21. Characterization of antibody responses
Chai et al. , PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 15(5): e0009374, 2021
IM + electroporation
22. DNA vaccination induced Th1-biased immune responses
BALB/C
C57BL/6
Chai et al. , PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 15(5): e0009374, 2021
23. DNA vaccination induced protective immune responses against
virus challenge in hamsters
攻毒後體重變化 攻毒後3天肺部病毒量
D ay p o st-ch alle n g e
B
o
d
y
w
e
ig
h
t
(
%
)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
90
95
100
105
110
*
*
#
p S A R S 2 -S /5s
p S A R S 2 -S /3s
V e c to r
V
ir
u
s
t
it
e
r
(L
o
g
1
0
T
C
ID
5
0
/m
l)
V
e
c
t
o
r
p
S
A
R
S
2
-
S
/
3
s
p
S
A
R
S
2
-
S
/
5
s
0
2
4
6
8
1 0
*
24. SARS-CoV-2 DNA vaccines in clinical trials
Vaccine name
Vaccine type Phase
Company
DNA Inovio INO-4800 Phase 2/3
Genexine
Anges
GX-19 Phase 2/3
AG0302-COVID19 Phase 2/3
zydus cadila ZyCoV-D EUA
GeneOne GLS-5310 Phase 1/2
Takis/ Rottapharm COVID-eVax Phase 1/2
Entos VAX-001 Phase 1
OncoSec CORVax12 Phase 1
BioNet-Asia/Technovalia COVIGEN Phase 1
25. World’s first DNA vaccine
“This is a historic milestone with ZyCoV-D, a product of Indian innovation becoming the world’s first DNA vaccine
being offered for human use and supporting the world’s largest immunisation drive,” said Pankaj R Patel, Chairman,
Cadila Healthcare Ltd (Zydus Cadila).
ZyCoV-D has shown primary efficacy of 66.6 per cent for symptomatic RT-PCR positive cases in the interim analysis of
the late-stage phase-III clinical trials in over 28,000 volunteers — touted as the largest vaccine trial so far in India for
COVID-19. When administered, it produces the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and elicits an immune response
mediated by the cellular and humoral arms of the human immune system, which play a vital role in protection from
disease as well as viral clearance.
It is given at an interval of 0-28-56-days using The PharmaJet — a needle-free applicator for painless intradermal
vaccine delivery. The vaccine is stored at 2-8 degrees Celsius and has shown good stability at 25-degrees C for at least
degrees C for at least three months, the company said.
This makes it east to transport and store for supplies to remote locations.
And while the company had started production at risk, sources say the stocks can be released into the market starting next
month, i.e. September, while there’s still no word on pricing.
https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/zydus-cadilas-needle-free-plasmid-dna-covid-vaccine-gets-dcgi-
nod/article36023482.ece
29. Original
virus
B.1.1.7
(alpha)
B.1.351
(beta)
P.1 (gamma)
B.1.617.2
(delta)
Pfizer-
BioNTech
95% Same efficacy
Reduced antibody
levels
Same efficacy
Mild reduced
efficacy
Moderna 94% Same efficacy
Reduced antibody
levels
More data
needed
J&J 72%* Same efficacy
Reduced efficacy
(in South Africa
trials)
Reduced efficacy
(in Latin America
trials)
AstraZeneca 60-90% Same efficacy Reduced efficacy Same efficacy
Mild reduced
efficacy
Sinovac 50% Same efficacy
Reduced antibody
levels
Reduced
antibody levels
https://www.businessinsider.com/covid-19-vaccines-efficacy-variants-
south-africa-uk-brazil-2021-3
Effectiveness of the Vaccines Against the Coronavirus Variants
30. The major players in mRNA vaccines
Company Country Capital
Moderna Therapeutics USA $1.7 B
CureVac Germany $1.1 B
BioNTech Germany $741.9 M
Dicerna Pharmaceuticals USA $395.5 M
Sirnaomics USA $162 M
Translate Bio USA $138 M
Atalanta Therapeutics USA $110 M
GreenLight Biosciences USA $96 M
Regulus Therapeutics USA $91.7 M
Korro Bio USA $91.5 M
Accent Therapeutics USA $40 M
MiNA Therapeutics USA $ 30 M
Vesigen Therapeutics USA $ 28.5 M
Strand Therapeutics USA $ 6 M
NeuroSense Therapeutics Israel $ 529K
BrainDTech Italy NA
Kernal Biologics USA NA
SYTE.biotech Argentina NA
中國大陸
斯微生物
艾博生物(phase 3)
麗凡達生物
藍鵲生物
厚存奈米
美諾恒康
深信生物
瑞吉生物
34. GMP manufacturing of mRNA vaccine
DNA的生產 mRNA的生產
奈米脂微粒的
生產
DNA疫苗的開發
Master cell bank
DNA template GMP production
Supercoiled pDNA preparation
Linearized by restriction enzymes
mRNA synthesis
Capping
Modified nucleoside
Purification
QC method development
Stability test
Reactogenicity of components
Packaging capacity
Temperature stability
QC method development
Stability test