4. Solar Energy
• An inexhaustible resources.
Sun produces renewable solar
energy
Converted into heat and electricity
long
lasting, sustainable, environmental
friendly
5. Pollution
Effects of Non-
renewable
Energy
(fossil fuels)
Global
Acid Rain
warming
6. Benefits Enable the
world to
improve the
of
quality of life
throughout the
solar energy
planet
earth, flora and
fauna.
7.
8. Solar Cell
• A device to convert sun to electricity.
Generate
electricity
Solar
Energy
-> using
Sunlight Copper
sheet
system
9. Theory of Solar Cell
Solar Cell =
Cuprous oxide
(display
photoelectric
effect)
10. • Photoelectric effect
- Phenomenon when
electromagnetic
radiation (light) is incident
upon metal surface to cause
electrons emitted from the
surface.
• Electromagnetic radiation
- Consist of stream of photons.
11.
12.
13. • Photons in sunlight hit the solar cell and are absorbed by
semiconducting materials, such as silicon or copper.
1.
• Electrons knocked loose from atom causing electric
potential difference. Current start to flow to cancel the
potential and the electricity is captured. The electrons
2. moved in a single direction due to special composition of
solar cells.
• Ray of solar cells converts solar energy into a usable amount
of direct current (DC) electricity.
3.
14. Processes……
1. Copper sheet is burned on the hot
plate/oven.
2. Cuprous oxide formed in the burning process
and act as a semiconductor.
3. When sunlight hits cuprous oxide, some of
electrons gain enough energy from the
sunlight and become free electrons to
conduct electricity.
15. Continue….
4. Free electrons move into :
saltwater clean copper plate wire
Cuprous oxide plate through meter
5. Electrons move through meter, perform work
needed to move the needle.
When a shadow falls on solar cells, fewer
electrons move through the meter and needle
dips back down.
18. PROCEDURE
Preparing of copper sheeting with layer of cuprous Oxide
1. Wear a glove before start the process.
2. Wash the Copper sheeting with soap/cleanser.
3. Dry the copper sheet under the fan or with clean dry cloth.
4. Cut the copper plate into two pieces at equal or different size
using blade/scissors.
a. 20cm x 15 cm
b. 20cm x 8.5 cm
5. Clean the copper sheeting with
sandpaper to remove any layer of oxide and light corrosion.
19. 6. The larger piece is placed into oven for heating process.
(400 ̊C – 900 ̊C).
7. A beautiful and colorful oxidation
patterns (oranges, purples and red)
shown as the copper sheeting started
to heat up.
8. As the copper got hotter, the colors replaced by a black
coating of cupric oxide.
9. The black coating copper is heat again for almost half an
hour to thickened the cupric oxide.
20. 10. Oven is turn off. The copper sheeting is left in the
oven to cool it down.
11. As the copper sheeting is cooled,
the black cupric oxide flakes off
easily. This is because both the
copper sheeting and black cupric
oxide shrank at different rates.
12. Remove the remaining black cupric oxide by a light
scrubbing with the hands under running water.
13. The copper sheeting is left to dry up.
21. Preparing the frame of solar cell…
1. A frame of rectangular shape is made by Perspex glass for the solar cell.
2. Measured the Perspex glass.
The size of the frame depend on
the size of the copper sheeting that used.
30.5 cm x 25.5cm x 2.1cm
3. The Perspex glass is cut with the hand used machine after the design on
the Perspex glass is done.
22. 4. The Perspex glasses are glued
together by using chloroform.
The top cover is not glued
because we need to attach the
copper sheeting to
the base of the frame first.
5. Left the Perspex for an hour before we check for any leaking
on it. If there is a leaking, it will be covered with Perspex dust.
The Perspex dust is put at the leaking
side and chloroform is dropped
on the dust to melt it. The
melting solution entered the
leaking hole and will covered
it when it dried.
23. Building of the Solar Cell model..
1. As the 5 sides of the frame being
attached to one another, the copper
sheeting is glued to the base of the
frame.
2. A wire is glued to each of the copper
sheeting.
3. The top cover is drilled 4 holes. 2 small and 2 big holes for the
flow of salt water in and air to come out after sealed the
frame. The big holes is covered by the battery caps.
24. 4. The top cover is glued to the frame using the same
method to glue the other sides of the frame. Before
the sealing process, 2 wires that attached to each
copper is put out from the 2 small holes. The Perspex
dust is used to seal the gluing side of the top cover to
prevent any leaking.
5. Frame is completely sealed and formed a rectangular
shape glass box. The 2 battery cap are opened.
6. Through the big hole, salt water using distilled water
and sodium chloride is made and poured into the
box.
7. Solar cell is made and ready for testing process.
25. !!Precautions !!
• Using gloves when handling the experiment.
• Make sure the hot copper is cool down slowly.
The black cupric oxide will stay stuck to the
copper if the cooling process occurs too fast.
• Use sandpaper/ brush to clean the copper
sheeting, sulphide/ other light corrosion.
• Make sure the wire attached to the copper
sheeting will not get wet by gluing it nicely.
26. Take a LOOk ^^,..
Testing
the solar
cell under
sunlight
Connecting the
wire to the
multimeter to
get the reading
of voltage
produced.
27. Testing solar cell under
FOCUS…… #.# sunlight with the help of mirror
FOCUS...... (reflection of sunlight to the
solar cell)
Haa…Last, at
HOME!!! ^.^
He….He……
AGAIN...^^
Under table lamp…
