2. • Three objectives:
– Why did the Cold
War begin and
how did Europe
take sides?
– How did the Cold
War turn hot and
end?
– How was Europe
changed since
WWII?
3. I. Why did the Cold War Begin?
• What agreements setup the Cold War and
how?
• What role did NATO and the Warsaw Pact
play?
• How did Khrushchev continue the image
of a “Cold” War?
6. a. Charter
i. Roosevelt and Churchill met on ship off
coast of Newfoundland (8/41)
ii. Self-Determination.
iii. Freedom from want & fear.
iv. Decline of imperialism.
v. Less trade barriers.
b. Tehran
i. The Big Three – Stalin, FDR, Churchill
ii. Second front in West promised.
iii. Stalin will control East, poor foresight by
West.
8. a. FDR suspected Churchill wanted to
continue colonialism.
b. Feared Britain and USSR would grab
territory.
c. Allowed USSR to control islands to east
for cooperation against Japan.
d. United Nations.
10. a. Clement Atlee, Truman, & Stalin.
b. Poland territory shifted West to punish
Germany.
c. Germany divided into occupied zones.
d. Growing sense USSR would not leave
EE.
13. a. Truman Doctrine wanted to stop spread
of communism.
b. George C. Marshall Plan economic aid to
all of Europe, rebuffed by USSR.
c. Western side of Germany unified by
industry & currency.
d. USSR feared this, sealed off Berlin.
e. USA airlifted supplies till USSR gave up.
15. a. North Atlantic Treaty Organization
b. Military alliance to “protect the West.”
c. First nations to join: Belgium,
Luxembourg, France, United Kingdom,
Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway,
Denmark, Iceland, USA.
d. Attack on one is an attack on all.
e. Despite a continued alliance, France
created a separate defense & asked all
NATO forces to withdraw from France
from 1959-67.
17. a. Formed in 1950, year after NATO.
b. Same premise, but from communist
perspective.
c. USSR, Albania, Bulgaria,
Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, East
Germany.
d. USSR domination, no dominate partners
like in NATO (Anglo-American).
18. II. End of Colonization and
Tension
• How did France and Britain treat
decolonization differently?
• How did the rest of Europe react to
decolonization?
• How did the tensions between NATO and
the Warsaw Pact decrease?
19. A. How did France and Britain treat
decolonization differently?
21. a. British & Cecil Rhodes had cut piece of
African cake from the south to north central
for diamonds & other resources.
b. Cocoa & sugar plantations in the west.
c. Farms also dotted central to north Africa,
along with small amounts of settlers.
d. India provides tropical crops & manual labor.
e. “Western” parts of the empire = Canada,
Australia.
f. Britain hoped to provide civilization to
indigenous people they had brutally
conquered.
23. a. France looks for resources as well, such
as oil.
b. Larger settlement colonies.
c. Algeria has over 1 million Frenchmen by
1950.
d. Indochina provides tropical crops,
plantations.
e. France is more determined to hold onto
colonies, greatness,
f. Redeeming itself from WWI, WWII.
25. a. France loses Indochina, but drags USA in for aid
then a follow-up war to fight communism.
b. French learned from guerilla warfare, fatal flaws =
outgunned/determined at Diem Bien Phu.
c. Algeria is part of metropolitan France, they elect
members to National Assembly.
d. Brutal War of Algiers is fought to bitter end.
e. France gives up other colonies while in pursuit.
f. French Army is sent in after Arabs & colonials use
civilian terrorism.
g. 4th
Republic collapses, De Gaulle comes to rescue
as President of 5th
Republic.
h. Lets Algerians vote for freedom, French move out,
despite last minute mutiny of Army.
26. B. How did the rest of Europe react to
decolonization?
27. 1. Portugal
a. Angola and Mozambique.
b. Brutal war of suppression.
c. Determined to keep colonies, more than
any other power.
d. Eventually was worn down by war of
attrition.
28. 2. Belgium
1. Congo, Rwanda, Burundi
2. Had been personal property of King Leopold II.
3. Amputations used as work motivation.
4. Turned over to Belgium.
5. Natural resources still pillaged.
6. In Rwanda & Burundi, indigenous people were
turned against each other.
7. Tutsi were treated as land owning elite, Hutu
as working class.
8. Eventually, independence is given despite no
preparedness.
29. C. How did the tensions between
NATO and the Warsaw Pact decrease?
30. 1. Eisenhower
a. Dwight Eisenhower wants to contain
USSR peacefully.
b. U2 spy plane is caught over USSR,
cools relations.
c. Nixon engages Khrushchev in Kitchens
debate.
d. Relies on nuclear weapon buildup.
31. 2. JFK
a. Antagonizes USSR with Bay of Pigs.
b. USSR agrees to supply nuclear missiles
and Castro will keep them in Cuba.
c. Standoff over USA embargo of island.
Khrushchev prevails over war mongers
in Kremlin.
d. Makes deal with JFK to withdraw
missiles if Cuba is left alone.
e. Khrushchev looks weak, is forced out.
32. 3. Détente
a. Richard Nixon is a conservative anti-
communist.
b. He & Secretary of State Henry Kissinger
create triangular diplomacy.
c. Pit USSR and China against each other.
d. Creates peaceful relations with each,
makes old enemies suspicious of each
other.
e. SALT I and II treaties agree to decrease
the amount of nuclear weapons.
33. D. Hot War Toll
1. Korea – UN cooperation against communists.
USSR abstained from vote to support South
Korea (50’s). Caused suspicion, “limited war.”
2. Vietnam – began breaking down French
imperialism, decreased cooperation among
allies, caused social unrest. (50’s-70’s)
3. Afghanistan – USSR occupation as border
stabilizations or grab at Middle East. Failed
after years of guerilla tactics.
