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• What are earthquakes?
• What conditions cause earthquakes?
• What are some vocabulary words
  associated with earthquakes?
• How are earthquakes measured?
• What are the results of earthquakes?
• What does an earthquake feel like?
earthquakes
-900     -600     -300     -150     -70 -33 0
-900     -600     -300     -150     -70 -33 0
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/kids/




        Latest Quakes
     http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/today/


Today in Earthquake History
   http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/state
   s/georgia/history.php


   Georgia Earthquakes
              Click Past 8-30 days, too
1. The definition of an earthquake is… a
   sudden release of tectonic stress along a
   fault line. They can also result from
   volcanic activity. Earthquakes create
   vibrations that cause the breaking of
   rocks, violent shaking of Earth’s
   crust, and destruction of buildings.
2. These vibrations move in all directions
   through the earth. They begin at a point
   along a fault.
3. A fault is a break in earth’s crust.
• The earth’s crust is constantly
  experiencing pressure from forces
  within and around it. This pressure
  builds up over time, and eventually
  causes the crust to break. This
  becomes a fault.

• Let’s experience it…
• Faults are divided into three main groups (WORKSHEET
  TIME!):
4. Normal fault - when two plates are moving apart and one
   side of the fracture moves below the other; (caused by
   tension and occur at divergent boundaries!)
5. Reverse fault or thrust fault - when two plates collide
   and one side of the fracture moves on top of another
   (caused by compression and occur at convergent
   boundaries!) A thrust fault has the same sense of motion as
   a reverse fault, but with the dip of the fault plane at less than
   45 .
6. Strike-slip or Lateral (football plays) - when two plates
   slide past each other horizontally. (caused by shear
   stress or shearing and occur at transform boundaries!)
   *Most common fault to cause an earthquake.*
7. Focus: An earthquake begins along a
   fault (a crack in the earth’s surface) at a
   point called the focus.
8. Epicenter: Directly above the focus is
  a point on the earth’s surface called the
  epicenter.
*E comes before F so the epicenter is
  above the focus.*
Epicenter
            Focus
9. Seismic Waves
When the fault ruptures with a sudden
movement energy is released that has
built up over the years. The energy
from an earthquake is released in the
form of vibrations called 'seismic
waves'… earthquakes! It is actually
when these seismic waves reach the
surface of the earth that most of the
destruction occurs, which we associate
with earthquakes.
Earthquake
          Waves
10. Primary Wave (P-Wave)
       Three Main Types:
•First set of waves
•Move side to side
•FASTEST wave

11. Secondary Wave (S-Wave)
•Second set of waves
•Also, called a Shear Wave
•Move up and down
•Travel slow

12. Surface Wave
•Move up and down & side to side
•MOST DANGEROUS
•SLOWEST Wave
Mulvey power point for earthquake vocabulary
13. Magnitude is a number that characterizes the relative
 size of earthquakes & is proportional to energy released
Mercalli Scale
What Kind Of Damage Do Earthquakes Cause?

      Earthquakes can also cause landslides, sudden
eruptions as in the case of a hot lava flow from a volcano
  or giant waves called tsunamis. Sometimes new land
 mass are also formed. Such earthquakes are attributed
   with the creation of the greatest undersea mountain
range and the longest land mountain range. Liquefaction
is also a danger of earthquakes in areas where the soil is
               wet or where water is nearby.
14. Aftershocks are the small earthquakes that
follow a larger one. They are the minor
readjustments along the fault after a quake. With
time, these small quakes get less and less
intense.
15.
     Liquefaction-
       When water-saturated soil is shaken in an
       earthquake, it can behave like a liquid. This is
       called liquefaction.
• When the soil acts like a liquid, it can cause great
  damage to the buildings standing on it.
• Liquefaction is what happens to the wet sand at
  the beach. The sand is hard when you stand on
  it, but becomes liquid-like when you stick your
  toes down in it.
         *See the cornstarch demonstration*
16. Deformation
• the change in the shape of rock as a result of
  stress
Folding
17. Folding-the bending of the rock layers from
  stress is called folding.
18. Anticline-folds that arch up



19. Syncline-folds that sink down
20. Elastic Deformation
- Leads to earthquakes; it is the sudden return
  of elastically deformed rock to its undeformed
  shape

• Think of it as a stretched-out rubber band.
  You can only stretch it so far before it breaks.
  When it breaks, it releases energy. Then the
  unbroken pieces return to their original shape.
• (from the textbook)
Mulvey power point for earthquake vocabulary
Mulvey power point for earthquake vocabulary
•   9.5   Chile, May 22, 1960
•   9.2   Indian Ocean (Sumatra tsunami) Dec 26,2004
•   9.2   Prince William Sound, Alaska, March 28, 1964
•   9.1   Andreanof Islands, Aleutian Islands, Pacific,
•                  March 9, 1957
•   9.0 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami, March 13, 2011
•   9.0 Kamchatka, Russia, November 4, 1952
•   8.8 Off the Coast of Ecuador, January 31, 1906
•   8.7 Rat Islands, Aleutian Islands, Pacific,
•         February 4, 1965
•   8.6 India-China Border, August 15, 1950
•   8.5 Kamchatka, Russia, February 3, 1923
•   8.5 Banda Sea, Indonesia, February 1, 1938
•   8.5 Kuril Islands, Pacific, October 13, 1963
•   http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12725646
Mulvey power point for earthquake vocabulary
…And that
was just a
7.2 on the
Richter
scale!
Mulvey power point for earthquake vocabulary
Mulvey power point for earthquake vocabulary
• In the lower 48 states, there is a tie
  between the February 1812, New
  Madrid, Missouri earthquake and the
  January 1857, Fort Tejon, California
  earthquake--both magnitude 7.9--for the
  strongest earthquake recorded.
• Generally, during an earthquake you
  first will feel a swaying or small jerking
  motion, then a slight pause, followed
  by a more intense rolling or jerking
  motion. The duration of the shaking
  you feel depends on the earthquake's
  magnitude, your distance from the
  epicenter, and the geology of the
  ground under your feet.
• For minor earthquakes, ground shaking
  usually lasts only a few seconds.
• Strong shaking from a major earthquake
  usually lasts less than one minute. For
  example, shaking in the 1989 magnitude 7.1
  Loma Prieta (San Francisco) earthquake lasted
  15 seconds;
• For the 1906 magnitude 8.3 San Francisco
  earthquake it lasted about 40 seconds.
• Shaking for the 1964 magnitude 9.2 Alaska
  earthquake, however, lasted three minutes.

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Mulvey power point for earthquake vocabulary

  • 2. • What are earthquakes? • What conditions cause earthquakes? • What are some vocabulary words associated with earthquakes? • How are earthquakes measured? • What are the results of earthquakes? • What does an earthquake feel like?
  • 4. -900 -600 -300 -150 -70 -33 0 -900 -600 -300 -150 -70 -33 0
  • 5. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/kids/ Latest Quakes http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/today/ Today in Earthquake History http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/state s/georgia/history.php Georgia Earthquakes Click Past 8-30 days, too
  • 6. 1. The definition of an earthquake is… a sudden release of tectonic stress along a fault line. They can also result from volcanic activity. Earthquakes create vibrations that cause the breaking of rocks, violent shaking of Earth’s crust, and destruction of buildings. 2. These vibrations move in all directions through the earth. They begin at a point along a fault. 3. A fault is a break in earth’s crust.
  • 7. • The earth’s crust is constantly experiencing pressure from forces within and around it. This pressure builds up over time, and eventually causes the crust to break. This becomes a fault. • Let’s experience it…
  • 8. • Faults are divided into three main groups (WORKSHEET TIME!): 4. Normal fault - when two plates are moving apart and one side of the fracture moves below the other; (caused by tension and occur at divergent boundaries!) 5. Reverse fault or thrust fault - when two plates collide and one side of the fracture moves on top of another (caused by compression and occur at convergent boundaries!) A thrust fault has the same sense of motion as a reverse fault, but with the dip of the fault plane at less than 45 . 6. Strike-slip or Lateral (football plays) - when two plates slide past each other horizontally. (caused by shear stress or shearing and occur at transform boundaries!) *Most common fault to cause an earthquake.*
  • 9. 7. Focus: An earthquake begins along a fault (a crack in the earth’s surface) at a point called the focus. 8. Epicenter: Directly above the focus is a point on the earth’s surface called the epicenter. *E comes before F so the epicenter is above the focus.*
  • 10. Epicenter Focus
  • 11. 9. Seismic Waves When the fault ruptures with a sudden movement energy is released that has built up over the years. The energy from an earthquake is released in the form of vibrations called 'seismic waves'… earthquakes! It is actually when these seismic waves reach the surface of the earth that most of the destruction occurs, which we associate with earthquakes.
  • 12. Earthquake Waves 10. Primary Wave (P-Wave) Three Main Types: •First set of waves •Move side to side •FASTEST wave 11. Secondary Wave (S-Wave) •Second set of waves •Also, called a Shear Wave •Move up and down •Travel slow 12. Surface Wave •Move up and down & side to side •MOST DANGEROUS •SLOWEST Wave
  • 14. 13. Magnitude is a number that characterizes the relative size of earthquakes & is proportional to energy released
  • 16. What Kind Of Damage Do Earthquakes Cause? Earthquakes can also cause landslides, sudden eruptions as in the case of a hot lava flow from a volcano or giant waves called tsunamis. Sometimes new land mass are also formed. Such earthquakes are attributed with the creation of the greatest undersea mountain range and the longest land mountain range. Liquefaction is also a danger of earthquakes in areas where the soil is wet or where water is nearby. 14. Aftershocks are the small earthquakes that follow a larger one. They are the minor readjustments along the fault after a quake. With time, these small quakes get less and less intense.
  • 17. 15. Liquefaction- When water-saturated soil is shaken in an earthquake, it can behave like a liquid. This is called liquefaction. • When the soil acts like a liquid, it can cause great damage to the buildings standing on it. • Liquefaction is what happens to the wet sand at the beach. The sand is hard when you stand on it, but becomes liquid-like when you stick your toes down in it. *See the cornstarch demonstration*
  • 18. 16. Deformation • the change in the shape of rock as a result of stress
  • 19. Folding 17. Folding-the bending of the rock layers from stress is called folding. 18. Anticline-folds that arch up 19. Syncline-folds that sink down
  • 20. 20. Elastic Deformation - Leads to earthquakes; it is the sudden return of elastically deformed rock to its undeformed shape • Think of it as a stretched-out rubber band. You can only stretch it so far before it breaks. When it breaks, it releases energy. Then the unbroken pieces return to their original shape. • (from the textbook)
  • 23. 9.5 Chile, May 22, 1960 • 9.2 Indian Ocean (Sumatra tsunami) Dec 26,2004 • 9.2 Prince William Sound, Alaska, March 28, 1964 • 9.1 Andreanof Islands, Aleutian Islands, Pacific, • March 9, 1957 • 9.0 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami, March 13, 2011 • 9.0 Kamchatka, Russia, November 4, 1952 • 8.8 Off the Coast of Ecuador, January 31, 1906 • 8.7 Rat Islands, Aleutian Islands, Pacific, • February 4, 1965 • 8.6 India-China Border, August 15, 1950 • 8.5 Kamchatka, Russia, February 3, 1923 • 8.5 Banda Sea, Indonesia, February 1, 1938 • 8.5 Kuril Islands, Pacific, October 13, 1963 • http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12725646
  • 25. …And that was just a 7.2 on the Richter scale!
  • 28. • In the lower 48 states, there is a tie between the February 1812, New Madrid, Missouri earthquake and the January 1857, Fort Tejon, California earthquake--both magnitude 7.9--for the strongest earthquake recorded.
  • 29. • Generally, during an earthquake you first will feel a swaying or small jerking motion, then a slight pause, followed by a more intense rolling or jerking motion. The duration of the shaking you feel depends on the earthquake's magnitude, your distance from the epicenter, and the geology of the ground under your feet.
  • 30. • For minor earthquakes, ground shaking usually lasts only a few seconds. • Strong shaking from a major earthquake usually lasts less than one minute. For example, shaking in the 1989 magnitude 7.1 Loma Prieta (San Francisco) earthquake lasted 15 seconds; • For the 1906 magnitude 8.3 San Francisco earthquake it lasted about 40 seconds. • Shaking for the 1964 magnitude 9.2 Alaska earthquake, however, lasted three minutes.