SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  2
Télécharger pour lire hors ligne
CHAPTER 17-FROM GENE TO PROTEIN-
             REVIEW
                                 Objectives
The Connection between Genes and Proteins
1. Explain why dwarf peas have shorter stems than tall varieties.
2. Explain the reasoning that led Archibald Garrod to first suggest that genes
dictate phenotypes through enzymes.
3. Describe Beadle and Tatum's experiments with Neurospora and explain the
contribution they made to our understanding of how genes control metabolism.
4. Distinguish between the quot;one gene-one enzymequot; hypothesis and the quot;one
gene-one polypeptidequot; hypothesis and explain why the original hypothesis was
changed.
5. Explain how RNA differs from DNA.
6. Briefly explain how information flows from gene to protein.
7. Distinguish between transcription and translation.
8. Compare where transcription and translation occur in prokaryotes and in
eukaryotes.
9. Define quot;codonquot; and explain the relationship between the linear sequence of
codons on mRNA and the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide.
10. Explain the early techniques used to identify what amino acids are specified
by the triplets UUU, AAA, GGG, and CCC.
11. Explain why polypeptides begin with methionine when they are synthesized.
12. Explain in what way the genetic code is redundant and unambiguous.
13. Explain the significance of the reading frame during translation.
14. Explain the evolutionary significance of a nearly universal genetic code.

The Synthesis and Processing of RNA
15. Explain how RNA polymerase recognizes where transcription should begin.
Describe the promoter, the terminator, and the transcription unit.
16. Explain the general process of transcription, including the three major steps of
initiation, elongation, and termination.
17. Explain how RNA is modified after transcription in eukaryotic cells.
18. Define and explain the role of ribozymes.
19. Describe the functional and evolutionary significance of introns.

The Synthesis of Protein
20. Describe the structure and functions of tRNA.
21. Describe the structure and functions of ribosomes.
22. Describe the process of translation (including initiation, elongation, and
termination) and explain which enzymes, protein factors, and energy sources are
needed for each stage.
23. Describe the significance of polyribosomes.
24. Explain what determines the primary structure of a protein and describe how
a polypeptide must be modified before it becomes fully functional.
25. Describe what determines whether a ribosome will be free in the cytosol or
attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
26. Describe two properties of RNA that allow it to perform so many different
functions.
27. Compare protein synthesis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
28. Define quot;point mutations.quot; Distinguish between base-pair substitutions and
base-pair insertions. Give examples of each and note the significance of such
changes.
29. Describe several examples of mutagens and explain how they cause
mutations.
30. Describe the historical evolution of the concept of a gene.

Contenu connexe

Tendances

Significance of shine dalgarno sequence
Significance of shine dalgarno sequenceSignificance of shine dalgarno sequence
Significance of shine dalgarno sequencePrajaktaPanda
 
GADV- PROTEIN WORLD HYPOTHESIS (ORIGIN OF LIFE)
GADV- PROTEIN WORLD HYPOTHESIS (ORIGIN OF LIFE)GADV- PROTEIN WORLD HYPOTHESIS (ORIGIN OF LIFE)
GADV- PROTEIN WORLD HYPOTHESIS (ORIGIN OF LIFE)ADAM S
 
Receptor mediated internalization
Receptor mediated internalizationReceptor mediated internalization
Receptor mediated internalizationMasuma Sani
 
Role of ribozymes in viral infection
Role of ribozymes in viral infectionRole of ribozymes in viral infection
Role of ribozymes in viral infectionSOMVIRSINGH16
 
Summer 2015 REU Poster AK_FINAL
Summer 2015 REU Poster AK_FINALSummer 2015 REU Poster AK_FINAL
Summer 2015 REU Poster AK_FINALAndrew Kocian
 
Translation in prokaryotes
Translation in prokaryotesTranslation in prokaryotes
Translation in prokaryotesMaryam Shakeel
 
Trp operon
Trp operonTrp operon
Trp operonsiva ni
 
Lecture 31
Lecture 31Lecture 31
Lecture 31Neva12
 
lac mutation (gene regulation)
 lac mutation (gene regulation) lac mutation (gene regulation)
lac mutation (gene regulation)Gaurav Pathak
 
Website pics[1]
Website pics[1]Website pics[1]
Website pics[1]jcn6f
 
The R T K R A S M E K Signaling Pathway By Lenard Tardio
The  R T K  R A S  M E K  Signaling  Pathway By  Lenard  TardioThe  R T K  R A S  M E K  Signaling  Pathway By  Lenard  Tardio
The R T K R A S M E K Signaling Pathway By Lenard TardioDickinson Lab Lab
 

Tendances (17)

Significance of shine dalgarno sequence
Significance of shine dalgarno sequenceSignificance of shine dalgarno sequence
Significance of shine dalgarno sequence
 
GADV- PROTEIN WORLD HYPOTHESIS (ORIGIN OF LIFE)
GADV- PROTEIN WORLD HYPOTHESIS (ORIGIN OF LIFE)GADV- PROTEIN WORLD HYPOTHESIS (ORIGIN OF LIFE)
GADV- PROTEIN WORLD HYPOTHESIS (ORIGIN OF LIFE)
 
Receptor mediated internalization
Receptor mediated internalizationReceptor mediated internalization
Receptor mediated internalization
 
Role of ribozymes in viral infection
Role of ribozymes in viral infectionRole of ribozymes in viral infection
Role of ribozymes in viral infection
 
Summer 2015 REU Poster AK_FINAL
Summer 2015 REU Poster AK_FINALSummer 2015 REU Poster AK_FINAL
Summer 2015 REU Poster AK_FINAL
 
Translation in prokaryotes
Translation in prokaryotesTranslation in prokaryotes
Translation in prokaryotes
 
Protein synthesis, translation
Protein synthesis, translationProtein synthesis, translation
Protein synthesis, translation
 
DNA
DNADNA
DNA
 
Trp operon
Trp operonTrp operon
Trp operon
 
Lecture 31
Lecture 31Lecture 31
Lecture 31
 
lac mutation (gene regulation)
 lac mutation (gene regulation) lac mutation (gene regulation)
lac mutation (gene regulation)
 
Lac operon
Lac operonLac operon
Lac operon
 
Genetics lab paper
Genetics lab paperGenetics lab paper
Genetics lab paper
 
Website pics[1]
Website pics[1]Website pics[1]
Website pics[1]
 
5,.translation
5,.translation5,.translation
5,.translation
 
The R T K R A S M E K Signaling Pathway By Lenard Tardio
The  R T K  R A S  M E K  Signaling  Pathway By  Lenard  TardioThe  R T K  R A S  M E K  Signaling  Pathway By  Lenard  Tardio
The R T K R A S M E K Signaling Pathway By Lenard Tardio
 
Question bank of Biochem
Question bank of BiochemQuestion bank of Biochem
Question bank of Biochem
 

Similaire à Chapter 17

Unit 5 -chapters_16_-20
Unit 5 -chapters_16_-20Unit 5 -chapters_16_-20
Unit 5 -chapters_16_-20sbarkanic
 
concept of gene and protein synthesis
concept of gene and protein synthesisconcept of gene and protein synthesis
concept of gene and protein synthesisShital Magar
 
Chapter13 worksheets
Chapter13 worksheetsChapter13 worksheets
Chapter13 worksheetsCXG050
 
Chapter 13 packet
Chapter 13 packetChapter 13 packet
Chapter 13 packetjfg082
 
Chapter 13 Review
Chapter 13 ReviewChapter 13 Review
Chapter 13 ReviewKatie Booth
 
Differentiated Fern Research Paper
Differentiated Fern Research PaperDifferentiated Fern Research Paper
Differentiated Fern Research PaperAlison Reed
 
5.Genetics in orthodontics
5.Genetics in orthodontics5.Genetics in orthodontics
5.Genetics in orthodonticsAbirajkr
 
Protein synthesis chap.17
Protein synthesis chap.17Protein synthesis chap.17
Protein synthesis chap.17sbarkanic
 
Biosynthesis of protein in eukariotes
Biosynthesis of protein in eukariotesBiosynthesis of protein in eukariotes
Biosynthesis of protein in eukariotesKAUSHAL SAHU
 
Ribosomes Group Presentation PSP1 2021/22
Ribosomes Group Presentation PSP1 2021/22Ribosomes Group Presentation PSP1 2021/22
Ribosomes Group Presentation PSP1 2021/22Madihah Ismail
 
Regulation of gene expression 1 What is an operon 2 In ge.pdf
Regulation of gene expression 1 What is an operon 2 In ge.pdfRegulation of gene expression 1 What is an operon 2 In ge.pdf
Regulation of gene expression 1 What is an operon 2 In ge.pdfinfo213941
 
Protein Synthesis And Transcription
Protein Synthesis And TranscriptionProtein Synthesis And Transcription
Protein Synthesis And TranscriptionHelp Paper Singapore
 
Assignment 5BIO 151 Summer 2016Upload by Sunday, June 19t.docx
Assignment 5BIO 151 Summer 2016Upload by Sunday, June 19t.docxAssignment 5BIO 151 Summer 2016Upload by Sunday, June 19t.docx
Assignment 5BIO 151 Summer 2016Upload by Sunday, June 19t.docxrock73
 
Describe DNA replication from an enzyme standpoint- What job does each.pdf
Describe DNA replication from an enzyme standpoint- What job does each.pdfDescribe DNA replication from an enzyme standpoint- What job does each.pdf
Describe DNA replication from an enzyme standpoint- What job does each.pdfNicholassDCHenderson
 

Similaire à Chapter 17 (20)

Unit 5 -chapters_16_-20
Unit 5 -chapters_16_-20Unit 5 -chapters_16_-20
Unit 5 -chapters_16_-20
 
Chapter 19
Chapter 19Chapter 19
Chapter 19
 
concept of gene and protein synthesis
concept of gene and protein synthesisconcept of gene and protein synthesis
concept of gene and protein synthesis
 
Chapter13 worksheets
Chapter13 worksheetsChapter13 worksheets
Chapter13 worksheets
 
Chapter 13 packet
Chapter 13 packetChapter 13 packet
Chapter 13 packet
 
Chapter 13 Review
Chapter 13 ReviewChapter 13 Review
Chapter 13 Review
 
Transcription of DNA to RNA
Transcription of DNA to RNATranscription of DNA to RNA
Transcription of DNA to RNA
 
Differentiated Fern Research Paper
Differentiated Fern Research PaperDifferentiated Fern Research Paper
Differentiated Fern Research Paper
 
5.Genetics in orthodontics
5.Genetics in orthodontics5.Genetics in orthodontics
5.Genetics in orthodontics
 
Protein synthesis chap.17
Protein synthesis chap.17Protein synthesis chap.17
Protein synthesis chap.17
 
6. DNA
6. DNA6. DNA
6. DNA
 
Biosynthesis of protein in eukariotes
Biosynthesis of protein in eukariotesBiosynthesis of protein in eukariotes
Biosynthesis of protein in eukariotes
 
Ribosomes Group Presentation PSP1 2021/22
Ribosomes Group Presentation PSP1 2021/22Ribosomes Group Presentation PSP1 2021/22
Ribosomes Group Presentation PSP1 2021/22
 
Foundation Of Molecular Biology
Foundation Of Molecular BiologyFoundation Of Molecular Biology
Foundation Of Molecular Biology
 
Regulation of gene expression 1 What is an operon 2 In ge.pdf
Regulation of gene expression 1 What is an operon 2 In ge.pdfRegulation of gene expression 1 What is an operon 2 In ge.pdf
Regulation of gene expression 1 What is an operon 2 In ge.pdf
 
Protein Synthesis And Transcription
Protein Synthesis And TranscriptionProtein Synthesis And Transcription
Protein Synthesis And Transcription
 
Assignment 5BIO 151 Summer 2016Upload by Sunday, June 19t.docx
Assignment 5BIO 151 Summer 2016Upload by Sunday, June 19t.docxAssignment 5BIO 151 Summer 2016Upload by Sunday, June 19t.docx
Assignment 5BIO 151 Summer 2016Upload by Sunday, June 19t.docx
 
Eukaryotic transcription
Eukaryotic transcription Eukaryotic transcription
Eukaryotic transcription
 
Describe DNA replication from an enzyme standpoint- What job does each.pdf
Describe DNA replication from an enzyme standpoint- What job does each.pdfDescribe DNA replication from an enzyme standpoint- What job does each.pdf
Describe DNA replication from an enzyme standpoint- What job does each.pdf
 
Cell physio 202
Cell physio 202Cell physio 202
Cell physio 202
 

Plus de guestabc190

Biology Flash Cards 5
Biology Flash Cards 5Biology Flash Cards 5
Biology Flash Cards 5guestabc190
 
Biology Flash Cards 4
Biology Flash Cards 4Biology Flash Cards 4
Biology Flash Cards 4guestabc190
 
Biology Flash Cards 3
Biology Flash Cards 3Biology Flash Cards 3
Biology Flash Cards 3guestabc190
 
Biology Flash Cards 2
Biology Flash Cards 2Biology Flash Cards 2
Biology Flash Cards 2guestabc190
 
Biology Flash Cards Part I
Biology Flash Cards Part IBiology Flash Cards Part I
Biology Flash Cards Part Iguestabc190
 
Homeostasis And Cell Transport
Homeostasis And Cell TransportHomeostasis And Cell Transport
Homeostasis And Cell Transportguestabc190
 

Plus de guestabc190 (11)

Biology Flash Cards 5
Biology Flash Cards 5Biology Flash Cards 5
Biology Flash Cards 5
 
Biology Flash Cards 4
Biology Flash Cards 4Biology Flash Cards 4
Biology Flash Cards 4
 
Biology Flash Cards 3
Biology Flash Cards 3Biology Flash Cards 3
Biology Flash Cards 3
 
Biology Flash Cards 2
Biology Flash Cards 2Biology Flash Cards 2
Biology Flash Cards 2
 
Chapter 29
Chapter 29Chapter 29
Chapter 29
 
Chapter 21
Chapter 21Chapter 21
Chapter 21
 
Chapter 20
Chapter 20Chapter 20
Chapter 20
 
Chapter 18
Chapter 18Chapter 18
Chapter 18
 
Chapter 16
Chapter 16Chapter 16
Chapter 16
 
Biology Flash Cards Part I
Biology Flash Cards Part IBiology Flash Cards Part I
Biology Flash Cards Part I
 
Homeostasis And Cell Transport
Homeostasis And Cell TransportHomeostasis And Cell Transport
Homeostasis And Cell Transport
 

Dernier

Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptxCybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptxGDSC PJATK
 
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024SkyPlanner
 
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity WebinarAI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity WebinarPrecisely
 
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve DecarbonizationUsing IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve DecarbonizationIES VE
 
Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptx
Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptxBuilding AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptx
Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptxUdaiappa Ramachandran
 
KubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCost
KubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCostKubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCost
KubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCostMatt Ray
 
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™Adtran
 
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )Brian Pichman
 
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability AdventureOpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability AdventureEric D. Schabell
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8DianaGray10
 
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdf
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdfVideogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdf
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdfinfogdgmi
 
UiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdf
UiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdfUiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdf
UiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdfDianaGray10
 
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdfNanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdfPedro Manuel
 
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration WorkflowsIgniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration WorkflowsSafe Software
 
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online CollaborationCOMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaborationbruanjhuli
 
Designing A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URLDesigning A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URLRuncy Oommen
 
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDEADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDELiveplex
 
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and Hazards
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and HazardsComputer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and Hazards
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and HazardsSeth Reyes
 
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBXVoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBXTarek Kalaji
 

Dernier (20)

Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptxCybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
 
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
 
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity WebinarAI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
 
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve DecarbonizationUsing IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
 
Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptx
Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptxBuilding AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptx
Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptx
 
KubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCost
KubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCostKubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCost
KubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCost
 
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
 
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
 
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability AdventureOpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
 
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdf
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdfVideogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdf
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdf
 
UiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdf
UiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdfUiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdf
UiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdf
 
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdfNanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
 
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration WorkflowsIgniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
 
20150722 - AGV
20150722 - AGV20150722 - AGV
20150722 - AGV
 
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online CollaborationCOMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
 
Designing A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URLDesigning A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URL
 
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDEADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE
 
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and Hazards
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and HazardsComputer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and Hazards
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and Hazards
 
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBXVoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
 

Chapter 17

  • 1. CHAPTER 17-FROM GENE TO PROTEIN- REVIEW Objectives The Connection between Genes and Proteins 1. Explain why dwarf peas have shorter stems than tall varieties. 2. Explain the reasoning that led Archibald Garrod to first suggest that genes dictate phenotypes through enzymes. 3. Describe Beadle and Tatum's experiments with Neurospora and explain the contribution they made to our understanding of how genes control metabolism. 4. Distinguish between the quot;one gene-one enzymequot; hypothesis and the quot;one gene-one polypeptidequot; hypothesis and explain why the original hypothesis was changed. 5. Explain how RNA differs from DNA. 6. Briefly explain how information flows from gene to protein. 7. Distinguish between transcription and translation. 8. Compare where transcription and translation occur in prokaryotes and in eukaryotes. 9. Define quot;codonquot; and explain the relationship between the linear sequence of codons on mRNA and the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide. 10. Explain the early techniques used to identify what amino acids are specified by the triplets UUU, AAA, GGG, and CCC. 11. Explain why polypeptides begin with methionine when they are synthesized. 12. Explain in what way the genetic code is redundant and unambiguous. 13. Explain the significance of the reading frame during translation. 14. Explain the evolutionary significance of a nearly universal genetic code. The Synthesis and Processing of RNA 15. Explain how RNA polymerase recognizes where transcription should begin. Describe the promoter, the terminator, and the transcription unit. 16. Explain the general process of transcription, including the three major steps of
  • 2. initiation, elongation, and termination. 17. Explain how RNA is modified after transcription in eukaryotic cells. 18. Define and explain the role of ribozymes. 19. Describe the functional and evolutionary significance of introns. The Synthesis of Protein 20. Describe the structure and functions of tRNA. 21. Describe the structure and functions of ribosomes. 22. Describe the process of translation (including initiation, elongation, and termination) and explain which enzymes, protein factors, and energy sources are needed for each stage. 23. Describe the significance of polyribosomes. 24. Explain what determines the primary structure of a protein and describe how a polypeptide must be modified before it becomes fully functional. 25. Describe what determines whether a ribosome will be free in the cytosol or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. 26. Describe two properties of RNA that allow it to perform so many different functions. 27. Compare protein synthesis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. 28. Define quot;point mutations.quot; Distinguish between base-pair substitutions and base-pair insertions. Give examples of each and note the significance of such changes. 29. Describe several examples of mutagens and explain how they cause mutations. 30. Describe the historical evolution of the concept of a gene.