E waste management issues

E-Waste
Management
Issues
Dr.Dr. GunwantGunwant JoshiJoshi
Former Chief Chemist, Monitoring, ERC & Central LaboratoryFormer Chief Chemist, Monitoring, ERC & Central Laboratory
MPMP Pollution Control Board, BhopalPollution Control Board, Bhopal

It is the term used to describe old, end-of-life
or discarded appliances operated using
electricity and battery.
“e-waste” means
Waste electrical & electronic
Equipment (WEEE) ,
in whole or in part or rejects from
Their manufacturing & repair process,
which are intended to be discarded.

These are those electronic
equipments/ products that connect
with power plug or batteries which
have become obsolete due to :
- advancement in technology
- changes in fashion, style and status- changes in fashion, style and status
- nearing the end of their useful life

Computers
Air
Conditioner
Irons
Mobile
Phones
 Freezers & refregerators
 Washing Machine
 Cartridges
 Military electronics
 Mother Boards
 Alarm
 Sirens
 Automobile Catalytic Converter
 Sensors
The image part with relationship ID rId7 was not found in the file.
Laptops
Telephone
Printers
Drill
Machines
Irons
Treadmills
Laptops
Irons
Batteries & Cells
 Sensors
 CDs
 Security Devices
 Camera electronics
 Batteries & Cells.
 Solar panels
 Compact Fluorescent
Lamps (CFL) and other
mercury containing Lamps

Changes and Advancement in technology
Changes in fashion, style, and status
Changing configuration
Attractive offers from manufacturers
Small life of equipments
Cell phone upgrades
Digital TV Conversion
Software upgrades
Can't change the battery in your iPod
Disposable printers

Small business and House hold.
Large businesses.
Institutions and Government offices.
Equipment manufacturers.Equipment manufacturers.
All users including

At least 57 elements are used in EEE
Printed Wiring
Boards(PWB)
Cathode Ray
Tubes (CRTs)
Many of these Hazardous materials are valuable
8
(Source: Behrendt et al. 2007)
Nicht gleich WertNicht gleich Wert

Hazardous substances in EEE
Substance Occurence in EEE Possible adverse effects
PBDEs and
PolyBrominated
biphenyls
Flame retardants in
plastics
Hormonal effects, under thermal
treatment possible formation of
dioxines and furanes
Polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB)
Condensers,
transformers
Cancer, effects on the immune
system, reproductive system,
nervous system, endocrine
system and other health effects
© Empa/Switzerland, 20 July 2009
9
system and other health effects
Chlorofluoroc
arbon (CFC)
Cooling units,
insulation foam
deleterious effect on the ozone
layer -> increased incidence of
skin cancer / genetic damage
Americium
(Am)
Smoke detectors radioactive element
Antimony Flame retardants in
plastics
carcinogenic potential

Hazardous substances in EEE
Substance Occurence in EEE Possible adverse effects
Arsenic gallium arsenide in
light emitting diodes
skin diseases, decrease nerve
conduction velocity, lung cancer
Barium Getters in CRT brain swelling, muscle weakness,
damage to the heart, liver & spleen
Cadmium NiCd-batteries,
fluorescent layer
(CRT screens),
printer inks &toners
symptoms of poisoning (weakness,
fever, headache, chills, sweating
and muscular pain), lung cancer
and kidney damage
© Empa/Switzerland, 20 July 2009
10
printer inks &toners and kidney damage
Chromium VI
Data tapes, floppy-
disks
irritating to eyes, skin and mucous
membranes, DNA damage
Lead
CRT screens,
batteries, printed
wiring boards
vomiting, diarrhea, convulsions,
coma or even death, appetite loss,
abdominal pain, constipation,
fatigue, sleeplessness, irritability
and headache
Mercury
Fluorescent lamps,
some alkaline
batteries, switches
brain and liver damage

Source of
e-wastes
Constituent
(Valuable)
Uses
Cable, Housing Plastics Insulation
Funnel glass in Lead, gold Metal joining,Funnel glass in
CRTs, PWB
Lead, gold Metal joining,
Connectivity
Housing, PWB,
CRT
Mercury, Zinc Batteries,
switches
Housing, CRT,
PWB, connectors
Aluminum, Silver
Copper, iron
Conductivity,
magnetivity

Primary vs. secondary ore deposits
Metal
Concentration
in Primary Ore
[g/t]
Secondary Ore [g/t]
Device PWB
Gold 9 280 1’400
Palladium 5 73 370
Platinum 3 3 14
Gallium 100 23 118
Lithium 7’000-20’000 10’000-20’000 (Battery)
Source:Empa,Graedel

International cooperation?
GuiyuDakar
14
Cape Town
Bangalore
Bogotá

 1200 tons of scrap / yr , Only 11% of e-waste get
recycled
 India's hospitals to see patients with 10 times the
expected level of lead in their bloodexpected level of lead in their blood
 In India, a water sample revealed levels of lead 190
times as high as the drinking water standard set by the
World Health Organization.

 Old computers and, mobiles are being dumped in
Asia where they are releasing toxic materials into the
environment.
 A pile of 500 computers contains 717kg of lead,
1.36kg of cadmium, 863 grams of chromium and 287
grams of mercury – all poisonous metals.
CRT tubes contain avg. of 1.8Kg of lead. CRT tubes contain avg. of 1.8Kg of lead.
 Thousands of children throughout the India are
attending schools that were built on or near toxic
waste sites, with increased risk of developing asthma,
cancer, learning disorders and other diseases linked
to environmental pollutants.

unhealthy conditions of informal recycling
poor awareness
Insignificant impact of organised Scientific recyclers
Reluctance on part of the corporate to address the issues
Adverse effects on the environment and human health
during the informal recycling.
Resources are wasted when economically valuable
materials are either dumped or harvested wastefully.
 The Scientific recycling is still not effective and
economically attractive proposition

Principle of Integrated
Solid Waste Management
REDUCE at Source
REUSE
RECYCLE
RECOVER
RESIDUES
only to be disposed

Issues related to improper treatment of e-waste
21
Ref: Sepúlveda, A, Schluep M, et al. 2010. A review of the environmental fate and effects of hazardous substances released from
electrical & electronic equipments during recycling:Examples from China & India. Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 30(1):28–41.

Operations in small congested
unsafe areas

Unsafe transportation of E-Waste

Material recovery by crude methods
Cause poisonous emissions

These emissions include
500 times more poisonous
gases than air pollution
from any other sources
[PCBs,PAHs, Furans & Dioxins]

Manual dismantling : No machines
Higher exposure & Body burden

E waste recycling is a cottage industry
Occupational health & safety neglected

Labour intensive Industry –
Asian Labour : Cheap labour = Child labour

 Batteries have toxic constituents such as cadmium and
brominated flame-retardants and are replaced at least once
before retiring the phones.
 Indian mobile phone users have exceeded over 120 million by
2010, making telecom sector one of the most lucrative markets.2010, making telecom sector one of the most lucrative markets.
 The advent of ‘use and throw’ , ‘low value-low life’ CHINA
MOBILES has caused havoc in e-waste.

Is India graveyard for e-waste ?

 Cheap labor to dismental & Dispose
US - $ 30/ computer
India - $ 2/ computer
Saving - $ 28/ computerSaving - $ 28/ computer
 Weak environmental laws
 Excess dumping of CRT tubes due to the
ramp walk of flat screen monitors
 Driven by the potential for corporate profits

Scrap or
The Colorful
POISON ?

State T/a
Maharashtra 20,170.59
Tamil Nadu 13,486.24
Andhra Pradesh 12,780.33
Uttar Pradesh 10,381.11
West Bengal 10,059.36
City T/a
Mumbai 11,071.10
New Delhi 9,730.00
Bangaluru 4,648.40
Chennai 4,132.20
Kolkata 4,025.30West Bengal 10,059.36
New Delhi 9,729.11
Karnataka 9,118.74
Gujarat 8,994.33
Madhya Pradesh 7,800.62
Punjab 6,958.46
Kolkata 4,025.30
Ahemdabad 3,287.50
Hyderabad 2,833.50
Pune 2,584.20
Surat 1,836.50
Nagpur 1,765.90
• Generation of 3,89,400 tons E-waste/annum
• includes ~56,000 tons of PCs and ~50,000 tons import by other means.
• Estimate indicates 4,70,000 tons of IT related E-waste by 2011
• Current status indicates 5,60,000 MT in 2014
78,000

Key message 1
41
E-waste is the fastest growing waste stream

Key message 2
E-waste can contain hazardous substances and
42
E-waste can contain hazardous substances and
its improper treatment leads to adverse
effects for human health and the environment

Key message 3
E-waste contains valuable resources and offers
43
E-waste contains valuable resources and offers
opportunities for urban mining & job creation

 Indians upgrade or exchange their cell phones every 18
months, meaning there are approximately 16 million
unused mobile phones stashed away at home or in the
office
 Average working life of a mobile phone is 7 years but
worldwide the average consumer changes their mobile
every 11 monthsevery 11 months
 Indians purchased 40 million mobile phones in past 5
years including 12 million in 2010

In India E-waste is generated from ..
• Individual Households
• Public & Private sectors
• Government Offices & Institutions
• Computer Retailers & Service Centers
• Manufacturers
Estimate indicates generation of 4,70,000 tons of IT related
E-waste by 2011E-waste by 2011
Around 2124 tons of electronic scrap is produced by Manufactures
& Assemblers a year.
Out of this about 95% of E-waste in India is recycled by Back yard
recyclers and only 5% of E-waste is recycled by the formal sector, as
per the study jointly conducted by German Technical Co-operation
(GTZ), Indian Market Research Bureau (IMRB), and Manufactures
Association of Information Technology (MAIT) during 2007.

Level 1
Estimated e-waste
generation/year:
382,979 MT
Imports:
50,000 MT
Level 2
Level 3
50,000 MT
E-waste processed
Only 19,000 MT
:
E-waste available for
recycling & refurbishing:
144,143 MT
Source: MAIT-GTZ study 2007

2012 total:
~45 mln tonnes
E-waste
is the
fastestfastest
groing
waste

Composed of Hazardous Materials
Products are quickly obsolete and discarded
Electronic products are difficult to recycle
Discarded electronics are managed badly
Most e-waste goes to Landfills
Most recyclers don’t recycle , they export
RapidRapid
TechnologyTechnology
ChangesChanges
IncreasedIncreased
ConsumerConsumer
ElectronicElectronic
PurchasesPurchases
MoreMore
eWasteeWaste
MoreMore
HazardousHazardous
MaterialsMaterials
LandfilledLandfilled
IncreasingIncreasing
HumanHuman
HealthHealth
RisksRisks

BURNING PROBLEM
• Collection, handling, dismantling, segregation,
recovery processes are mostly carried out by
children, school drop-outs and illiterates
• E-waste management, recycling etc. done by
backyard practitioners using child labour
• Inefficient recovery of resources due to
unscientific methods
Handling of hazardous chemicals to retrieve• Handling of hazardous chemicals to retrieve
valuable metals causes emissions of toxic gases
• Carried out in open areas within
settlements, no protection of
neighborhood, environment and
own health
• Discharge of residues and
remnants into near by drains
and open spaces

bizarre crafts created from e-waste.

National Environment Policy (NEP) 2006
 Encourages recycling and reuse; requires environmentally safe disposal
of residues
 Gives legal recognition to and strengthen the informal sector
E-waste (Management and Handling) Rules
 Draft published in May 2010 under the E(P) Act, 1986;
 E-Waste (Management & Handling) Rules 2011 notified by the
Government on 12.5.2011 and applicable w.e.f. 1.5.2012.
 Authorisation and registration of e-waste managing companies Authorisation and registration of e-waste managing companies
 Imposition of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)
 Mandate for financing and organizing an e-waste system
 Reduction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) mandatory
E-waste Guidelines
 Guidelines published by CPCB in 2008
 Guidelines required to specify framework
 Effective participation & adequate investments by responsible actors still
lacking and very much needed.
 E-Waste (Management & Handling) Rules 2015 draft notification by
the Government on 10 June2015 likely to be enforced soon

 Industry-manufacturers, Producers
 Product supply chain Links
 Corporate/Bulk Users
 Recyclers – Informal & Formal
 Government & Regulatory Agencies Government & Regulatory Agencies
 Municipalities or local self government
 Industry Associations
 Research Institutions & Experts
 General Public/Consumers/Users
 NGOs
 Financial Institutions

This Rules shall apply to every:
 Producer(s),
 Dealer(s),
 Collection centre(s),
 Refurbisher(s),
 Dismantler(s), Dismantler(s),
 Recycler(s),
 Auctioneer(s)
 Consumer(s) or bulk consumer(s)
involved in the manufacture, processing, sale, purchase of electrical
and electronic equipment or components as specified in schedule-I

This Rules shall not apply to:
(a) Batteries as covered under the Batteries (M & H )
Rules,2001 made under the Act:
(a) Micro and small enterprises as defined in the Micro,
Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006
(27 of 2006): and
(a) Radio-active wastes as covered under the provisions of
the Atomic Energy Act,1962 (33of 1962) and rules
made there after.

Responsibilities of the producer; 1-9 :-
1. Collection of e-waste generated during the manufacture of
electrical and electronic equipment and channelizing it for
recycling or disposal;
2. Collection of e-waste generated from the end of life of their
products in line with the principle of ‘Extended Producerproducts in line with the principle of ‘Extended Producer
Responsibility’ (EPR) and to ensure that such e-wastes are
channelized to registered dismantler or recycler, Producer
shall, as necessary, ensure collection and channelization by
authorizing collection agencies.
3. Setting up collection centers or take back systems either
individually[Individual Producer Responsibility (IPR)] or collectively;

4. Financing and organizing a system to meet the costs involved
in the environmentally sound management of e-waste
generated from the ‘end of life’ of its own products and historical
waste available on the date from which these rules come into
force. The financing arrangement of such a system shall be
transparent. The producer may choose to establish such a
system either individually or by joining a collective scheme.system either individually or by joining a collective scheme.
5. Providing contact details such as address, telephone numbers /
helpline number of authorized collection centers to consumer(s)
or bulk consumer(s) so as to facilities return of used electrical
and electronic equipment.

6. Creating awareness through publications, advertisements,
posters, or board any other means of communication and
information booklets accompanying the equipments with regard to :
i. information on hazardous constitution as specified in
sub-rule 1 of rule 13 in electrical and electronic equipment;
ii. information on hazards of improper handling, accidental
breakage, damage and/or importer recycling of e-waste.breakage, damage and/or importer recycling of e-waste.
iii.Instructions for handling the equipment after its use
along with the Do’s and Don’ts;
iv.Affixing a visible, legible and indelible symbol given
below on the products or information booklets to prevent e-
waste from being dropped in garbage bins containing waste
destined for disposal.

7. Obtaining an authorization from the concerned
State Pollution Control Board of Pollution Control
Committee in accordance with the procedure under
rule 9;
8. Maintaining records in Form-2 of the e-waste
handled and make such records available for scrutiny
by the State Pollution Control Board or the Committeeby the State Pollution Control Board or the Committee
concerned.
9. Filing annual returns in Form-3, to the State Pollution
Control Board or Pollution Control Committee
concerned, on or before the 30th day of June following
the financial year to which that return relates.

Responsibilities of collection centers; a-e
a) Obtain an authorization in accordance with the procedure under rule 9
from the State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee
concerned as the case may be and provide details such as address,
telephone numbers/helpline number, e-mail, etc. of such collection
centre to the general public.
b) Ensure that the e-waste collected by them is stored in a secured
manner till it is sent to registered dismantler (s) or recycler (s) as themanner till it is sent to registered dismantler (s) or recycler (s) as the
case may be;
c) Ensure that no damage is caused to the environment during storing and
transportation of e-waste.
d) File annual returns in Form-3, to the State Pollution Control Board or
Pollution Control Committee concerned on or before the 30th day of
June following the financial year to which that return relates; and.
e) Maintain records of the e-waste handled in Form-2 and make such
records available for scrutiny by the State Pollution Control Board or the
Pollution Control Committee concerned.

Responsibilities of consumer or bulk consumer
i. Consumers or Bulk consumers of electrical and
electrical equipment listed in Schedule-I shall
ensure the e-waste generated by them is
channelised to authorized collection center(s) or
registered dismantler (s) or recycler(s) or is
returned to the pick-up or take back services
provided by the producers; andprovided by the producers; and
ii. Bulk consumers shall maintain records of e waste
generated by them in Form 2 and make such
records available for scrutiny by the SPCB or the
Committee concerned

Responsibilities of dismantler; i-viii
i. To obtain authorization &get registered from the SPCB in
accordance with the procedure under the rules 9 and 11;
ii. Ensure that no damage is caused to the environment during
storage and transportation of e-waste.
iii. Ensure dismantling processes do not have any adverse
effect on the health and the environment;
iv. Ensure that the facility and dismantling processes are in
accordance with the standards or guidelines published by
the CPCB from time to time.the CPCB from time to time.
v Ensure that dismantled e-waste are segregated and sent to
the registered recycling facilities for recovery materials;
vi. Ensure that non-recyclable/non-recoverable components
sent to authorized treatment, storage & disposal facilities.
vii. File a return in Form-3 to the SPPCB or PCC on or before
30th June following the financial year to which return relates;
viii. Not to process any e-waste for recovery or refining of
material, unless registered with SPCB as a recycler.

Responsibilities of recycler, 1-5
1. To obtain authorization and registration SPCB in accordance
with the procedure under the rules 9 and 11.
2. Ensure that the facility and recycler processes are in
accordance with the standards laid down in the guidelines
published by the CPCB from time to time.
3. Make available all records to the Central or State PCB or PCC3. Make available all records to the Central or State PCB or PCC
of Union territories for inspection.
4. Ensure that residue generated thereof is disposed of in a
hazardous waste treatment storage disposal facility[HWTSDF]
5. File annual in Form-3 to the SPCB or PCC concerned as the
case may be or before 30th June following the financial year to
which that return relate.

Schedule-I, ii. Consumer electrical and electronics :
Television sets including sets based on (L C D and L E D technology),
Refrigerators,
Washing Machines,
Air-conditioners (excluding centralized air conditioning plants).

Sr. No. AUTHORITY CORRESPONDING DUTIES
1. Central Pollution
Control Board,
(i) Coordination with State Pollution Control Boards/ Committees of
Union territories.
(ii) Preparation of Guidelines for Environmentally Sound Management
of e-waste.
(iii) Conduct assessment of e-waste generation and processing.
(iv) Recommend standards and specifications for processing and
recycling e-waste.
(v) Documentation, compilation of data on e-waste and uploading on
SCHEDULE - III
(see rules 14))
LIST OF AUTHORITIES AND CORREPONDING DUTIES
websites of Central Pollution Control Board.
(vi) Conducting training & awareness programmes.
(vii)Submit Annual Report to the Ministry.
(viii)Any other function delegated by the Ministry under these rules.
(ix) Enforcement of provisions regarding reduction in use of hazardous
substances in manufacture of electrical and electronic equipment.
(x) Initiatives for IT industry for reducing hazardous substances.
(xi) Set targets for compliance to the reduction in use of hazardous
substance in manufacture of electrical and electronic equipment.
(xii)Incentives and certification for green design/products.

3. Urban Local
Bodies
(Municipal
Committee/
Council
/Corporations)
(i) To ensure that e-waste if found
to be mixed with Municipal Solid
Waste is properly segregated ,
collected and is channelized to
either authorized collection centre
or dismantler or recycler.
(ii) To ensure that e-waste(ii) To ensure that e-waste
pertaining to orphan products is
collected and is channelized to
either authorized collection centre
or dismantler or recycler.

Forms Application For To be submitted To
Form 1
Obtaining authorisation for Generation/collection/
Transport/Storage/Dismantling/Recycling/Disposal
State Pollution Control Board
Form 2 Form for maintaining records of E-waste handled State Pollution Control Board
Authorization Application
Keeping record of e waste handled
Filing returns up till 30th june each year
Form 3
Form for filing annual returns of Sale, Collection,
Dismantling and Recycling before 30th of June every
year
Form 4
Form for Registration of Dealers and Refurbisher
facilities possessing Environmentally Sound
Management Practice for Recycling E-waste
Form 5
Form for annual report to be submitted by the Sate
pollution control board/committees to the CPCB
From SPCB to CPCB
Filing returns up till 30th june each year
For Registration of Dealers & Refurbishers
For Annual report of SPCB to CPCB

Preliminary inventory of E-waste is done in
Bhopal, Indore, Jabalpur, Gwalior, Sagar,
Ujjain, Dhar and Satna cities.
E-waste awareness among the school children
through NGOsthrough NGOs
Organized stakeholders Workshops at Bhopal,
Indore & Satna
Printing and distribution of Pamphlets
 Circular from Govt. of MP (GAD) with reference
to environmentally safe disposal of e-waste.

01
01
01
01
01
06
07
03
E-waste recycling
facilities-23
02

E Waste Recycling Process…E Waste Recycling Process…
E-WASTE
SEGREGATION
SHREDDINGGLASS
ALUMINIUM IRON NON-FERROUS
PLASTIC
ALUMINIUM IRON NON-FERROUS
METALLURGICAL
PROCESS
METALS
RECYCLABLE NON-RECYCLABLE
Pyrolysis
CARBON BLACK Furnace Oil Gas
PLASTIC

Facilities Available with different Registered Recyclers
CRT cutting facility

Automated Dismantling &
segregation facility

Automated Dismantling & segregation facility

It’s a long way to go
Press harder and faster

It will, however, be an optional financial
mechanism for effective implementation of
`Extended Producer Responsibility' that
Guided by ‘Polluter pays’ principle the Concept of
Extended producer responsibility is introduced
`Extended Producer Responsibility' that
makes the producers or manufacturers
responsible for collection of e-waste as well
as its disposal in an environmentally sound
manner.

Though the responsibility to implement these
rules will lie with the state governments, new
economic instruments of `e-waste exchange' and
`deposit refund scheme' will act as incentives for
consumers to voluntarily adopt the system of
waste management.
Under the `deposit refund scheme',Under the `deposit refund scheme',
the manufacturer or producer will charge an
additional amount as deposit at the time of sale
of electronic or electrical equipment. It will be
returned to the consumers along with interest
when the end-of-life equipment is returned.

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