 tons of organic matter is grown acre/year
        such as spartina , asters, hibiscus, and
        cordgrass
  • Oyster bar communities are the base for many
        other organisms such are crabs, whelk,& eels
  • Half of blue crabs in nation live here
  • Many juvenile marine organisms use wetlands
        as a nursery ground
  • Includes essential nutrients, detritus, and
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        minerals                                       8
CHESAPEAKE BAY

             Largest estuary in                                One of the most
                 the U.S.                                       diverse estuaries

                                    Highly valued for its
                                  sea life, waterfowl, sport
                                   fishing & rec boating
           Stretches to the mouth
            of the Susquehanna                             Shipping artery for
                  River                                     Norfolk & Baltimore


                         Threatened by environmental
                          degradation caused by man
                               induced pollution

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CHESAPEAKE BAY




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             Average depth is 30 feet   10
Channel Depth




           Thimble Shoal Channel ~ 15-25m deep
           Chesapeake Channel ~ 15-25m deep

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SEA LEVEL RISE

• At the end of the last glacial epoch, sea level rose
relatively rapidly as continental glaciers melted.
•10,000 years ago, the main channel of the ancient
Susquehanna River valley was flooded and became
a narrow estuary.
•Sea level at that time stood approx 9 meters lower
than the present level.
•Islands once populated in colonial time & during
the past century have disappeared due to
submergence and related shore erosion.
09/30/12                                                 12
• Submerged & eroded Sharps Island, formerly at the
  mouth of the Choptank estuary, is recalled only by a
  prominent lighthouse erected in 1882 and is now covered
  by 3- to 4-meter water depths.




09/30/12                                                    13
• Expanding wetlands are claiming low-lying
 communities on Smith Island & Tangier Island.
 • Settlements begun in the 18th & 19th centuries, together
 with their churches & cemeteries, are often surrounded by
 the rising water of the bay during periods of extreme
 high tides -- a prologue to the rising sea level.



                                          • Extreme high
                                          tide at Hoopers
                                          Island, Eastern
                                          Shore (1998)


09/30/12                                                      14
09/30/12   15
INDIANS
•    IN 9000 B.C. THE NATIVE
     AMERICANS ARRIVE IN THE
     CHESAPEAKE BAY

•    THE NATIVE AMERICANS FISH IN
     THE BAY WITH SPEARS, TRAPS
     AND HOOKS

•    THE SUSQUEHANNOCK OF THE
     IROQUOIS NATION LIVED NORTH
     OF THE CHESAPEAKE BAY

09/30/12                            16
SETTLERS
• IN 1607, JOHN SMITH BEGIN HIS EXPLORATION OF THE
  BAY.

• ALSO IN 1607 THE FIRST PERMAENT NEW WORLD
  ENGLISH SETTLEMENT ESTABLISHED IN JAMESTOWN.

• IN 1835, THE CHESAPEAKE REGION FORESTS IS
  CLEARED FOR AGRICULTURE, TIMBER AND FUEL FOR
  HOMES AND INDUSTRY.




09/30/12                                             17
AFRICAN AMERICANS
IN 1619, AFRICANS WERE BROUGHT
OVER BY THE DUTCH
FREDERICK DOUGLASS USED THE
CHESAPEAKE BAY TO ESCAPE
SLAVERY.

BETWEEN 1700 AND 1770, SLAVE POPULATION GREW IN
THE CHESAPEAKE BAY to 250,000.




09/30/12                                          18
FAMOUS BATTLES




     • BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL IN JUNE 17, 1775
     • DURING THE MID-1800’S THE CHESAPEAKE BAY
       REGION WAS AT THE CENTER OF THE CIVIL WAR




09/30/12                                           19
1862 - Battle of Hampton Roads

   •       CSS Virginia
   •       Confederate
   •       (Ironclad warship)




                                • USS Monitor
                                • Union
                                • (Ironclad warship)
09/30/12                                               20
09/30/12   21
09/30/12   22
Loggerhead Sea Turtle




09/30/12                           23
Invertebrates
           The blue crab goes through many
             transformations in its 3 years.
           It takes 12 to 18 months for a blue crab
              to mature. Males and females are
              easy to distinguish.
           Jellyfish, horseshoe crabs, hermit
              crabs, moon snails, and whelks are
              also common invertebrates in the
              bay.


09/30/12                                              24
Moon Jelly




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•Blue Crab




09/30/12                26
Amphibians




09/30/12                27
Reptiles
     Turtles are the only reptiles with hard
       carapaces that do not have teeth.
     The two most common turtles found in the
       Chesapeake bay are the diamondback
       terrapin and the snapping turtle.
     The loggerhead turtle is found in the lower part
       of the Chesapeake bay.
     Both the Green Sea Turtle and the Kemp’s
       Ridley Turtle are found off of our coast.


09/30/12                                                28
Green Turtle




09/30/12                  29
09/30/12   30
• Skink




           • Snapping
             Turtle


09/30/12                          31
Fish
                Mummichog              Killifish




                                   S
     Breeding waters for many
     fish species. Parent fish
     spawn in the bay to
     protect their offspring
     from larger predators


09/30/12                                           32
09/30/12   33
RESIDENT BIRDS
               •   Resident birds are mainly found on the
                   Western shore of the Chesapeake Bay in
                   urban and suburban areas.

               •   Canada geese is one type of Resident
                   bird.

               •   Resident bird originated from the
                   release of live decoys during the 1930’s.

               •   Their migration route takes them along
                   the eastern shore of Hudson bay&
                   James bay across central New York.

               •   Many of the geese wintering on the
                   Chesapeake bay breed in northern
                   Quebec.
09/30/12                                                       34
MIGRATORY BIRDS


            OSPREY




                     •   Great Blue
                         Heron
09/30/12                              35
BIRD REFUGES
• Refuge provides habitat for
  migrating and wintering
  waterfowl.
• During the fall and winter
  months, large flocks of
  waterfowl use the Bay and
  freshwater impoundments.
• Snow and Canada geese, tundra
  swans, and many duck species
  are abundant.
• Migrating songbirds and
  shorebirds arrive at the Refuge
  each spring.
• The refuge provides habitat for a
  wide assortment of other
  wildlife, including threatened
  and endangered species fall
  migration.
09/30/12                              36
GEESE




09/30/12           37
09/30/12   38
Mammals

     •Deer ,raccoons, fox, squirrels, rabbits, and
     opossum are the most plentiful mammal
     residents of the Chesapeake Bay area.


     •Noted aquatic mammals living here are
     otters, dolphins, porpoises, and whales.


09/30/12                                             39
09/30/12   40
09/30/12   41
09/30/12   42
09/30/12   43
Algae
     Phytoplankton grow in the photic zone or the
      depth to which sunlight penetrates the water.

     They undergo algae blooms or rapid population
       growth caused by excess nutrients.

     Major groups of phytoplankton are Diatoms,
      Green algae, Dinoflagellates.

     They are used as indicators for environmental
       conditions within the bay.
09/30/12                                              44
Algae




09/30/12           45
Bald Cypress
      Grow to be 100 to 120 feet tall and 6 feet in
       diameter.

      Usually abundant in muck, clay or fine sand
       where its very high amount of water.

      Has horizontal roots which extend out 20 to
       50 feet before extending down, and knees
       which tower over the water.

      Major groups are southern cypress, white
       cypress, gulf cypress
09/30/12                                              46
Bald Cypress




09/30/12                  47
Loblolly Pine

           This rapidly-growing tree thrives in the
              maritime forest, at the bay’s edge.
           It prefers the Bay's relatively long, hot and
              humid summers.
           The trees provide important nesting habitat
              for bald eagles and osprey.
           Loblolly pines are frequently used for soil
              stabilization in areas that are subject to
              severe erosion .

09/30/12                                                   48
Loblolly Pine




09/30/12                   49
American Holly

           The American Holly, Ilex opaca, is
            used a popular holiday decoration.
           Bluebirds, songbirds, and thrashers
            use holly for shelter, and raising
            their young.
           Native Americans used the wood for
            many purposes, and the berries were
            used for bartering and decorating.
09/30/12                                          50
American Holly




09/30/12                    51
Bay Grasses

      In the shallow waters of the bay, many
        underwater grasses thrive.

      These grasses—also known as submerged
        aquatic vegetation, or SAV—are vascular
        plants that grow completely underwater.

      SAV contain several adaptations that give
       them additional support and allow for
       easier exchange of gasses.
09/30/12                                          52
Bay Grasses

     SAV play an important role in bay
      ecology by performing many functions.
     Some of these include providing food
      and habitat, filtering sediment,
      producing oxygen, and protecting the
      shoreline from erosion.
     They also remove excess nutrients from
      the water which prevents overgrowth of
      algae.
09/30/12                                       53
Bay Grasses




09/30/12                 54
Bay Grasses




09/30/12                 55
09/30/12   56
Fishing on the Bay

     The Chesapeake bay is home
       to 295 species of fish which
       only comprises 10 % of bay
       life. Only 32 fish are yearly
       residents.
     The favorite Chesapeake bay
       fish species include
       rockfish, bluefish, drum,
       speckled trout, flounder,
       spot, and croaker.

09/30/12                               57
Sailing on the Bay




  The recreational use of the Bay bring millions of
 dollars to the local economy annually
09/30/12                                              58
Surfing
       Don’t you wish we had waves like this locally.
       Average wave height at Virginia Beach, VA is about 3
       feet.




09/30/12                                                      59
HUNTING




     The Chesapeake bay is the famous hunting ground.
     Market and waterfowl hunting is a thing of the past.

09/30/12                                                    60
09/30/12   61
• Most biologically productive
             estuary in N. America.


09/30/12                                    62
• More seafood is harvested
  from Chesapeake Bay than
  any of the other 840 U.S.
  estuaries.
• Blue crab harvest is > 1/2
  of U.S. total harvest.
09/30/12                       63
Businesses
• Tourism is a major factor in the businesses around
  the Chesapeake Bay.
• Restaurants, hotels, bait shops, water sport rentals,
  and marinas are most commonly found on the Bay.




09/30/12                                                  64
09/30/12   65
Businesses Cont…
     • Businesses for the Bay (B4B) is a
       voluntary team of forward-looking
       businesses, industries, government
       facilities, and other organizations within
       the Chesapeake Bay watershed.
     • More and more businesses are forming in
       order to prevent pollution .
     • Pollution Prevention is sweeping the nation,
       sweeping up pollution by avoiding producing
       it in the first place.

09/30/12                                              66
Bay-side Businesses




09/30/12                         67
Factories
• Smithfield Factories is one of
  the largest industries
  responsible for the pollution
  of the Chesapeake Bay

• In August 1997, a federal
  judge in Virginia fined the
  Smithfield pig processing
  plant $12.6 million for the
  plant's chronic dumping of
  slaughterhouse wastes into
  the Pagan River, a tributary of
  the James River and
  Chesapeake Bay.
09/30/12                            68
F a c t o r i e s…




09/30/12                        69
09/30/12   70
Early Chesapeake Bay Shipping

   • Steamboat (1813)         • Colonial
                                 American
                              fighting ships




09/30/12                                       71
Commercial Shipping




• Container ships leave and enter ports in
      Hampton,
     Portsmouth, Newport News and Norfolk daily.
• Hampton Roads ranks 2nd in U.S. for metric tons
09/30/12                                          72
Fishing Boats

  Fishing and the
  harvesting of
  marine
  crustaceans is a
  major source of
  food and revenue
  for the local
  economy.

09/30/12                   73
Oysters




 •           The Chesapeake Bay harvests an
           annual production of millions of
           bushels of oysters, crabs, clams, eels,
09/30/12
           striped bass, and flounder.               74
Blue Crab




 •           Growing commercial, industrial,
           recreational, and urban activities
           continue to threaten the Chesapeake
09/30/12
           Bay and its living resources.         75
09/30/12   76
• CONSTANT WEATHER
               SURVEILLANCE




09/30/12                        77
Home Port for the US Navy




  •The headquarters for the US Atlantic fleet is at Naval
  Station Norfolk, VA
09/30/12                                                    78
Home Port for the US Navy


     • Thousands of military
       personnel call Hampton
       Roads on the
       Chesapeake Bay their
       “Home Port.”
     • The military increases
       the economy of
       Hampton Roads by
       billions of dollars each
       year.
09/30/12                                 79
Hover Craft




  • Hover Craft are extensively used in Europe, but
    are not widely used by the US military.
09/30/12                                              80
US Coast Guard
  • The US Coast Guard protects our
    coastal and inland waters from
    smugglers and drug dealers.




09/30/12                              81
AVIATION FORECASTING
           115,698 Aviation Weather Briefs (Annually)




09/30/12                                                82
Military Bases
  • Naval Amphibious Base (Little Creek) is the
    major operating base for the US Atlantic Fleet,
    and the largest of it’s kind in the world.
  • Fort Story is where the Cape Henry lighthouse
    is and where settlers first landed.
  • Langley Air Force Base is the oldest Air force
    base that has remained continuously active.
  • Oceana Naval Air Station was carved out of
    swampland and has grown 16 times larger.
  • Dam Neck Base is directly on the beach and
    has the most military beach access.
09/30/12                                              83
09/30/12   84
Keep the beaches clean!




09/30/12                             85
Waste From Factories




09/30/12                          86
POLLUTION
  • The biggest problem is nutrient pollution.
  • Nutrient pollution is caused by excess nutrients,
    nitrogen, and phosphorus within the plants and
    bay. SAV’s are destroyed.
  • Other causes consist of toxic chemicals, air
    pollution, landscape changes, sedimentation,
    and the over-harvesting of living resources.
  • As the use of the land has changed and the
    watershed's population has grown, the amount
    of nutrients entering the Bay's water has
    increased tremendously.
09/30/12                                            87
Massive Fish Kills




             • Toxic chemicals are the
               chemical poisons that
               harm plants, animals, fish
               and humans.
09/30/12                                    88
RESTORATION
  • The Chesapeake Bay Program is a partnership
    that is working to restore as well as protect the
    Bay and resources.
  • Sound Land Use is enhancing, or even
    maintaining, the quality of the Bay while
    helping growth.
  • Different group efforts are working to restore
    water quality and habitats.
  • Chesapeake Bay Foundation, Chesapeake
    Alliance, and the Virginia Aquarium.

09/30/12                                                89
WATER QUALITY ACTS
•    IN THE MID-20TH CENTURY, THE CHESAPEAKE
     BAY’S WATER QUALITY STARTED
     DECLINING
•    ALSO, DISEASES WERE KILLING OYSTERS IN
     THE BAY
•    IN THE 1970’S, CONGRESS PASSED THE
     CLEAN AIR ACT AND THE CLEAN WATER
     ACT
•    CITIZENS FORMED WATERSHED GROUPS
     AND OFFICIALS BANNED PESTICIDES AND
     TOXIC CHEMICALS
•    IN 1983, THE BAY RESTORATION ACT
     REPLACED THE CHESAPEAKE BAY
     AGREEMENT .
09/30/12                                       90
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Chesapeake bay information

  • 1. 1
  • 2. Navigation General facts History Fauna Flora Recreation Industry Shipping The Military Environment 09/30/12 2
  • 4. The Chesapeake Bay A small part of the Universe A Big part of our Lives 09/30/12 4
  • 5. How Big Is the Chesapeake Bay? • 180-200 miles North to South • Shoreline is 4,600 miles long • Average depth is 30 feet • The Chesapeake bay is the nations largest estuary • 80 % water from Susquehanna, Potomac, James rivers • The Chesapeake bay runs from Maryland to Virginia • Bordering states are VA and MD • Watershed is VA, MD, DE, PA, and WV • Western shore has the largest rivers • 498,000 acres of wetlands 09/30/12 5
  • 6. SALINITY • Salinity is measured in parts per thousand 0/00 • This means how much salt (particles) there are in a thousand parts of water • Varies from fresh in the North to salty in the South • Salinity is greater at bottom due to gravity • Euryhaline is an organism that is tolerant to salinity changes • Has tides twice a month called Semi-diurnal 09/30/12 6
  • 8. WETLANDS • Has 2,700 species of plants and animals • 10 tons of organic matter is grown acre/year such as spartina , asters, hibiscus, and cordgrass • Oyster bar communities are the base for many other organisms such are crabs, whelk,& eels • Half of blue crabs in nation live here • Many juvenile marine organisms use wetlands as a nursery ground • Includes essential nutrients, detritus, and 09/30/12 minerals 8
  • 9. CHESAPEAKE BAY Largest estuary in One of the most the U.S. diverse estuaries Highly valued for its sea life, waterfowl, sport fishing & rec boating Stretches to the mouth of the Susquehanna Shipping artery for River Norfolk & Baltimore Threatened by environmental degradation caused by man induced pollution 09/30/12 9
  • 10. CHESAPEAKE BAY 09/30/12 Average depth is 30 feet 10
  • 11. Channel Depth Thimble Shoal Channel ~ 15-25m deep Chesapeake Channel ~ 15-25m deep 09/30/12 11
  • 12. SEA LEVEL RISE • At the end of the last glacial epoch, sea level rose relatively rapidly as continental glaciers melted. •10,000 years ago, the main channel of the ancient Susquehanna River valley was flooded and became a narrow estuary. •Sea level at that time stood approx 9 meters lower than the present level. •Islands once populated in colonial time & during the past century have disappeared due to submergence and related shore erosion. 09/30/12 12
  • 13. • Submerged & eroded Sharps Island, formerly at the mouth of the Choptank estuary, is recalled only by a prominent lighthouse erected in 1882 and is now covered by 3- to 4-meter water depths. 09/30/12 13
  • 14. • Expanding wetlands are claiming low-lying communities on Smith Island & Tangier Island. • Settlements begun in the 18th & 19th centuries, together with their churches & cemeteries, are often surrounded by the rising water of the bay during periods of extreme high tides -- a prologue to the rising sea level. • Extreme high tide at Hoopers Island, Eastern Shore (1998) 09/30/12 14
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  • 16. INDIANS • IN 9000 B.C. THE NATIVE AMERICANS ARRIVE IN THE CHESAPEAKE BAY • THE NATIVE AMERICANS FISH IN THE BAY WITH SPEARS, TRAPS AND HOOKS • THE SUSQUEHANNOCK OF THE IROQUOIS NATION LIVED NORTH OF THE CHESAPEAKE BAY 09/30/12 16
  • 17. SETTLERS • IN 1607, JOHN SMITH BEGIN HIS EXPLORATION OF THE BAY. • ALSO IN 1607 THE FIRST PERMAENT NEW WORLD ENGLISH SETTLEMENT ESTABLISHED IN JAMESTOWN. • IN 1835, THE CHESAPEAKE REGION FORESTS IS CLEARED FOR AGRICULTURE, TIMBER AND FUEL FOR HOMES AND INDUSTRY. 09/30/12 17
  • 18. AFRICAN AMERICANS IN 1619, AFRICANS WERE BROUGHT OVER BY THE DUTCH FREDERICK DOUGLASS USED THE CHESAPEAKE BAY TO ESCAPE SLAVERY. BETWEEN 1700 AND 1770, SLAVE POPULATION GREW IN THE CHESAPEAKE BAY to 250,000. 09/30/12 18
  • 19. FAMOUS BATTLES • BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL IN JUNE 17, 1775 • DURING THE MID-1800’S THE CHESAPEAKE BAY REGION WAS AT THE CENTER OF THE CIVIL WAR 09/30/12 19
  • 20. 1862 - Battle of Hampton Roads • CSS Virginia • Confederate • (Ironclad warship) • USS Monitor • Union • (Ironclad warship) 09/30/12 20
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  • 24. Invertebrates The blue crab goes through many transformations in its 3 years. It takes 12 to 18 months for a blue crab to mature. Males and females are easy to distinguish. Jellyfish, horseshoe crabs, hermit crabs, moon snails, and whelks are also common invertebrates in the bay. 09/30/12 24
  • 28. Reptiles Turtles are the only reptiles with hard carapaces that do not have teeth. The two most common turtles found in the Chesapeake bay are the diamondback terrapin and the snapping turtle. The loggerhead turtle is found in the lower part of the Chesapeake bay. Both the Green Sea Turtle and the Kemp’s Ridley Turtle are found off of our coast. 09/30/12 28
  • 30. 09/30/12 30
  • 31. • Skink • Snapping Turtle 09/30/12 31
  • 32. Fish Mummichog Killifish S Breeding waters for many fish species. Parent fish spawn in the bay to protect their offspring from larger predators 09/30/12 32
  • 33. 09/30/12 33
  • 34. RESIDENT BIRDS • Resident birds are mainly found on the Western shore of the Chesapeake Bay in urban and suburban areas. • Canada geese is one type of Resident bird. • Resident bird originated from the release of live decoys during the 1930’s. • Their migration route takes them along the eastern shore of Hudson bay& James bay across central New York. • Many of the geese wintering on the Chesapeake bay breed in northern Quebec. 09/30/12 34
  • 35. MIGRATORY BIRDS OSPREY • Great Blue Heron 09/30/12 35
  • 36. BIRD REFUGES • Refuge provides habitat for migrating and wintering waterfowl. • During the fall and winter months, large flocks of waterfowl use the Bay and freshwater impoundments. • Snow and Canada geese, tundra swans, and many duck species are abundant. • Migrating songbirds and shorebirds arrive at the Refuge each spring. • The refuge provides habitat for a wide assortment of other wildlife, including threatened and endangered species fall migration. 09/30/12 36
  • 38. 09/30/12 38
  • 39. Mammals •Deer ,raccoons, fox, squirrels, rabbits, and opossum are the most plentiful mammal residents of the Chesapeake Bay area. •Noted aquatic mammals living here are otters, dolphins, porpoises, and whales. 09/30/12 39
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  • 44. Algae Phytoplankton grow in the photic zone or the depth to which sunlight penetrates the water. They undergo algae blooms or rapid population growth caused by excess nutrients. Major groups of phytoplankton are Diatoms, Green algae, Dinoflagellates. They are used as indicators for environmental conditions within the bay. 09/30/12 44
  • 46. Bald Cypress Grow to be 100 to 120 feet tall and 6 feet in diameter. Usually abundant in muck, clay or fine sand where its very high amount of water. Has horizontal roots which extend out 20 to 50 feet before extending down, and knees which tower over the water. Major groups are southern cypress, white cypress, gulf cypress 09/30/12 46
  • 48. Loblolly Pine This rapidly-growing tree thrives in the maritime forest, at the bay’s edge. It prefers the Bay's relatively long, hot and humid summers. The trees provide important nesting habitat for bald eagles and osprey. Loblolly pines are frequently used for soil stabilization in areas that are subject to severe erosion . 09/30/12 48
  • 50. American Holly The American Holly, Ilex opaca, is used a popular holiday decoration. Bluebirds, songbirds, and thrashers use holly for shelter, and raising their young. Native Americans used the wood for many purposes, and the berries were used for bartering and decorating. 09/30/12 50
  • 52. Bay Grasses In the shallow waters of the bay, many underwater grasses thrive. These grasses—also known as submerged aquatic vegetation, or SAV—are vascular plants that grow completely underwater. SAV contain several adaptations that give them additional support and allow for easier exchange of gasses. 09/30/12 52
  • 53. Bay Grasses SAV play an important role in bay ecology by performing many functions. Some of these include providing food and habitat, filtering sediment, producing oxygen, and protecting the shoreline from erosion. They also remove excess nutrients from the water which prevents overgrowth of algae. 09/30/12 53
  • 56. 09/30/12 56
  • 57. Fishing on the Bay The Chesapeake bay is home to 295 species of fish which only comprises 10 % of bay life. Only 32 fish are yearly residents. The favorite Chesapeake bay fish species include rockfish, bluefish, drum, speckled trout, flounder, spot, and croaker. 09/30/12 57
  • 58. Sailing on the Bay The recreational use of the Bay bring millions of dollars to the local economy annually 09/30/12 58
  • 59. Surfing Don’t you wish we had waves like this locally. Average wave height at Virginia Beach, VA is about 3 feet. 09/30/12 59
  • 60. HUNTING The Chesapeake bay is the famous hunting ground. Market and waterfowl hunting is a thing of the past. 09/30/12 60
  • 61. 09/30/12 61
  • 62. • Most biologically productive estuary in N. America. 09/30/12 62
  • 63. • More seafood is harvested from Chesapeake Bay than any of the other 840 U.S. estuaries. • Blue crab harvest is > 1/2 of U.S. total harvest. 09/30/12 63
  • 64. Businesses • Tourism is a major factor in the businesses around the Chesapeake Bay. • Restaurants, hotels, bait shops, water sport rentals, and marinas are most commonly found on the Bay. 09/30/12 64
  • 65. 09/30/12 65
  • 66. Businesses Cont… • Businesses for the Bay (B4B) is a voluntary team of forward-looking businesses, industries, government facilities, and other organizations within the Chesapeake Bay watershed. • More and more businesses are forming in order to prevent pollution . • Pollution Prevention is sweeping the nation, sweeping up pollution by avoiding producing it in the first place. 09/30/12 66
  • 68. Factories • Smithfield Factories is one of the largest industries responsible for the pollution of the Chesapeake Bay • In August 1997, a federal judge in Virginia fined the Smithfield pig processing plant $12.6 million for the plant's chronic dumping of slaughterhouse wastes into the Pagan River, a tributary of the James River and Chesapeake Bay. 09/30/12 68
  • 69. F a c t o r i e s… 09/30/12 69
  • 70. 09/30/12 70
  • 71. Early Chesapeake Bay Shipping • Steamboat (1813) • Colonial American fighting ships 09/30/12 71
  • 72. Commercial Shipping • Container ships leave and enter ports in Hampton, Portsmouth, Newport News and Norfolk daily. • Hampton Roads ranks 2nd in U.S. for metric tons 09/30/12 72
  • 73. Fishing Boats Fishing and the harvesting of marine crustaceans is a major source of food and revenue for the local economy. 09/30/12 73
  • 74. Oysters • The Chesapeake Bay harvests an annual production of millions of bushels of oysters, crabs, clams, eels, 09/30/12 striped bass, and flounder. 74
  • 75. Blue Crab • Growing commercial, industrial, recreational, and urban activities continue to threaten the Chesapeake 09/30/12 Bay and its living resources. 75
  • 76. 09/30/12 76
  • 77. • CONSTANT WEATHER SURVEILLANCE 09/30/12 77
  • 78. Home Port for the US Navy •The headquarters for the US Atlantic fleet is at Naval Station Norfolk, VA 09/30/12 78
  • 79. Home Port for the US Navy • Thousands of military personnel call Hampton Roads on the Chesapeake Bay their “Home Port.” • The military increases the economy of Hampton Roads by billions of dollars each year. 09/30/12 79
  • 80. Hover Craft • Hover Craft are extensively used in Europe, but are not widely used by the US military. 09/30/12 80
  • 81. US Coast Guard • The US Coast Guard protects our coastal and inland waters from smugglers and drug dealers. 09/30/12 81
  • 82. AVIATION FORECASTING 115,698 Aviation Weather Briefs (Annually) 09/30/12 82
  • 83. Military Bases • Naval Amphibious Base (Little Creek) is the major operating base for the US Atlantic Fleet, and the largest of it’s kind in the world. • Fort Story is where the Cape Henry lighthouse is and where settlers first landed. • Langley Air Force Base is the oldest Air force base that has remained continuously active. • Oceana Naval Air Station was carved out of swampland and has grown 16 times larger. • Dam Neck Base is directly on the beach and has the most military beach access. 09/30/12 83
  • 84. 09/30/12 84
  • 85. Keep the beaches clean! 09/30/12 85
  • 87. POLLUTION • The biggest problem is nutrient pollution. • Nutrient pollution is caused by excess nutrients, nitrogen, and phosphorus within the plants and bay. SAV’s are destroyed. • Other causes consist of toxic chemicals, air pollution, landscape changes, sedimentation, and the over-harvesting of living resources. • As the use of the land has changed and the watershed's population has grown, the amount of nutrients entering the Bay's water has increased tremendously. 09/30/12 87
  • 88. Massive Fish Kills • Toxic chemicals are the chemical poisons that harm plants, animals, fish and humans. 09/30/12 88
  • 89. RESTORATION • The Chesapeake Bay Program is a partnership that is working to restore as well as protect the Bay and resources. • Sound Land Use is enhancing, or even maintaining, the quality of the Bay while helping growth. • Different group efforts are working to restore water quality and habitats. • Chesapeake Bay Foundation, Chesapeake Alliance, and the Virginia Aquarium. 09/30/12 89
  • 90. WATER QUALITY ACTS • IN THE MID-20TH CENTURY, THE CHESAPEAKE BAY’S WATER QUALITY STARTED DECLINING • ALSO, DISEASES WERE KILLING OYSTERS IN THE BAY • IN THE 1970’S, CONGRESS PASSED THE CLEAN AIR ACT AND THE CLEAN WATER ACT • CITIZENS FORMED WATERSHED GROUPS AND OFFICIALS BANNED PESTICIDES AND TOXIC CHEMICALS • IN 1983, THE BAY RESTORATION ACT REPLACED THE CHESAPEAKE BAY AGREEMENT . 09/30/12 90
  • 91. 09/30/12 91
  • 92. Click on the globe to see this presentation again Click on the Whale to return to the CD Master Menu 09/30/12 92

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. 09/30/12