The document provides a review for Quiz #2 covering topics in substance abuse, mental health disorders, and social psychology. Key points include: - The difference between substance abuse vs. dependence, with an example of Joseph experiencing substance abuse through drinking binges. - Recaps of different drug categories (depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens) and concepts in social perception like primacy/recency effects. - Overviews of schemas, identity development models, and factors influencing group behaviors like obedience, conformity, and mob mentality. - Summaries of psychological disorders addressed in the DSM-IV-TR like mood disorders, schizophrenia, and personality disorders.

1. Review for Quiz #2

2. Substance Abuse vs. Dependence What is the difference between the two? Substance use – repeated use of a substance despite the fact that is is causing or compounding social, occupational, psychological, or physical problems. Amount is not crucial; it’s the fact that your patter of use disrupts your life. Substance dependence (addiction) – more severe. Has both behavioral and biological aspects (loss of control over the use of the substance. Tolerance is often present.

3. Is he experiencing substance abuse or dependence? Joseph has been going on drinking binges for two months. He has been missing work and coming in late for work (to sleep off the hangovers) and he has been more argumentative with his friends and coworkers. He does not seem to realize how the drinking is interfering with his life. At this point, he has not developed tolerance or withdrawl symptoms. What type of substance use does he have?

4. Recap on different drugs Depressants – decrease rate of activity in CNS. Alcohol, Opiods, Sedatives, barbiturates Stimulants – increases rate of CNS. Nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, ecstacy Hallucinogens – induce sensory distortions or hallucinations. LSD,Marijuana Note: *Know the drugs under each category

5. 3 types of schemas Schemas – set of beliefs and feelings about something. (stereotypes, prejudices, and generalizations) 3 types: Role schema – how people in certain roles should behave Person schema – how a particular individual is expected to behave. Self- schema – the set of beliefs, feelings and generalizations we have about ourselves.

6. 3 types of self Parts of the Self: Physical, Social, and Personal. Physical – sense of physical being Social – social roles one plays Personal - One’s private, continuous sense of being oneself in the world.

7. 4 identity statuses - Marcia Identity foreclosure – adopted a commitment to beliefs or action without undergoing identity crisis Identity moratorium – In an identity crisis; intense examination of alternatives. Identity achievement – resolved identity crisis and have stable set of beliefs and action plan. Identity diffusion – neither arrived at or committed as to who they are or stand for and have not had crisis. **There will be examples on the quiz. Be able to know which one they fall in.

8. Primary vs. Recency effect Based on social perception. Primacy Effect: The tendency to evaluate others in terms of first impressions. Recency Effect: The tendency to evaluate others in terms of the most recent impression.

9. Body language and social relationships What are the ways to use body language to improve your social relationships? Use physical gestures that are consistent with your words Be aware of what other people are telling you with body language Pay attention to your own body language as a way of helping to make the desired impressions on other people Pay attention to your own body language as a way of learning about yourself.

10. Fundamental attribution model What is it? Tendency to assume that others act due to free will despite evidence suggestive of the importance of their situations. Actor-Observer Effect: The tendency to attribute our own behavior to external, situational factors but to attribute the behavior of others to internal, dispositional factors such as choice or will. (ex. Breakups/relationships) Self-Serving Bias: The tendency to view one’s successes as stemming from internal factors and one’s failures as stemming from external factors. *Make sure to understand these concepts and how they would look like.

11. Elaboration Likelihood model of persuasion 2 different routes persuasion works Central route – focus on the quality of the product, give concrete information. Peripheral route – associate the product with appealing images. Note: *If people don’t have skill or knowledge to understand concepts, they tend to revert back to the peripheral route.

12. Different tools of persuasion used by advertisers Repeated exposure Counter arguments Emotional appeal Persuasive communicators Music Mood Element of surprise. *Know what these might look like.

13. Sales ploys Foot-in-the-door – compliance in which a small request is followed by a larger request. Low Balling – extremely attractive terms/items are offered to induce a commitment. Once person is committed, the terms are revised. Bait-and-Switch – baiting customer with low prices, but merchandise is inferior. Then sales person switches them to a higher-priced item of more acceptable quality.

14. 3 types of group influences Obedience to Authority Conformity Mob mentality

15. Milgram’s study Alerted us to the real and present danger of the tendency of people to obey authority figures, even when it involves immoral actions. Had two roles – teacher and learner Teacher’s punished learner’s errors by using electric shock.

17. Factors:

18. Anonymity

19. Diffusion of responsibility – presence of others diffuses any sense of individual responsiblity

20. Arousal due to noise and crowding

22. Factors influencing if someone helps If there are other people around Mood Empathy Gender – women tend to help more than men Similarity to person in need There is clear sense that emergency exists

23. 5 Axis of DSM-IV-TR Axis 1: Clinical Syndromes/Psychological Disorders that Impair Functioning Axis II: Personality Disorders Axis III: Medical Conditions Axis IV: Psychosocial and environmental factors Axis V: Global assessment functioning (GAF)

24. Adjustment disorder Adjustment disorder: A maladaptive reaction to an identified stressor occurs shortly following exposure to the stressor Characterized by academic, occupational, or social problems that exceed those normally caused by stressor. Resolved if person learns how to cope or stressor is removed

25. Anxiety Disorders Phobias Specific Phobia Social Phobia Agoraphobia Panic Disorder Generalized Anxiety Disorder Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Acute Stress Disorder * Make sure to know examples of each classification of disorders

26. Dissociative Disorder and Somatoform Disorders Dissociative Disorders: A class of psychological disorders involving changes in consciousness or self-identity. Somatoform Disorders: A class of psychological disorders in which people have physical complaints that cannot be explained medically or attribute their physical problems to grave causes despite lack of medical evidence

27. Mood disorders Major Depression Lack of energy Loss of self-esteem Changes in eating Changes in sleeping Suicidal thoughts Difficulty concentrating Loss of interest in things that find pleasurable Bipolar Disorder Presence of depressive symptoms and manic phase

28. Schizophrenia 3 types Paranoid Schizophrenia Disorganized Schizophrenia Catatonic Schizophrenia * Be able to know the differences in characteristics between each type.

29. Personality Disorders Cluster A – odd or eccentric behavior Paranoid Schizoid Schizotypal Cluster B – Overly dramatic, emotional or erratic behaviors Borderline Histrionic Narcissistic Antisocial Cluster C – Anxious and fearful behavior Avoidant Dependent Obsessive-Compulsive

30. Time for “Who Wants to Be A Millionaire”