Child and Adolescent Development

2.  SCHEMA
-it is an individuals way to understand or create
meaning about a thing or experience.
 ASSIMILATION
-this is the process of fitting a new experience
into an existing or previously created cognitive
structure or schema.
 ACCOMMODATION
-this is a process of creating a new schema.

3. •EQUILIBRIUM
-is achieving proper balance between
assimilation and accommodation.
COGNITIVE DISEQUILIBRIUM
- there is discrepancy between what is
perceived and what is understood.

4. PIAGET’S STAGES OF COGNITIVE
DEVELOPMENT
•STAGE 1
SENSORY-MOTOR STAGE
-corresponds from birth to infancy.
OBJECT PERMANENCE
-is the ability of the child to know that an
object exists even when out of sight.
•STAGE 2
PRE-OPERATIONAL STAGE
- covers from about two to seven years
old, roughly corresponding to the pre-school years.

5. -intelligence at this stage is intuitive in nature.
SYMBOLIC FUNCTION
- the ability to represent objects and
events.
- gradually develops in the period
between 2 to 7 years.
ECOGENTRISM
- is the tendency of the child to only see
his point of view and to assume that everyone has
his same point of view.
CENTRATION
- the tendency of a child to only focus on
one aspect of a thing or event and exclude other
aspects.

6. IRREVERSIBILITY
- pre-operational children still have the
inability to reverse their thinking.
ANIMISM
- the tendency of children to attribute
human like traits or characteristics to inanimate
objects.
TRANSDUCTIVE REASONING
- pre-operational child’s type of reasoning
that is neither inductive nor deductive.
If A cause B, then B causes A.

7. • STAGE 3
CONCRETE-OPERATIONAL STAGE
- is characterized by the ability of the child
to think logically but only in terms of concrete
objects. This covers approximately the ages between
8-11 years.
DECENTERING
- refers to the ability of the child to
perceive the diff. features of objects and situations
REVERSIBILITY
- the child can now follow that certain
operations can be done in reverse.

8. CONSERVATION
- the ability to know that certain properties
of objects like numbers, mass, volume, or area do
not change even if there is a change in appearance.
SERIATION
- refers to the ability to order or arrange
things in a series based on one dimension such as
weight, volume or size.

9. •STAGE 4
FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE
- the final stage of formal operations
covering ages between 12 and 15 years, thinking
becomes more logical.
HYPOTHETICAL REASONING
- is the ability to come up with different
hypothesis about a problem and to gather and weigh
data in order to make a final decision or judgement.

10. ANALOGICAL REASONING
- is the ability to perceive the relationship
in one instance and then use that relationship to
narrow down possible answers in another similar
situation or problem.
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
- is the ability to think logically by applying
a general rule to a particular instance or situation.