Materials presented during The 10th Biennial Conference of Asian Association of Social Psychology - Yogyakarta - Indonesia, August 21 - August 24, 2013 - Prof. Dr. Hora Tjitra, Director of Tjitra & associates (www.tjitra.com) & Associate Professor for Applied Psychology at Zhejiang University

1. Friday,
August
23rd,
2013
From Intra - cultural
to Inter - cultural Competence
Prof. Dr. Hora Tjitra
Zhejiang University, China
THE
INDONESIAN
WAY
OF
UNITY
IN
DIVERSITY:

2. Abstract
2
Indonesia is the world’s largest archipelago with over 17,000 islands. With a
fascinating, colorful and sometimes tumultuous past, Indonesia is a place of rich
and diverse culture. Few countries in the world could match Indonesia’s diversity
of population with some 490 different ethnics living together. Indonesia is
"Ultimate in Diversity".
The paper will start by reviewing some recent studies have been done in the
area of intra-, inter-and cross-cultural issues of Indonesian professionals working
in national and international environment. It is argued that the Indonesian has a
unique approach on managing cultural diversity. An indigenous concept of
Indonesian intercultural sensitivity and synergy will than be introduced and
discussed. Finally, a developmental model to build the global competence of
Indonesian (future) leaders will be presented.

3. 3
• Tjitra & associates is an international management consulting
firm founded by Dr. Tjitra with offices in Hong Kong, Shanghai,
Hangzhou and Jakarta. Our work focuses on the CULTURE,
TALENT and CHANGE.
• Over the last fifteen years, Dr. Tjitra and his team have collected
International project experiences at the global, regional and
national level in the US, Europe and Asia with senior leaders from
over forty countries.
• A team of multilingual psychologists are dedicated to strive for
excellence and provide tailor-made service solutions. We devote
ourselves in ensuring sustainable business results by
understanding the exact needs and situation of our clients.
Companies and Organizations
we have been working with ...*
* only selected list and not complete
http://www.tjitra.com

4. Agenda
4
... Unity in Diversity (Bhinneka Tunggal Ika) 6
Intercultural Competence and Sensitivity across Cultures 13
Business Case - Indonesian Business Leaders abroad 20
From Intra-cultural into Inter-cultural Competence and Sensitivity 25

5. !
... UNITY IN DIVERSITY (BHINNEKA TUNGGAL IKA)

6. Indonesia: Ultimate in Diversity
6
✴ Indonesia has around 300 ethnic groups, each with cultural identities developed over
centuries,and influenced by Indian,Arabic,Chinese and European sources significantly.
✴ The main ethnic group is the Javanese, who comprise 42% of the population, and are
politically and culturally dominant.
✴ A sense of Indonesian nationhood exists alongside strong regional identities. Society is
largely harmonious, although social, religious and ethnic tensions have triggered
horrendous violence.
✴ The country has extensive natural resources, including crude oil, natural gas, tin, copper
and gold,which attracts more and more foreign investment in recent years.
Republic of Indonesia
Republik Indonesia
Flag National emblem
Motto: "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" (Old Javanese)
"Unity in Diversity"
National ideology: Pancasila[1][2]
Anthem: Indonesia Raya
Capital
and largest city
Jakarta
6°10.5!S 106°49.7!E
Official languages Indonesian
Demonym Indonesian
Government Unitary presidential
constitutional republic
- President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
- Vice President Boediono
Legislature People's Consultative
Assembly
- Upper house Regional Representative
Council
- Lower house People's Representative
Council
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ago
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ublic
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ntry
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nd then
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uenced
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o
ng the
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ersity,
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ensely
Independence from the Netherlands
- Declared 17 August 1945
- Acknowledged 27 December 1949
Area
- Land 1,904,569 km2 (15th)
735,358 sq mi
- Water (%) 4.85
Population
- 2011 census 237,424,363[3] (4th)
- Density 124.66/km2 (84th)
322.87/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2013 estimate
- Total $1.314 trillion[3] (15th)
- Per capita $5,302[3] (117th)
GDP (nominal) 2013 estimate
- Total $946.391 billion[3] (16th)
- Per capita $3,816[3] (105th)
Gini (2010) 35.6[4]
medium
HDI (2012) 0.629[5]
medium · 121st
Currency Rupiah (Rp) (IDR)
Time zone various (UTC+7 to +9)
Drives on the left
Calling code +62
ISO 3166 code ID
Internet TLD .id
populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that
support the world's second highest level of biodiversity. The
country has abundant natural resources, yet poverty remains
widespread.[7][8]
Contents
1 Etymology
2 History
3 Government and politics
4 Foreign relations and military
5 Administrative divisions
6 Geography
7 Biota and environment
8 Economy
9 Demographics
10 Culture
11 See also
12 Notes
13 References
14 External links
Etymology
Further information: Names of Indonesia
The name Indonesia derives from the Latin and Greek Indus,
and the Greek nèsos, meaning "island".[9] The name dates to
the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent
Indonesia.[10] In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an English
ethnologist, proposed the terms Indunesians — and, his
preference, Malayunesians — for the inhabitants of the "Indian Archipelago or Malayan Archipelago".[11] In
the same publication, a student of Earl's, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian
Archipelago.[12][13] However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use
Indonesia. Instead, they used the terms Malay Archipelago (Maleische Archipel); the Netherlands East Indies
(Nederlandsch Oost Indië), popularly Indië; the East (de Oost); and Insulinde.[14]
After 1900, the name Indonesia became more common in academic circles outside the Netherlands, and
Indonesian nationalist groups adopted it for political expression.[14] Adolf Bastian, of the University of Berlin,
popularized the name through his book Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipels, 1884–1894. The
first Indonesian scholar to use the name was Suwardi Suryaningrat (Ki Hajar Dewantara), when he established a
[10]
• Indonesia is a very diverse country, including more than 350 ethnic groups, and 650
languages.
• There are 6 religions:Catholic; Christian; Islam; Buddhism; Hinduism and Konfuzianism.
• Different Norms, Values and Behaviors. People in East Java are more dynamic than in
Central Java. They speak faster, louder and more direct. East javanese dance is very fast
with dynamic movement.
• Different ethnic groups live side by side (Minang and Batak), however they are based on
different Family Lineage:matriarchat vs.Patriarchat.
• Indonesia is a collectivist culture with high Power Distance; very strong influenced by
Islamic values.
• The Indonesian self is interdependent (good relationship with other people); western
children develop independent Self (personal achievement).

7. 7
World economics reports predict positive future for Indonesia in the new global economy ...
Indonesia’s economy has enormous promise. It has been and still
growing rapidly, from the currently 16th largest economy of the
world, it is predicted to reach the seventh biggest in 2030.
2012,McKinsey Global Institute:
The archipelago economy Unleashing Indonesia’s potential.
Indonesia: the New Darling for Business Investments
Indonesia’s economy will likely break into the top 15 in the world in the next decade
or so.The nation’s economic expansion is largely driven by domestic consumption
rather than export-led growth, so it is less dependent on increasingly unpredictable
global economic forces.
2013,Boston Consulting Group Report:Growing Pains,Lasting Advantage:Tackling Indonesia’s
Talent Challenges.
Between 2004-2012, there have been obvious indications of progress…
Our high GDP growth has been a great achievement.The GDP figures
show that all of Indonesia’economic sectors are growing.
Indonesia FinanceToday:Indonesia’s economic review 2004-2012.

8. 8
The talent crisis…

9. 8
The talent crisis…

10. 8
The talent crisis…
ACUTE SHORTAGE
OF TALENTS:
Only 22 % of school-aged population
are in schools
Only a small minority of
Indonesia’s graduates from more
than 1000 higher educations
40% shortfall of engineers in 2013
(by 2025 will be 70%)
Exhibit 2,2013 BCG Report

11. !
INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCE & SENSITIVITY
ACROSS CULTURES

12. “To
be
effective
in
another
culture,
people
must
be
interested
in
other
cultures,
be
sensitive
enough
to
notice
cultural
differences,
and
then
also
be
willing
to
modify
their
behavior
as
an
indication
of
respect
for
the
people
of
other
cultures
”
(Bhawuk and Brislin, 1992)
Intercultural Competence
Technical knowledge &
skill
Motivation
Stress tolerance
Respect for
differences
Harmony
preservation
Self Control
Awareness of
communication symbols
Language skill
Verbal & non
verbal expression
Attribution process of
information
Cultural empathy
Intercultural
Sensitivity
Intercultural
Communication
Competence
Intercultural Competence and Sensitivity
10

13. Intercultural Competence and Sensitivity
A Review on Intercultural Sensitivity in Asian Leadership Context....
✦ Intercultural Sensitivity (IS) is the ability to discriminate and experience relevant cultural
differences (Hammer,Bennett,2003),and is related strongly to the cognitive,affective,and
behavioral aspects of interactional situations (Chen,1998).
✦ IS is proved to be a valid predictive factor for intercultural effectiveness (Cui & Van den Berg,
1991) and as an important criteria for expatriate selection and placement (Vulpe,Kealey,
Protheroe,& MacDonald,2001).
✦ Different approaches have been drawn on the concept of IS,incl.Intercultural Development
Inventory (Bennett,1993),Intercultural Sensitivity Scala (Chen and Starosta,2000),Indonesian
Intercultural Sensitivity in Workgroup (Panggabean,2004),and Chinese Intercultural
Sensitivity in Tourism Industry (Tjitra & Deng,2006).
11

14. Study and Join Activities Abroad
The influence of intercultural exposure to IS is somehow ambiguous. Exposing to different is not necessarily
improve IS level. Researches show that study abroad does not benefit all students equally
(Fuller,2007)
Without the structure of a service program to support their processes of construing
meaning from their experiences of difference,they actually became more entrenched
in the Denial/Defense stage (Westrick,2004).
The program may have different affect on different IS aspects (Altshuler et al,2003).
Mentoring system is perceived crucial for improving IS (Koskinen & Tossavainen,
2004).
Events such as celebration can extended students’ethnorelative views on Avoidance
and Acceptance (Klak,2003).
Short-term,non-language-based study abroad programs can also have a positive
impact on intercultural sensitivity (Anderson et al.,2006).
Influences of Intercultural Exposures to IS
12

15. Andere Länder, andere Sitten.
Allá donde fueres,
haz lo que vieres.
À Rome,
fais comme les Romains.
郷に入っては郷に従う.
Lain ladang lain belalang,
lain lubuk lain ikannya.
入乡随俗
13

16. Is Cross-Culture Adaptation a Universal Value?
Andere Länder, andere Sitten.
Allá donde fueres,
haz lo que vieres.
À Rome,
fais comme les Romains.
郷に入っては郷に従う.
Lain ladang lain belalang,
lain lubuk lain ikannya.
入乡随俗
13

17. Is Cross-Culture Adaptation a Universal Value?
Andere Länder, andere Sitten.
Allá donde fueres,
haz lo que vieres.
À Rome,
fais comme les Romains.
郷に入っては郷に従う.
Lain ladang lain belalang,
lain lubuk lain ikannya.
入乡随俗
13
TOLERANCE?

18. Is Cross-Culture Adaptation a Universal Value?
Andere Länder, andere Sitten.
Allá donde fueres,
haz lo que vieres.
À Rome,
fais comme les Romains.
郷に入っては郷に従う.
Lain ladang lain belalang,
lain lubuk lain ikannya.
入乡随俗
13
TOLERANCE?
DIFFERENCES HARMONIZATION?

19. Is Cross-Culture Adaptation a Universal Value?
Andere Länder, andere Sitten.
Allá donde fueres,
haz lo que vieres.
À Rome,
fais comme les Romains.
郷に入っては郷に従う.
Lain ladang lain belalang,
lain lubuk lain ikannya.
入乡随俗
13
TOLERANCE?
DIFFERENCES HARMONIZATION?
HEIGHTENED SENSITIVITY?

20. Indonesian and Chinese Intercultural Sensitivity
INDONESIAN IS
(PANGGABEAN, 2005)
Multiculturality
Active
Sensitivity
Group
Harmony
Initial
Cautiousness
Conflict
Avoidance
Differences Harmonization & Ethno Identification
Cultural Comprehension
Relationship Optimization
(host friendliness,relationship nourishment)
Rel.Optimization (rel.assess.) & Diff.Harm
(conflict avo.& imitate)
Differences Harmonization
(conflict avoidance)
IS Dimensions
Implicit
communication
Musyawarah
Mufakat
No
comparable
dimension
No comparable dimension
No comparable dimension
Change accomodation
Comparable
Uncomparable
CHINESE IS
(TJITRA & DENG, 2006)
14

21. !
BUSINESS CASE - INDONESIAN BUSINESS LEADERS ABROAD

22. 16
Source: Tjitra & Zeutschel, 1998
“Knowing,
what
makes
the
world
go
‘round”
“Zu
wissen,
was
die
Welt
im
Innersten
Zusammenhält”

23. (world-wide famous)
Hardworking Chinese
ETHNOCENTRISM
“Everybody
is
hardworking.”
Indonesians Singaporeans
When
Chinese
come
to
work
in
Indonesia:
“Indonesians
are
not
hardworking.
They
are
so
relaxed!”
When
Indonesians
go
to
work
in
China:
“Chinese
are
really
hardworking!
(and
Indonesians
are
at
normal
level)”
When
Singaporeans
go
to
work
in
China:
“Chinese
are
really
hardworking!
(and
Singaporeans
are
at
normal
level)”
When
Singaporeans
come
to
work
in
Indonesia:
-­‐
“Are
Indonesians
hardworking
or
relaxed?”
17
Ethnocentrism and Culture Relativism

24. 18

25. 18

26. ❖ Achievement Driven
❖ Professionalism
❖ Facilitative Leadership
Singaporean Expatriates
in Indonesia
Chinese Expatriates
in Indonesia
❖ Strong Drive
❖ Personal Advancement
❖ Systematic Improvement
❖ Country Brand
❖ Internationalism
❖ Master of Planning
Singaporean Expatriates
in China
❖ Exposure to Diversity
❖ Warm and Personable
❖ Integrator
Indonesian Expatriates
in China
18

27. ❖ Achievement Driven
❖ Professionalism
❖ Facilitative Leadership
Singaporean Expatriates
in Indonesia
Chinese Expatriates
in Indonesia
❖ Strong Drive
❖ Personal Advancement
❖ Systematic Improvement
❖ Country Brand
❖ Internationalism
❖ Master of Planning
Singaporean Expatriates
in China
❖ Exposure to Diversity
❖ Warm and Personable
❖ Integrator
Indonesian Expatriates
in China
Whoyou are depends on
WhereYou Are!
18

28. Javanese Approach in Creating Intercultural Synergy
19

29. Javanese Approach in Creating Intercultural Synergy
19

30. Javanese Approach in Creating Intercultural Synergy
EQUAL
OPPORTUNITIES
19

31. Javanese Approach in Creating Intercultural Synergy
EQUAL
OPPORTUNITIES
Neither-nor-frame
19

32. Javanese Approach in Creating Intercultural Synergy
EQUAL
OPPORTUNITIES
Neither-nor-frame
Intercultural
competence
19

33. Javanese Approach in Creating Intercultural Synergy
EQUAL
OPPORTUNITIES
Neither-nor-frame
Intercultural
competence
Complexity oftasks
19

34. Javanese Approach in Creating Intercultural Synergy
EQUAL
OPPORTUNITIES
Neither-nor-frame
Intercultural
competence
Complexity oftasks
Diversity of
cultures
19

35. Javanese Approach in Creating Intercultural Synergy
EQUAL
OPPORTUNITIES
Neither-nor-frame
Intercultural
competence
Complexity oftasks
Diversity of
cultures
19

36. Javanese Approach in Creating Intercultural Synergy
Intercultural
Synergy
EQUAL
OPPORTUNITIES
Neither-nor-frame
Intercultural
competence
Complexity oftasks
Diversity of
cultures
19

37. !
FROM INTRA-CULTURAL INTO INTER-CULTURAL
SENSITIVITY & COMPETENCE

38. 21
PERCEIVED BARRIERS PERCEIVED STRENGTHS
Work
Ethics Interpersonal
Relationship
Communication
&
Language Exposure
to
Diversity
Technical
Competence Facilitating
Leadership
Global Indonesian: challenges VS potentials

39. Lessons Learned - Implication for Global Indonesian
22

40. Lessons Learned - Implication for Global Indonesian
22
International
Assignment
in
Early
Career
Exposure
to
Diverse
Experiences
Early
Intensive
Experiences
on
Intercultural
Learning
Critical Experiences

41. Lessons Learned - Implication for Global Indonesian
22
International
Assignment
in
Early
Career
Exposure
to
Diverse
Experiences
Early
Intensive
Experiences
on
Intercultural
Learning
Critical Experiences
Technical Competence
Passion to Learn
Self - confidence
Important Traits

42. COMING SOON !!
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based on 18 years intensive research
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43. Global Indonesian Network
Global Indonesian-Network (GI-Net) is a series of events aiming to promote
an open and interactive dialogue between the academic world and business practices.
Involved are people who take an active role in an Indonesian-international working environment.
• We make sure that research addresses the needs of
businesses and organizations and provide a platform of
learning and sharing,where theory meets reality
• Themes to be raised in our forum will focus on the three
domains cross-cultural competence, talent & leadership
development as well as strategic change & transformation
• Business implications based on our findings will further
be discussed in each of our sessions
Global Indonesian Network
Global Indonesian NetworkGlobal Indonesian Network www.globalindonesian.net @htjitra

44. Global Indonesian Network Can Add To Your Success
• You will be able to apply current research to the
challenges faced in daily business life
• Get in touch with people in similar work environment
to share knowledge and experience
• Develop yourself in the area of intercultural diversity,
talent and change management
• Add value to your organization with concrete
knowledge on current international business matters
and industry characteristics

45. THANK YOU !
Contact us via …
gi-net@tjitra.com
@htjitra
hora tjitra
www.globalindonesian.net
Global Indonesian Network
Global Indonesian Network