8. Pathogenesis of painPathogenesis of pain
• Pain receptors are distributed at
end organs in all body systems &
organs.
• They are connected to the CNS
by sensory nerves in spinal &
cranial nerves.
• Intra-cord neurons connect the
peripheral neurons to the
thalamus where pain is perceived.
Pain
receptors
CNS
Organs
9. Clinical Signs of PainClinical Signs of Pain
• Such as:
• Tachycardia
• Polypnea
• Hyperthermia
• Sweating
11--Physiological responsePhysiological response
11. • Palpation
• Pressure by compression
• Movement of the animal.
• Pain reflexes
• Grunting in cattle
Method of detection of painMethod of detection of pain
12. Function of digestive systemFunction of digestive system
• Prehension
• Digestion
• Absorption of food
and water
14. Motor function depend onMotor function depend on
• Peristaltic movement
which moves the
ingesta from the
esophagus to the
rectum
• Stimulation of
sympathetic &
parasympathetic N.S.
15. Abnormal Motor function result inAbnormal Motor function result in
1-Hypermotility
2-Hypomotility
20. Line of treatment of InfectiousLine of treatment of Infectious
DiarrheaDiarrhea
• 1-systemic anti-acid.
• 2-Fluid therapy.
• 3-Antibiotic
• 4-Analgesic & Muscle relaxant
21. 22-- Causes of diarrhea in adultCauses of diarrhea in adult
• Paramhostomum (40%)
• Chronic Fascioliasis (5%)
• Chronic Salmonellas (20)
• Johne,s D. (10)
• TB (Intestinal TB) (10)
• Leukosis ???????? (15%)
27. Displaced AbomasumsDisplaced Abomasums
• Left displaced abomasum (LDA)
is most common in early lactation
• Right displaced abomasum (RDA)
occurs throughout lactation
• Right torsion of the abomasum
(RTA)
34. Line of treatmentLine of treatment
• Return abomasum to proper position
• Create a permanent attachment
• Correct electrolyte, acid-base,
• Correct hydration .
• Treat other concurrent diseases
35. 11--Rolling TechniqueRolling Technique
• Advantages
–Quick & easy technique
–No invasive surgery
• Disadvantages
–>50% relapcce
–If RDA or RTA are present, can cause
problems
36. RollingRolling
• The cow is cast and laid on her back, then
rolled vigorously to the right and the roll
stopped abruptly in the hope that the
abomasum will free itself.
• Bring the cow to sternal position & allow to
stand
• Auscultate the left thorax to ensure LDA is
relieved
• Starvation and water restriction for 2 days
before rolling may be advisable.
55. Clinical features of urinary tractClinical features of urinary tract
diseasesdiseases
• 1-Pain and difficult urination
• 2-Abnormal constituents of
urine
• 3- Variation of daily urine flow
56. • 1) Deficiency of vitamin A .
• (2) water deprivation.
• (3) Heavy fluid loss.
• (4) Excessive mineral intake (high
phosphate)
• (5) Early castration before
maturity.
57. Diagnosis ofDiagnosis of urolithiasisurolithiasis
• (1) Clinical examination and history.
• (2) Urine analysis
• (3) Elevation of SUN and creatinine .
• 4- Reduction of serum sodium and
potassium.
58. • (4) Abdominocentesis
to detect
uroperitonium after
rupture of the bladder.
• (5) Ultrasonography
• (6) Necropsy findings
• dilatation of the ureter
• hydronephrosis.
