4. WHAT IS CELL MEMBRANE ?
The cell membrane (also called the plasma membraneplasma membrane or plasmalemmaplasmalemma) is a
biological membrane separating the interior of a cell from the outside
environment
It appears in thin sections with the electron microscope as a triple-layered
structure about 7.5–10 nanometers thick
Term coined by C. Nageli and C. CramerC. Nageli and C. Cramer in 1855, and Plasmalemma coined
by J. Q. PloweJ. Q. Plowe in 1931
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5. CELL MEMBRANE
The cell membrane is flexible
and allows a unicellular
organism to move
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7. CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONCHEMICAL COMPOSITION
1. Lipids1. Lipids -four major classes of lipids are commonly present in the
plasma membrane: phospholipids (most abundant), spingolipids,
glycolipids and sterols (e.g. cholesterol). All of them are amphipathic.
Cholesterol is abundant in mammalian cell and is absent in
prokaryotic cells
2. Proteins-2. Proteins-plasma membrane contains about 50% protein. Amount
and type is variable. Myelin cells contains about 25% protein
internal membranes of chloroplast and mitochondria contains 50%
protein. Proteins of plasma membranes are of two types ectoproteinsectoproteins
and endoproteinsendoproteins. Plasma membranes contains structural proteins,
transport proteins and enzymes. Some of them acts as receptors.
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8. CONT…
(enzymes present in the plasma membrane are Acetyl
phosphatase, acid phosphataseacid phosphatase, ATPase, RNAase, maltase,
lactase, phospholipase etc)
3.3. Carbohydrates-Carbohydrates- they are present only in the plasma
membrane and are present exterior (glycoproteins) or polar
end of phospholipids at the external surface of plasma
membrane
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9. PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Phospholipids (PL) molecule has a polar head and nonpolar tails
The polar head is charged and hydrophilic (loves water) facing
outward, contains a – PO4 group & glycerol
The nonpolar tails are hydrophobic (hates water) facing inward
contains 2 fatty acid chains that are nonpolar
When PL placed in water form spherical bilayer
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11. MEMBRANE CHOLESTEROL
The amount of cholesterol
may vary with the type of
membrane
Plasma membranes have
nearly one cholesterol per
phospholipid molecule
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17. FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA
MEMBRANE
Keeps a cell intact
Protective barrier
Regulate transport in & out of cell (selectively
permeable)
Small lipid-soluble molecules, e.g. oxygen and carbon
dioxide can pass easily
Water can freely cross the membrane
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18. FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE…
Ions and large molecules cannot cross without assistance
Allow cell recognition
Provide anchoring sites for filaments of cytoskeleton
Provide a binding site for enzymes
Interlocking surfaces bind cells together (junctions)
Contains the cytoplasm (fluid in cell)
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19. MEMBRANE STRUCTURE
Membranes consist of a phospholipid bilayer
combined with a variety of proteins in a fluid
mosaic arrangement
The surfaces of cell membranes are hydrophilic
(water-loving); the interiors are hydrophobic
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21. DANIELLI AND DAVSON MODEL
In 1935, Danielli and DavsonDanielli and Davson studied triglyceride lipid
bilayers over a water surface
They found that they arranged themselves with the
polar heads facing outward
It always formed droplets (oil in water) and the surface
tension was much higher than that of cells
Called as Sandwich modelCalled as Sandwich model
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23. ROBERTSON'S MODEL
In 1965, RobertsonRobertson noted the structure of membranes
seen in the electron micrographs
He saw no spaces for pores in the electron micrographs
He hypothesized that the railroad track appearance
came from the binding of osmium tetroxide to proteins
and polar groups of lipids
Proposed unit membrane hypothesis
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25. FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
According to S. J. Singer and Garth Nicolson 1972S. J. Singer and Garth Nicolson 1972, the
biological membranes can be considered as a two-
dimensional liquid where all lipid and protein molecules
diffuse more or less freely
Singer studied phospholipid bilayers and found that they
can form a flattened surface on water, with no
requirement for a protein coat
It occurs in form of globular protein
Widely accepted modelWidely accepted model
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