1. Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

2. The Need for Alternative Fuel Vehicles

3. Distribution of Oil Use Transportation 65% Electrical Generation 4% Buildings 7% Industry 24%

4. Oil Use by Transportation and Oil Production Oil (millions of barrels / day)‏ Oil Use Oil Production Petroleum Gap

5. World Oil Production Forecast Annual World Oil Production (Billions of Barrels)‏

6. Percent of Total Pollution Caused by Transportation CO = carbon monoxide NOx = oxides of nitrogen VOCs = volatile organic compounds CO 2 = carbon dioxide 2 CO Particulates VOCs x NO CO Source: EPA, 1997 77% 49% 40% 24% 31%

7. Number of People in Counties with Unacceptable Air Quality in 1997

8. CO Emissions by Source in 1997 On-Road Vehicles Metal Processing Fuel Combustion - Other All Other Miscellaneous Non-Road Engines and Vehicles

9. Nitrogen Oxide (No x ) Emissions by Source in 1997 On-Road Vehicles Fuel Combustion: Other All Other Non-Road Engines and Vehicles Fuel Combustion: Industrial Fuel Combustion : Utility

10. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions by Source in 1997 On-Road Vehicles Storage and Transport All Other Non-Road Engines and Vehicles Solvent Utilization

11. Particulate Matter Emissions by Source in 1997 On-Road and Non-Road Engines and Vehicles Other Industrial Processes Fuel Combustion: Other All Other Fuel Combustion: Industrial Fuel Combustion : Utility

12. Ozone Non-Attainment Areas

13. Benefits of Electric Vehicles

14. Energy Sources for Generation of Electricity Coal 56% Petroleum 2% Natural Gas 9% Hydroelectric 11% Nuclear 22%

15. Comparison of Emissions Alternative Fuel Emission Comparison a Grams/mile Vehicle Volatile Organic Gases CO No x Exhaust Evaporative Total Gas 0.35 0.04 0.39 1.40 0.66 Methanol 0.25 0.09 0.34 1.00 0.45 LPG 0.20 0 0.20 1.40 0.27 CNG 0.19 0 0.19 0.10 0.44 Electricity* 0.006 0 0.006 0.008 0.07 a Source--CARB Report, May 1989 *Estimate of power plant emissions from Los Angeles Basin electricity generation

16. Operating Costs

18. Electric Vehicle Technology

19. Diagram of a Gasoline Car Starter Gas Tank Water Pump Exhaust System Engine Smog Controls Gas Pump Oil Pump Generator Carburetor

20. Diagram of an Electric Vehicle Controller Motor Battery Battery Management System Charger

21. Electric Vehicle Battery Pack

22. Characteristics of an Electric Vehicle Battery Battery Performance Characteristic Energy density Power density Life of the battery Battery cost How Measured Whrs/Kg W/Kg Cycles Years $/KWhr What Is Affected Driving range Acceleration and hill climbing Battery replacement period and life cycle cost Vehicle purchase price Battery replacement cost

23. Comparison of Electric Motors AC Motor Single speed transmission Light weight Less expensive 95% efficiency at full load More expensive controller Motor/controller/inverter is more expensive DC Motor Multi-speed transmission Heavier for same power Higher cost 85-89% efficiency at full load Simple controller Motor/controller - lower cost

24. Diagram of Home Refueling Vehicle EV Supply Equipment Wiring in garage or carport Electrical service

25. A Conductive Refueling Connector

26. An Inductive Refueling Connector

27. Level 1 Inductive and Conductive Charging Conductive Charger Inductive Charger

28. Level 2 Charging

29. Level 3 Charger

30. Comparison of Charging Times at the 3 Levels

31. Fuel Costs

32. Switch Mode Charger

33. Inductive Charger

34. Conductive Charger

35. Fundamentals of Hybrid Electric Vehicles

36. An Electric Car Transmission Power Unit (motor/controller)‏ Fuel (batteries)‏ Regenerative Brakes (energy returns to batteries)‏

37. A Gasoline Car Transmission Power Unit (internal combustion engine)‏ Fuel (gasoline)‏

38. Series Hybrid Electric Car Transmission Power Unit (motor/controller)‏ Fuel (batteries)‏ Auxiliary Unit Fuel Auxiliary Power Unit Regenerative Brakes Generator

39. Parallel Hybrid Electric Car Transmission Power Unit (motor/controller)‏ Fuel (batteries)‏ Auxiliary Unit Fuel Auxiliary Power Unit Regenerative Brakes

40. Combination Hybrid Car Transmission Power Unit (motor/controller/generator)‏ Fuel (batteries)‏ Auxiliary Unit Fuel Auxiliary Power Unit Regenerative Brakes Generator

43. Energy Losses of ICE Vehicle

44. Energy Losses of an HEV

45. Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle

46. Availability of Electric Vehicles

63. Toyota Prius Hybrid Electric Vehicle

64. Honda Insight Hybrid Electric Car