ppp

1. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Genetic Engineering or Bioengineering
• Genetic engineering refers to the purposeful
manipulation of genetic material to alter the
characteristics of an organism in a desired way.
• There are five techniques of genetic engineering:
 genetic fusion,
 protoplast fusion,
 gene amplification,
 recombinant DNA technology, and
 the creation of hybridomas

2. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Application of GE

3. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

4. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Tools or basic elements of GE
• The tools of genetic engineering include:
 specialized enzymes, e.g. RE
 gel electrophoresis,
 DNA sequencing machines,
 RNA primers and
 gene probes
Recombinant DNA Technology and Genomics

5. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
What Can You Do with a Cloned Gene?
Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology

6. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Genomics and Bioinformatics:
Hot New Areas of Biotechnology
• Genomics – cloning, sequencing, and analyzing
entire genomes
– Shotgun sequencing or shotgun cloning
• The entire genome is cloned and sequenced
• Produces thousands of fragments to be
sequenced
• Individual genes are sorted out later through
bioinformatics
–Computer programs are used to align the
sequenced fragments based on
overlapping sequence pieces

7. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Genomics and Bioinformatics:
Hot New Areas of Biotechnology
• Bioinformatics
– An interdisciplinary field that applies computer science
and information technology to promote an understanding
of biological processes
• Application of Bioinformatics
– Databases to store, share, and obtain the maximum
amount of information from protein and DNA sequences
– GenBank

8. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Human Genome Project
• Determining the human DNA sequence
• Understanding the function of the human genetic code
• Identifying all of the genes
• Determining their functions
• Understanding how and when genes are turned on and off
throughout the lifetime of an individual
Original idea was:

9. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Human Genome Project
Project goals were to:
Identify all the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in
human DNA,
Determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs
that make up human DNA,
Store this information in databases,
Improve tools for data analysis,
Transfer related technologies to the private sector, and
Address the ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) that may
arise from the project.

10. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Genomics and Bioinformatics:
Hot New Areas of Biotechnology
• The Human Genome Project
–April 14, 2003, map of the human
genome was completed
–Consists of 20,000 to 25,000 protein-
coding genes

11. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Human Genome Project
Completed in 2003, the Human
Genome Project (HGP) was a 13-year
project coordinated by the U.S.
Department of Energy and the National
Institutes of Health. During the early
years of the HGP, the Wellcome Trust
(U.K.) became a major partner;
additional contributions came from
Japan, France, Germany, China, and
others.

12. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
APPLICATIONS
One type of gene therapy procedure

13. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Using the Ti plasmid as a vector for
genetic engineering in plants

14. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Farming With Borrowed Genes

15. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Era of “omics”
• The Human Genome Project
– Started an “omics” revolution
– The ability to obtain the entire genetic sequences of organisms
has spawned(coined) new terms that refer to the “total picture”
of some aspect of a cell or organism.
• Proteomics
• Metabolomics
• Glycomics
• Interatomics
• Transcriptomics
• Nutrigenomics

16. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
omics…
 genomics: The systematic study of an organism’s
genes and their functions.
Proteomics: The study of an organism’s complement
of proteins (its “proteome”) and functions mediated by
the proteins.
 metagenomics (also called “community genomics”)
:The study of all the genomes in a particular ecological
niche, as opposed to individual genomes from single
species.

17. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
-’Omics’…
• metabolomics : The study of the complete complement
of small chemicals present in a cell at any given time.
Provides a snapshot of the physiological state of the cell
and the end products of its metabolism.

18. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

19. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Comparative Genomics
– Mapping and sequencing genomes from a number of
model organisms
– Allows researchers to study gene structure and function
in these organisms in ways designed to understand gene
structure and function in other species including humans
• Stone Age Genomics (paleogenomics)
– Analyzing “ancient” DNA