6. Boiling point Melting point Color (gray, red, etc.) Combustibility Conductivity Crystallinity Density Ductility Fluorescence Malleability (brittle, malleable) Fracture / cleavage Mass State (solid, liquid, gas, plasma) Hardness Solubility (soluble, insoluble) Appearance / Homogeneity (homogeneous, heterogeneous) Reactivity (reactive with…, nonreactive with…, inert) Origin (naturally occurring, organic, inorganic, synthetic) Luster (dull, shiny) Texture (smooth, rough) Shape (cubic, pyramidal, elliptical, spherical, etc.) Streak Optical properties (transparent, translucent, opaque) Volume Weight Magnetic (magnetic, nonmagnetic) Flammability Some properties…

11. Chapter 3: States of Matter AKA: The Kinetic Model Theory (KMT)

24. In summary, Phase Properties Phase Particle Properties Proximity Energy Motion Volume Shape Solid Liquid Gas close little vibrational definite definite close moderate rotational definite indefinite far apart a lot translational indefinite indefinite

25. ONE state of matter they didn’t teach you about in school… Until Now!

26. 5 th STATE OF MATTER Bose-Einstein Condensate

27. We all know about: LIQUIDS SOLIDS GASES Higher Temperature Lower Temperature

28. What happens if you raise the temperature to super-high levels… between 1000 °C and 1,000,000,000°C ? Will everything just be a gas?

31. Some places where plasmas are found … 1. Flames

32. 2. Lightning

33. 3. Aurora (Northern Lights)

34. 4. Neon lights

35. 5 . Stars Stars make up 99% of the total matter in the Universe. Therefore, 99% of everything that exists in the entire Universe is in the plasma state.

36. The Sun is an example of a star in its plasma state

37. 6 6. Clouds of gas and dust around stars

38. So now we know all about four states of matter: LIQUIDS SOLIDS GASES Higher Temperature Lower Temperature PLASMAS (only for low density ionized gases)

39. But now what happens if you lower the temperature way, way, down to 100 nano degrees above “Absolute Zero” (-273°C) Will everything just be a frozen solid?

41. The 5 th state of matter: Bose-Einstein Condensate Finally, in 1995 (only 16 years ago!), Wolfgang Ketterle and his team of graduate students discovered the 5 th state of matter for the first time. Ketterle and his students

42. In a Bose-Einstein condensate, atoms can no longer bounce around as individuals. Instead they must all act in exactly the same way, and you can no longer tell them apart!

43. Here is a picture a computer took of Bose-Einstein Condensation The big peak happens when all the atoms act exactly the same way! (We can’t see Bose-Einstein condensation with our eyes because the atoms are too small)

44. Some other computer images of Bose-Einstein Condensates…

47. To really understand Bose-Einstein condensate you need to know Quantum Physics

48. In 2002, Ketterle and two other scientists received the highest award in science for discovering Bose-Einstein condensate: The Nobel Prize

49. The five states of matter: LIQUIDS SOLIDS GASES Higher Temperature Lower Temperature PLASMAS (only for low density ionized gases) BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE

54. A. Phase Changes

56. B. Heating Curves Solid - KE  Melting - PE  Liquid - KE  Boiling - PE  Gas - KE 

59. Phase Change Graph

60. Start from: Change to: Name solid liquid melting liquid solid freezing liquid gas boiling gas liquid condensation solid gas (skipping liquid phase) sublimation

65. Blue-Exothermic Green-Endothermic