In this presentation, we will explore the fascinating realm of neo-Freudian psychology, a movement that emerged as a reaction to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theories. Neo-Freudians sought to build upon Freud's groundbreaking ideas while also incorporating new perspectives and expanding upon his work. We will delve into the key figures of the Neo-Freudian movement, such as Carl Jung, Karen Horney, Alfred Adler, and Erik Erikson.

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Neo-
Freudians
“Sexuality can’t explain everything!”
Hina Akbar
15

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Neo-
Freudians?
NEO- a new
or revived form of
● The word neo is added to make us
understand that these psychoanalysts are
the ones who revived Freud’s psychosexual
theory.

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● Neo-Freudian referring to
modifications, extensions, or revisions
of Freud’s original psychoanalytic
theory, most commonly to those that
emphasize social, cultural, and
interpersonal elements rather than
innate biological instincts such as
sexuality and aggression.
Who are neo-
freudians?

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Neo-Freudians Followers of Freud’s theories
but developed theories of their own in
areas where they disagreed with Freud
Disagreed with Freud in his belief that:
Behavior is motivated by sexual urges.
Personality is formed by early childhood
experiences
Human nature and society are inherently
driven by sex and destruction.
How they differ from Freud?

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 Neo Freudian theorists
● Alfred Adler
● Erik Erikson
● Erich Fromm
● Frieda Fromm-Reichmann
● Karen Horney
● Carl Jung
● Abram Kardiner
● Harald Schultz-Hencke
● Harry Stack Sullivan
● Clara Thompson
● Franz Alexander
● Jessica Benjamin
● Nancy Chodorow
● Richard Hakim
● Thomas Ogden
● David Rapaport
● Alex Unger

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Some of the notable neo-
Freudians are :
1. Alfred Adler (1937, 1956)
2. Karen Horney (1885-
1952)
3. Carl Jung (1875-1961)
(post-Freudian)
1. Erik Erikson (1902-1994)

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Alfred Adler
(1937-1956)
 Individual psychology

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Freud vs Adler
 Man is motivated by Sex and
Aggression.
 People have no choice in
shaping their personality
 • Present behavior is caused
by the past.
 • Emphasis on the
unconscious.
 Man is motivated by social
influences & striving for
superiority.
 People are largely responsible for
who they are..
 Present behavior is shaped by
the future.
 • People are usually aware of
what they are doing and why.

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Individual psychology
Human is indivisible
Human should be studied holistically
Humans are motivated by social urges not sexual ones

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Striving for significance
● “The whole human life proceeds along this great line of action—from below to
above, from minus to plus, from defeat to victory” (Bottom 255).
● According to Adler individual strive from the feeling of inferiority towards feeling
of significance. Often considered as negative struggle.

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Terms
and
conce
pts
1. Teleology
4. Life styles
5. Objective
inferiorities
2. Self ideal
3. Superiority
complex
6. Coping
behviour

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Terms
and
conce
pts
7. Direct
problem
solving
10. With drawl
11. Inferiority
complex
8.
compensation
9. Safeguarding
behavior
12. Self
realization

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Inferiority complex
● Develops from a sense of incompleteness or
● imperfection
● Disabilities ( psychological, social, bodily)
● Inferior feelings
● striving for significance

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Birth Order
Firstborn
Peacemaker
Competitive
Probability of
becoming
discourages
Middle -born
Sociable
Get most
attention
Irresponsible,
immature
Youngest
Leaders
Entitlement
Independence
Difficulty in
getting along
Only-child
More ambitious
Conforming
Motivated to
achieve

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Brave

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02 Karen Horney (1885-
1952)
● Reaction to Freud
● Humans motivated by need for security and love,
not by sex and aggression
● Influence of gender experience
● More emphasis on social factors in influencing
personality

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Neurosis = social
● Deviates in behavior from the social and cultural
norms..
● Shows behavior that is rigid and monotonous.
● Shows a strong discrepancy.
● Suffers from strong anxiety.
● Pursues opposing goals.

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What is psychosocial theory?
Safety Need • Social forces in childhood, not biological forces influence personality
No universal stages of development
Childhood is dominated by need for security and freedom from fear
Parents foster security by treating the child with warmth and affection
Normality of personality development direct function of level of warmth and affection
received by parents
Basic Anxiety • Pervasive feeling of loneliness and helplessness
Basic evil

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Basic
anxiety
compliance
-moving towards
people
Aggression
=Moving against
from people
Withdrawal
- Moving away
from people
Basic evil

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The self
The real self
= can be
The actual
self
-is
The ideal self
=should be

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Idealized Self-Image
• Normal people: Built on flexible, realistic assessment of one’s abilities
• Neurotic people: Inflexible, unrealistic self-appraisal
Tyranny of the shoulds
• Used by neurotics to attain the idealized self
• Deny true self and behave in terms of what we think we should be doing
• Externalization: Reduce conflict caused by discrepancy between ideal and
actual self

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•Feminine Psychology •
Revision of psychoanalysis to include psychological
conflicts found in the traditional ideal of womanhood and
women’s roles
she presented Womb Envy.

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Brave

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03 Carl Gustav Jung
(1875-1961)
● Carl Jung (figure below) was a Swiss psychiatrist
and protégé of Freud.
● who later split off from Freud and developed his own
theory, which he called analytical psychology.
● The focus of analytical psychology is on working to
balance opposing forces of conscious and unconscious
thought, and experience within one's personality.

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Freud vs Jung?
Focuses more on the unconscious
mind and its direct connection to
ones suppressed thoughts and
primal human drives such ex,
violence and aggression
Human psyche is divided into
conscious and unconscious.
For Freud unconscious is the store
house of repressed desires
Human psyche is divided into three
parts id, ego and super ego.
Focuses more on individual lived
experiences and future aspirations.
Views the unconscious mind as a store
house of repressed memories specific to
the individual and the ancestral past.
Conceptualizing the idea of collective
unconsciousness.
Developed important concepts
1. Collective unconscious
2. Archetypical phenomenon

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Jung’s model of the
personality
For Jung its total
personality
“By psyche I understand the totality of all psychic
processes, conscious as well as unconscious” (Jung
797).
so we use the term ‘psyche’ rather than ‘mind’, since
mind is used in common parlance to refer to the
aspects of mental functioning which are conscious.
Jung maintained that the psyche is a self-
regulating system (like the body).

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Carl Jung divided the
psyche into three realms
● Consciousness
● Personal
unconsciousness
● Collective
unconsciousness

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Consciousness
● One’s field of awareness
● To it’s center is the “ego”
The ego (the gatekeeper)
● Jung saw the ego as the center of the field of consciousness which contains our conscious awareness of
existing and a continuing sense of personal identity.
● The ego is the bearer of personality and stands at the junction between the inner and outer worlds.
● The ego plays a crucial role in each persons life as it acts as agate keeper which influences what contents
of experience are reflected in consciousness and which consents are eliminated , repressed or ignored.
● The ego helps determine the content of the next main area that is personal unconsciousness.

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Personal Unconsciousness
● The personal unconscious is a product of the interaction between the collective
unconscious and the development of the individual during life.
● One can see that there is more here than the repressed contents of the
unconscious as envisaged by Freud, for while it does include repression, Jung also
sees the personal unconscious as having within it potential for future
development, and thus is very much in line with his thinking about the psyche.

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Jung considered that the personal unconscious is composed
of functional units called complexes, A complex is a sub
personalities which have the tendency to exert a powerful
control over one’s thoughts, emotions, and behavior.

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Collective Unconsciousness
● The theory of the collective unconscious is one of the distinctive features of Jung's
psychology.
We can also find in the unconscious qualities that are not
individually acquired but are inherited, e.g., instincts as impulses to
carry out actions from necessity, without conscious motivation. In
this deeper stratum we...find...archetypes...The instincts and
archetypes together form the "collective unconscious". I call them
collective because unlike the personal unconscious, it is not made up
of individual and more or less unique contents but of those which
are universal and of regular occurrence. (Carl Jung)

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Individuation

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The Archetypes.
The archetypes predispose us to approach life and to experience it in certain
ways, according to patterns laid down in the psyche.
These images find expression in the psyche, in behaviour and in myths.
It is only archetypal images that are capable of being known and coming to
consciousness, the archetypes themselves are deeply unconscious and
unknowable.

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Other Archetypes
● The father/ the ruler/ control
● The mother
● The child/ the innocent/ safety
● The wise old man/ the caregiver/ service
● The hero / mastery
● The maiden
● The trickster.

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Common archetypes
The self.
Represents the
unified
unconsciousness
and consciousness
of an individual
The
shadow
The animal side
of our
personality
Just like Id in
Freud
The
Persona
Also known as
the mask. The
outer face that
we present to
world
Anima/
animus
Mirror image of
our biological sex

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1.
Esther
2.
Vicki
Lester

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Erik Erikson
(1902-1994)

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Psychosocial theory
● Childhood is very important in personality development
● Accepted many of Freud's theories, including the id, ego and superego
● Unlike Freud, felt that personality continued to develop beyond five
years of age

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Initiative versus
Guilt (4 – 5 years)
Autonomy versus
Shame/Doubt (2
to 3 years)
Trust versus
Mistrust (birth to 1
½ years)
8 stages of development
2
Identity versus Role
Confusion (12 – 18 years)
6
Generativity versus
Stagnation (35 – 65
years)
Integrity versus
Despair (over 65 years)
5
Industry versus
Inferiority (6 – 11 years)
3
1
4
8
7
Intimacy versus
Isolation (18 – 35
years)

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TrustversusMistrust
Autonomyversus
Shame/Doubt Initiative versusGuilt
Children either learn that
the world is a safe and
nurturing place or they
learn to be mistrustful and
frightened
Children begin to have
some control over their
own bodies and to some
extent, their lives, which
allows for great
independence and self-
confidence
Children expand their
world; learn to control their
new environments; acquire
feelings of competence and
independence; develop
leadership skills. e.g; riley

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Industry versus
Inferiority
Identityversus Role
Confusion Intimacyversus Isolation
Children begin to have
more social interactions;
develop a sense of pride in
accomplishments
Main task of the
adolescent is to achieve a
state of identity; to know
who he/she is and wants
to be
Exploring relationships,
moving to commitment
and long-term
relationships; failure brings
isolation

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Generativity versus
Stagnation Integrityversus Despair
Being in the world;
thoughts of future
generations. What have we
done to help those we love
and the world at large?
Reflecting back on life; few
regrets or bitterness?

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“…each stage of life is
associated with a specific
psychological struggle, a
struggle that contributes
to a major aspect of
personality” (Erikson).

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conclusion
The neo-Freudians were psychologists whose work followed from Freud's.
They generally agreed with Freud that childhood experiences matter, but they decreased the
emphasis on sex and focused more on the social environment and effects of culture on
personality.
The Neo-Freudian approaches have been criticized, because they tend to be philosophical rather
than based on sound scientific research.
In addition, as with Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the neo-Freudians based much of their
theories of personality on information from their patients.

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Work cited
Butt, Malaika. “Freud and Erikson’s Psychoanalytic Theory: - Malaika Butt.” Medium, 7 Jan. 2022, medium.com/@malaikabutt/freud-and-
eriksons-psychoanalytic-theory-3c35ff3e5891.
Cherry, Kendra. “Who Were the Neo-Freudians?” Verywell Mind, 2020, www.verywellmind.com/who-were-the-neo-freudians-2795576.
Dumper, Kathryn William Jenkins. 10.3 Neo-Freudians: Adler, Erikson, Jung, and Horney – Introductory Psychology.
opentext.wsu.edu/psych105/chapter/10-4-neo-freudians.
Karen Horney Personality Theory. slideplayer.com/slide/4465891.
PHILO-notes. “Jung’s Theory of Personality.” YouTube, 12 June 2022, www.youtube.com/watch?v=wG23vy786Bc.
Willetts, Judith. “Jung’s Model of the Psyche | Jung and the Ego - the SAP.” Society of Analytical Psychology, 28 Oct. 2022,
www.thesap.org.uk/articles-on-jungian-psychology-2/carl-gustav-jung/jungs-model-psyche.
“How The Neo-Freudian Disagreements Led to New Psychology Branches.” Verywell Mind, 25 May 2020, www.verywellmind.com/who-were-the-
neo-freudians-2795576.

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Thank you!
Do you have any questions?