bio 101

1. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. G 1 (growth) G 0 G 2 (growth and final preparations for division) S (growth and DNA replication) M Cytokinesis T elophase Anaphase Metaphase Late prophase Prophase Interphase G 1 checkpoint Cell cycle main checkpoint. If DNA is damaged, apoptosis will occur. Otherwise, the cell is committed to divide when growth signals are present and nutrients are available. M checkpoint Spindle assembly checkpoint. Mitosis will not continue if chromosomes are not properly aligned. G 2 checkpoint Mitosis checkpoint. Mitosis will occur if DNA has replicated properly. Apoptosis will occur if the DNA is damaged and cannot be repaired. . M G 2 G 1 © SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.;

4. The Cell Cycle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. G 1 (growth) G 0 G 2 checkpoint Mitosis checkpoint. Mitosis will occur if DNA has replicated properly. Apoptosis will occur if the DNA is damaged and cannot be repaired. S (growth and DNA replication) M Cytokinesis T elophase Anaphase Metaphase Late prophase Prophase Interphase G1 checkpoint Cell cycle main checkpoint. If DNA is damaged, apoptosis will occur. Otherwise, the cell is committed to divide when growth signals are present and nutrients are available. M checkpoint Spindle assembly checkpoint. Mitosis will not continue if chromosomes are not properly aligned. M G 2 G 1 G 2 (growth and final preparations for division)

5. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

6. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

7. Regulation at the G1 Checkpoint Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. a. P P RB protein RB protein E2F E2F E2F CDK not present E2F not released released E2F E2F binds to DNA. DNA cell cycle proteins phosphorylated RB CDK present b. P P P P breakdown of p53 no DNA damage DNA damage phosphorylated p53 DNA repair proteins apoptosis p53 binds to DNA. DNA DNA p53

8. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

15. Apoptosis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. apoptotic cell cell fragment DNA fragment Cell rounds up, and nucleus collapses. Chromatin condenses, and nucleus fragments. Plasma membrane blisters, and blebs form. Cell fragments contain DNA fragments. blebs Courtesy Douglas R. Green/LaJolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology

16. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

18. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

20. Chromosome Numbers of Some Eukaryotes Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

22. Duplicated Chromosome Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. centromere sister chromatids one chromatid a. b. kinetochore 9,850 © Andrew Syred/Photo Researchers, Inc.

25. Mitosis in Animals Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Animal cell(Early prophase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase): © Ed Reschke; Animal cell(Prometaphase): © Michael Abbey/Photo Researchers, Inc.; Plant cell(Early prophase, Prometaphse): © Ed Reschke; Plant cell(Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase): © R. Calentine/Visuals Unlimited; Plant cell(Telophase): © Jack M. Bostrack/Visuals Unlimited; Plant Cell at Interphase centromere aster kinetochore polar spindle fiber chromosomes cell wall 25µm centrosome lacks centrioles MITOSIS centrosome has centrioles Animal Cell at Interphase nuclear envelope fragments chromatin condenses nucleolus disappears Early Prophase Centrosomes have duplicated. Chromatin is condensing into chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope is fragmenting. Prophase Nucleolus has disappeared, and duplicated chromosomes are visible. Centrosomes begin moving apart, and spindle is in process of forming. Prophase Nucleolus has disappeared, and duplicated chromosomes are visible. Centrosomes begin moving apart, and spindle is in process of forming. 20 µm duplicated chromosome 20 µm spindle fibers forming spindle pole 9 µm kinetochore spindle fiber cleavage furrow spindle fibers 20µm 16µm kinetochore spindle fiber Anaphase Sister chromatids part and become daughter chromosomes that move toward the spindle poles. In this way, each pole receives the same number and kinds of chromosomes as the parent cell. Metaphase Centromeres of duplicated chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate (center of fully formed spindle). Kinetochore spindle fibers attached to the sister chromatids come from opposite spindle poles. chromosomes at metaphase plate 6.2µm 6.2µm 20µm 6.2µm spindle pole lacks centrioles and aster Telophase Daughter cells are forming as nuclear envelopes and nucleoli reappear. Chromosomes will become indistinct chromatin. daughter chromosome 20µm nucleolus cell plate 6.6µm

26. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

31. Cytokinesis in Animal Cells Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2 m 2 m contractile ring cleavage furrow © R.G. Kessel and C.Y. Shih, Scanning Electron Microscopy in Biology: A Students' Atlas on Biological Organization, 1974 Springer-Verlag, New York

33. Cytokinesis in Plant Cells Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. nuclei cell wall V esicles containing cell wall components fusing to form cell plate cell plate forming microtubules cell plate forming © Katherine Esau; 9.8d: © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.

36. Two Types of Cloning Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. G0 cells from animal to be cloned a. Reproductive cloning remove G 0 nucleus remove and discard egg nucleus fuse egg with G 0 nucleus culture embryonic stem cells Implant embryo into surrogate mother Clone is born egg remove G0 nucleus remove and discard egg nucleus nervous blood muscle G 0 somatic cells b. Therapeutic cloning fuse egg with G0 nucleus culture embryonic stem cells egg

40. Progression of Cancer Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. primary tumor New mutations arise, and one cell (brown) has the ability to start a tumor. Cancer in situ. The tumor is at its place of origin. One cell (purple) mutates further. Cancer cells now have the ability to invade lymphatic and blood vessels and travel throughout the body. New metastatic tumors are found some distance from the primary tumor. lymphatic vessel blood vessel lymphatic vessel blood vessel

41. Cancer Cells vs. Normal Cells Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

44. Causes of Cancer Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. d: © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc. activated signaling protein growth factor receptor protein signaling protein phosphate b. Effect of growth factor P P P proto-oncogene Codes for a growth factor, a receptor protein, or a signaling protein in a stimulatory pathway. If a proto-oncogene becomes an oncogene, the end result can be active cell division. tumor suppressor gene Codes for a signaling protein in an inhibitory pathway. If a tumor suppressor gene mutates, the end result can be active cell division. c. Stimulatory pathway and inhibitory pathway 1,100X d. Cancerous skin cell gene product promotes cell cycle Stimulatory pathway Inhibitory pathway gene product inhibits cell cycle growth factor Activates signaling proteins in a stimulatory pathway that extends to the nucleus. a. Influences that cause mutated proto-oncogenes (called oncogenes) and mutated tumor suppressor genes Heredity Radiation sources Pesticides and herbicides Viruses oncogene

45. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

47. Binary Fission of Prokaryotes Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 5. New cell wall and plasma membrane has divided the daughter cells. 1. Attachment of chromosome to a special plasma membrane site indicates that this bacterium is about to divide. 2. The cell is preparing for binary fission by enlarging its cell wall, plasma membrane, and overall volume. 3. DNA replication has produced two identical chromosomes. Cell wall and plasma mem- brane begin to grow inward. 4. As the cell elongates, the chromosomes are pulled apart. Cytoplasm is being distributed evenly.. (All): © Stanley C. Holt/Biological Photo Service. chromosome cell wall plasma membrane cytoplasm 200 nm 200 nm 200 nm

48. Functions of Cell Division Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

50. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. G 1 (growth) G 0 G 2 (growth and final preparations for division) S (growth and DNA replication) M Cytokinesis T elophase Anaphase Metaphase Late prophase Prophase Interphase G 1 checkpoint Cell cycle main checkpoint. If DNA is damaged, apoptosis will occur. Otherwise, the cell is committed to divide when growth signals are present and nutrients are available. M checkpoint Spindle assembly checkpoint. Mitosis will not continue if chromosomes are not properly aligned. G 2 checkpoint Mitosis checkpoint. Mitosis will occur if DNA has replicated properly. Apoptosis will occur if the DNA is damaged and cannot be repaired. . M G 2 G 1 © SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.;