CAMPUS KÖLNCAMPUS MAINZCAMPUS POTSDAMSTYLE & REFERENCI.docx

CAMPUS KÖLN
CAMPUS MAINZ
CAMPUS POTSDAM
STYLE & REFERENCING
GUIDELINES
for Academic Papers in English
Undergraduate and Masters’ Programmes
cbs.de
32
INTRODUCTION 5
LANGUAGE AND APPEARANCE 6
General Formatting Requirements 6
Language & Paper/Thesis Structure 7
Front Page 8
TABLE OF CONTENTS 10
THE BODY OF THE PAPER 12
Structure and format 12
The introduction 13

Theoretical background or literature review 14
Procedure and methodology 15
The main body 16
The conclusion 17
IN-TEXT CITATIONS 18
Citations from books, journal and newspaper articles 18
Citations from other sources 21
∙ Printed sources with no author or with institutional authors 21
∙ eBooks and online sources 22
∙ Conversational evidence 23
Direct quotes 24
REFERENCE LIST 26
FORMAT OF THE REFERENCE LIST 27
Books 27
Articles from edited books 28
Articles from scientific journals 28
Newspaper articles / news magazine articles 29
Internet sources 30

∙ Articles from electronic database, with DOI (Digital Object
Identifier) 30
∙ Internet sources without DOI 31
∙ Social media and blog posts, audiovisual material 32
∙ Websites and Webpages 32
TABLES, GRAPHS, AND FIGURES 34
ABBREVIATION ACCORDING TO APA-GUIDELINES 35
APPENDICES 36
CONTENT
54
INTRODUCTION
This style & referencing guide covers the formal requirements
for all academic
term papers and the bachelor/master thesis at the Cologne
Business School.
Compliance with the CBS style & referencing requirements,
compliant with
the APA Documentation Style (7th ed.), will ensure that any
papers/thesis are
of an internationally recognised academic standard. Non-
compliance with the
guidelines leads to a point deduction, which may result in a fail.
The style sheet is to be applied for all academic pieces of work,

regardless of
length of paper or thesis. If there are different requirements for
individual pie-
ces of work, lecturers will give the necessary information: for
example, when
writing a business report.
Course works in the Bachelor's program typically have a length
of 2000 to
3000 words, in the Master's program 4000 to 5000 words (these
are only
guidelines; the actual word count depends on the subject and the
examination
regulations, e.g. the share of the course work in the overall
grade). For full-time
programs, the Bachelor thesis (BT) should generally be around
10,000 words,
the Master thesis (MT) around 20,000 words. The specifications
in the study
and examination regulations for the respective degree program
are decisive in
this respect.
This style guide deliberately omits any information on the
relative weighting of
any parts of a paper or thesis when it comes to grading: certain
parts can be
more or less important, varying with the chosen topic.
Depending on the findings of e.g. literature reviews or first
research results, the
structure and the content, sometimes even the research
questions, of a paper
may evolve during working on it. This means that even when
knowing a topic,
the supervisor will not necessarily be able to tell upfront how
different parts

will be weighted. The focus should therefore lie on presenting a
coherent paper
with a logical and compelling storyline throughout all parts of
it.
76
LANGUAGE AND APPEARANCE
General Formatting Requirements
Language & Paper/Thesis Structure
FONT STYLE & SIZE: Times/Times New Roman (TNR) 12 or
Arial 11
LINE SPACING: 1.5, spacing: 6pt before and after
MARGINS: 3 cm, also above and below text
PAGE NUMBERS
(STARTING WITH THE INTRODUCTION): centered at the
bottom
All papers/theses must be written in English. The writing style
should be suita-
ble for an academic piece of work. A correct syntactic structure
should be ob-
served, i.e. sentences grouped together to form paragraphs
(usually minimum
of 3-4 sentences to a paragraph, no strings of single sentence
paragraphs),
related paragraphs grouped together in chapters/sections etc.
APA also contains rules for bias free language, which can be

found in the APA
publication manual. Unbiased language and ethical researching,
writing and
quoting are a matter of course in academic writing.
PAPER/THESIS STURUCTURE
The paper/thesis should have of the following structure:
• Front/Title page
• Table of contents; table of figures (if necessary)
• Body of paper/thesis
• Reference list
• Appendices (if necessary)
• Affidavit (find the text in the appendix of this style guide)
98
Front Page
The front page contains all the necessary information about the
author, the
topic and the nature of the paper (e.g. term paper or
bachelor/master thesis).
Pictures or other illustrations are not used on the cover of
academic papers.
Please see the appendix for an example of both a term paper and
thesis front
cover page.
1110
TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction 1
2. (Aspect 1) 3
2.1 (Sub-aspect 1 of Aspect 1) 4
3. (Apect 2) 12
4. Conclusion 22
5. Reference List 25
(6. Appendix) 40
Each Chapter (i.e. Chapter 2, Chapter 3, etc.) is devoted to an
overall aspect
of the argument and contains only information relevant for this
aspect. Sub-
chapters (2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, etc.) are used to structure
information within the
chapter. There can be any number of sublevels, however, in the
interest of cla-
rity and easiness to read, students should use no more than three
Chapter titles sum up the contents of the chapter as precisely as
possib-
le and are as short as possible (Usually nouns, no sentences, no
questions).
There cannot be a single subaspect.

The appendix is optional and usually contains material
(statistics, graphs,
maps, questionnaires, etc.) too big for the main text.
Students should remember to include the page number of the
first page of each
chapter in the table of contents (see example)!
This is a deliberate deviation from APA style, which offers
solutions with no
numerotation of the different levels, using bold style, italics,
centering and in-
dentations only. It also does not give a heading to the
introduction.
However, CBS believes numerotation as outlined above to be
more suitable to
the purpose of term papers or bachelors’ and masters’ theses.
EXAMPLE
1312
THE BODY OF THE PAPER
Structure & format
The introduction
The body contains the elaboration of the argument in clearly
defined chapters
and subchapters. Each (sub)-chapter has a topic sentence
introducing the argu-

ment to come, the adequate elaboration of the argument, and it
ends with a
short wrap-up of the topic. When subchapters are used they
cannot directly
follow the overall chapter title. The text between the chapter
title and the first
subchapter title contains a short summary of all arguments
tackled within the
chapter.
Introductions usually cover the following topics:
• short introduction of the topic and its relevance
• research question & hypothesis/thesis statement
• BT and MT: short explanation of the process of data
compilation in case of
primary research. The use of scientific secondary literature is
standard and
does not deserve mentioning.
• BT and MT: very brief introduction of theories/models and
methods applied
to solve the research question. The indepth explanation of the
theoretical
framework of a thesis follows in a separate chapter.
• short explanation of the structure of the text
3. CHAPTER TITLE
outline of the purpose and the different parts of the chapter
3.1 SUB-CHAPTER TITLE
elaboration of an argument, short wrap-up of the findings of the
sub-chapter
3.2 SUB-CHAPTER TITLE

elaboration of an argument, short wrap-up of the findings of the
sub-chapter
4. CHAPTER TITLE
1514
Theoretical background or literature view
Procedure and methodology
This part of the paper shows where current knowledge and
research is stan-
ding. This part is where the story of the paper actually starts.
The current status of theories around the topic might not be
uniform or even
controversial. Purely narrative literature reviews are therefore
to be avoided:
students should present the different ways existing literature
discussed the to-
pic and, where possible, draw own conclusions.
A literature review within a bachelors’ or masters’ thesis cannot
be exhaustive,
but students should show knowledge of at least the major
publications in their
chosen field. Academic research develops quickly: unless a
work is clearly se-
minal, source over ten to twelve years old should only be used
in case there are
no more recent alternatives.
When further sources have been found in the literature used,
they should ideal-

ly not be cited from there. Students should, if available, go back
to the original
source.
For first and later term papers, the minimum is five to seven
references, other
than purely internet ones such as Wikis. As a general rule,
students should refer
to their supervisors in order to discuss which quantity of
references and what
type would be appropriate for their particular topic.
As this can vary depending on the availability of materials or
the maturity of
the theoretical discussion around the topic, this discussion will
also determine
the relative importance of this section as compared to any other
sections of the
paper or thesis.
A good chapter on theoretical background culminates in the
papers’ research
question and shows where the paper/thesis either plugs gaps in
current re-
search, tries to support or challenge findings from the literature
review or in
other ways contributes to knowledge or applicable findings.
After the chapter on theoretical background showed what will
be researched,
on what basis and why, this chapter will explain how.
Methods for academic research are legion and the choice of
whether a stu-
dent will chose for instance between quantitative or qualitative
approaches
also depends on personal beliefs and preferences. There is
always more than
one way to tackle a research question. For the choice of an
appropriate way

forward, including methodology aand chosen methods (e.g.
interviews, sur-
veys or simulations), students will therefore have to refer to
sources like
CBS tutorials, the supervisor, but first and foremost literature
on the topic.
Here some examples:
Bell, E., Bryman, A. and Harley, B. (2018). Business Research
Methods (5th
ed.). Oxford: OUP.
Bryman, A. (2018). Social Research Methods (5th ed.). Oxford:
OUP.
Flick, U. (2018). Introducing Research Methodology (2nd ed.).
London: SAGE.
1716
The main body
The conclusion
The main body will present and explain the answers to the
research question
and how much of what had been planned could actually be
achieved.
This will be the longest part of any paper: it explains how the
author arrived
to his findings, what these are, and it also contains a discussion
on the results

of the research.
Because oft he variety of ways how to get to any findings, the
structure of this
chapter (or these chapters) may vary greatly. The main body,
however, also
needs to be well structured and presented in a logical way.
It is also recommended to comment on any obstacles
encountered and on po-
tential shortcomings of the research. This is especially
important in the case of
theses. Term papers are shorter and may be so focused on a
small question that
it is both simpler to position it within current theory and more
difficult to lead
an elaborate discussion around the findings. Students are invited
to use their
own discretion on what actually makes sense around their topic.
The conclusion takes up the results presented in the main body,
especially the
answer to the research question/the thesis statement outlined in
the introduc-
tion. To do so it gives a short summary of all findings and
wraps them up in
the overall argument of the paper. It therefore summarises the
overall “story”
of the paper/thesis: special attention should be given to causal
chains of lo-
gic. This statement must be substantiated by the elaboration and
arguments
of the main text; like every part of the paper, the conclusion is
no place for
unsubstantiated personal emotions or comments. It is rather
advisable to see
the whole compilation process through elaboration and
argumentation as the

author‘s personal approach to a scientific topic.
A good conclusion of a thesis also shows potential gaps or open
issues and
deduces recommendations for further research.
1918
IN-TEXT CITATIONS
Citations from books, journal and newspaper articles
Credits for facts, thoughts, ideas, etc. adopted from primary or
secondary
sources must be given in the text in the format explained below,
usually at the
end of the paragraph that contains this information, but before
the last full stop
of the paragraph. Usually ideas from secondary literature are
summarised or
paraphrased when adopted, avoid unnecessary direct quotes of
passages. Only
quote sentences literally when the exact wording of the phrase
is important.
If possible Students should include page numbers in their source
quotations (p.
for one page, pp. for several pages). Detailed and correct
referencing helps to
avoid being suspected of plagiarism.
The following rules apply for in-text citations:
For a single author, in-text citation involves the last name of the
author and the
year of publication being incorporated into the text; for
example:

Schrödinger (2020) states that cats may or may not exist (p.
666).
or
Cats may or may not exist (Schrödinger, 2020, p. 666).
If there are two authors of a work both should be cited:
Einstein and Schrödinger (2020) note that cats, whether existing
or not, cannot
exceed the speed of light (p. 299752458).
or
Cats, independently of their existence, cannot exceed the speed
of light (Einstein
& Schrödinger, 2020, p. 299752458).
The two authors’ names are to be linked with ‘and’ when cited
outside parent-
heses. When within parentheses they should be linked with an
ampersand (&).
For three, four or five authors, all authors (and the year) should
be cited the first
time they are introduced. Subsequently, one should adopt ‘et
al.’ after the first
author and then the year.
So the initial citation would be:
Heisenberg, Einstein, and Schrödinger (2021) argue that you
cannot both mea-
sure location and momentum of cats travelling at any given
speed (pp. 34-36).
or
One cannot both measure location and momentum of cats
travelling at any gi-
ven speed. (Heisenberg, Einstein, & Schrödinger, 2021, pp. 34-
36).
Remember, there is a comma after the second-last author. For

subsequent cita-
tions it will be:
Heisenberg et al. (2021) support the idea of uncertainty in cats
(p. 0).
or
Cats are subject to uncertainty principles (Heisenberg et al.,
2021, p. 0).
For six or more authors only the first author is cited throughout,
so it would be
Fermi et al. (2022) or (Fermi et al., 2022) depending on which
is appropriate.
(Remark: according to APA 7, "et.al." would actually already be
permitted from
three authors on.)
If one cites two or more works within the same parentheses they
should be in
alphabetical order of the first author: i.e. (Curie, Dirac, &
Feynman, 2022;
Planck & Oppenheimer, 2020). For two or more works by the
same author(s),
the author name(s) is to be listed once and for each subsequent
work, only the
date has to be provided: for example (Meitner, 2014, 2018,
2022).
2120
PRINTED SOURCES WITH NO AUTHOR OR WITH
INSTITUTIONAL
AUTHORS:
Institutions and organisations can be so-called institutional

authors with the
name of the institution substituting for the name of an
individual author in
their official publications: (WTO, 2007, p. 12) or (BASF, 2011,
p. 67).
Only when the source has neither an individual nor an
institutional author
(typically a newspaper article), the article title substitutes the
author in the
citation. When mentioned in the text, the article title is rendered
in italics:
The existence of cats has not changed since Schrödinger proved
that cats may
or may not exist. (Cat Lovers Weekly Journal, 2022, p. 4).
According to Cat Lovers Weekly Journal (2022, p. 4) ...
Longer titles can be abbreviated to the first two words:
(Cat Lovers, 2022, p. 4).
The title should then also be rendered in italics in the reference
list.
By the way, with the exception of newspaper articles that do not
disclose
the author, all reliable sources have either individual or
institutional authors.
Websites without clear disclosure of authorship are usually
neither scientific
nor reliable and their usage is discouraged. The full disclosure
of the person/
institution responsible for a text as the author is a minimal
requirement for a
scientific text.
For an author with two or more citations in the same year one
should use lo-

wer case letters (a, b, c, etc.) to distinguish between outputs
published in the
same year by the same author(s): for example (Bohr, 2020a,
2020b, 2020c) or
(Hawking and Bequerel, 2019a, 2019b, 2019c).
Alternatively:
Doppler (2010a) notes that there is a change in frequency of
meowing in rela-
tion to an observer moving relative to the emitting cat; this
finding was confir-
med by Doppler (2010b).
The a, b suffixes are also assigned in the references list, where
such references
are ordered alphabetically by title (of the article, chapter or
complete work).
If a paper/thesis includes publications by two or more first
authors with the
same surname, the first author’s initials in all text citations are
to be included,
even if the year of publication differs. The first initial of the
author’s first name
assists the reader both to differentiate between writers within
the text and to
find the reference within the references list. For example, A.
Mach et al. (2022)
and E. Mach (2020).
When multiple citing appears within one paragraph, the year can
be omitted,
for instance:
Schrödinger (2020) carried out his time travel experiments with
existing and
non-existing cats. For this reason, results were unsatisfactory.
Schrödinger
then decided to carry on with existing cats exclusively.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS
Citations from other sources
2322
EBOOKS AND ONLINE SOURCES
Any of these sources with an author is to be cited as described
above. The dif-
ference lies in the presentation in the reference list (see below).
In order to make the reader clearly understand where a
statement comes from,
it might, however, make sense to clarify in the text when citing
electronic re-
ferences as in:
In some of his blogs, I. Newton explained why cats, when
falling from trees,
tend to move downwards (Newton, 2020a, 2020d, 2020y).
Youtube star M. Faraday claims in a clip with over one million
clicks to it that
cats better be held in cages (Faraday, 2021).
Sources with no author or an institution as the owner, such as
facebook pages,
company web sites or forums can be referred to with the name
of the site, for
example:
Most cats contain large numbers of quarks (CERN, n.d.).
It would then be possible to see in the reference list whether
this refers to
the CERN web site or its facebook page, Tiktok account or any
other online
source.

As shown above, if sources do not show a date, “n.d.” (for “not
dated”) is to
be written instead of the year of publication, as in:
The facebook site of the Albanian Institute for Time Travel
(n.d.) repeatedly
postulates that there is no absolute proof for time travel in cats.
Wikies are to be avoided. The absence of clearly marked and
fully responsible
authors in online encyclopaedias like Wikipedia as well as their
volatile nature
(i.e. texts are permanently changing), makes these sources unfit
as a reference
in an academic context. They can, however, be used as a first
overview for a
new topic and as a starting point for further research when
relevant literature
is provided in the respective encyclopaedia entry.
CONVERSATIONAL EVIDENCE
Interviews, telephone conversations and email-correspondence
are not retrie-
vable for the reader. For that reason, they are not included in
the reference list.
Confirm with the source that she/he is quoted and/or interpreted
correctly.
In-text citation of interviews, telephone conversations and
email-correspon-
dence:
According to the new CEO, the European Nuclear Research
Centre (CERN)
will not invest in cats. (A. Volta, personal communication,
April 1, 2022).
Volta clarified ... (personal communication, February 15, 2022)

Note: Personal communication can be abbreviated to p.c.
For obvious reasons, such sources should be kept to a minimum
unless partici-
pants in a study conducted by the student are being quoted (see
below). Ideally,
students should strive to get a written confirmation of the
content referred to.
Examples for an interview consent form can be found in the
appendix to this
style guide. This form will be uploaded in MS Word format by
the Examina-
tion Office, as will the affidavit (see appendix).
IN-TEXT CITATIONS
Citations from other sources
2524
Quotes literally reproduce what has been said or written by
others. If quotes
are no properly marked as such, this can be construed as
plagiarism. It is
therefore very important to follow the following rules:
• When a source is quoted literally, the quotation has to be put
in double
quotation marks and the reference citation directly follows the
quote:
„Beaming is still somewhat expensive“ (Zeilinger, 2020, p. 14).
Note that the full stop is set after the citation.
• When the name of the author is mentioned in the text:
Zeilinger (2020) claims that „beaming is still somewhat

expensive“ (p. 14).
• When the quotation is in a language other than English
(including Ger-
man!), it must be translated into English:
“Given that beaming a small glass of beer into the room next
door will
cost approximately 1,5 years worth of the worldwide energy
production,
beaming is still some way from becoming an everyday factor of
life” (Zei-
linger, 2020, p. 15 f, own translation).
• Quote from a quote – better to avoid this case, but if not
possible:
„A bank is a place that will lend you money if you can prove
that you don‘t
need it“ (Hope, 1988, p. 23 as cited in Miller, 2010, p. 14).
A full entry in the bibliography is needed for both sources.
• If parts of a quote are excluded, this is to be filled in with
three dots:
Zeilinger maintains that “1,5 years worth of the worldwide
energy produc-
tion is beyond the means of ... most students” (2020, p. 44).
• If anything is added to a quote, for instance in order to make
it more com-
prehensible, these amendments have to put inside square
brackets:
According to Zeilinger, “They [cats] can also be beamed,
provided they
exist” (2020, pp. 99-100).
or
“While still somewhat expensive, beaming could become
practicable … [wit-

hin the] next couple of million years” (Zeilinger, 2020, p. 24).
Direct quotation with more than 40 words are to be treated as
block quotati-
ons with no brackets. Instead, they are indented:
According to Schrödinger (2020), the participants in his
experiments, all cats,
commented as follows:
Meeeow. Meeeow. Meeeow, Meeeow. Meeeow. Meeeow,
Meeeow. Meeeow.
Meeeow, Meeeow. Meeeow. Meeeow, Meeeow. Meeeow.
Meeeow, Meeeow.
Meeeow. Meeeow, Meeeow. Meeeow. Meeeow, Meeeow.
Meeeow. Meeeow,
Meeeow. Meeeow. Meeeow, Meeeow. Meeeow. Meeeow,
Meeeow. Meeeow.
Meeeow, Meeeow. Meeeow. Meeeow, Meeeow. Meeeow.
Meeeow, Meeeow.
Meeeow. Meeeow, Meeeow. Meeeow. Meeeow, Meeeow.
Meeeow. Meeeow,
Meeeow. Meeeow. Meeeow (p.200).
Quotations from participants in the students' research follow the
same for-
matting rules. They do not go into the reference list nor are they
treated as
personal communication: the text simply needs to state that
'they are parti-
cipants' quotations. Obviously, special care around topics of
confidentiality,
anonymity and ethical standards apply. When assigning
pseudonyms they
have to be put in double quotation marks:
Participant “Felix” stated that…

While quotation can sometimes clarify, too many or long
quotations should,
however, be omitted in the interest of easing readability and of
originality.
IN-TEXT CITATIONS
Direct quotes
2726
REFERENCE LIST FORMAT OF THE REFERENCE LIST
Books
The reference (the full title of the source) is contained in a
reference list at the
end of the paper. A reference list contains all the titles cited in
the paper, and
all the titles in the reference list must be quoted somewhere in
the text. Other
sources that simply “inspired” the author should not be included
(unless cited:
using ideas without quoting is plagiarism). If the ideas have not
been used,
however, these sources have no connection to the paper/thesis
and may not be
mentioned.
The reference list contains all sources used in the alphabetical
order of the fa-
mily name of the authors/name of the institution. This
alphabetical list in not
numbered! Separate categories for books, articles, websites, etc.
in the referen-
ce list force readers who are looking for the full title of a source

from the text
to search multiple lists and should thus be avoided.
Usually the title of the bibliographical unit (book or journal) is
made promi-
nent by italicising it. Alternatively, it can be underlined (e.g.
when preparing
a handwritten reference list). The family name of the first
author/the institu-
tional author is often made prominent in bold print. Authors‘
first names are
usually initialized, but it is no mistake to render them in full.
Whatever style of
formatting is used, it should be followed throughout the whole
reference list,
e.g. authors‘ first names in full or initials, style of volumes,
numbers, etc.
The following points show the entry format for different sources
in the refe-
rence list. Since interviews and other forms of personal
communication are not
retrievable for the reader, they are not included in the reference
list. Supervisors
should be consulted on whether a full transcript of the interview
or just the
interview guideline are to be supplied in the appendix.
BOOKS
Family name of the author/authors, first initials (Year of
publication). Title.
Subtitle. Publisher.
EINSTEIN, A. AND MILNE, E. (2020). TIME TRAVEL MADE
EASY (3RD ED).
CORUSCANT UNIVERSITY PRESS

Note: Adapted from the Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association, 7th
Edition, 2020
From APA 7 on, the place of publication is no longer included
in the reference.
Titles in other languages than that of the paper must be
translated; if the book
used is not the first edition, the number of the edition that was
used is to be
given:
Schrödinger, E. (2020). Teilchenbeschleuniger als artgerechte
Katzenhaltung
[Particle accelerators as a natural habitat for cats] (4th edition).
Gungan Pub-
lishing House.
Author‘s
last name
Year of
publication
Publisher
Titel of the
Book
Authors‘
first initial

2928
The same citation rules apply for eBooks. The format (e.g.
Kindle) is not to be
included in the reference.
ARTICLES FROM EDITED BOOKS
Family name of the author of the article, first initials (Year of
publication).
Title of the article. In Editor/s of the book (ed./eds.) Title of the
book (page
numbers of the article). Place of publication: Publisher.
Hein, L. E. (1993). Growth versus success: Japan’s economic
policy in histo-
rical perspective. In A. Gordon (ed.) Postwar Japan as history
(pp. 99-122).
Berkeley: University of California Press.
(ed.) is used for one editor, (eds.) is used when more than one
person
edited the book.
ARTICLES FROM SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS
Family name of the author of the article, first initials (Year of
publication).
Title of the article. Title of the journal, Volume (Number), page
numbers of
the article (without the “p.”).
Nishibe, S. (1982). Japan as a highly developed mass society:
An appraisal.
Journal of Japanese Studies, 8 (1), 73-96.
NEWSPAPER ARTICLES / NEWS MAGAZINE ARTICLES
Newspaper articles do not qualify as scientific sources. In rare

cases they
might be used to discuss the „published opinion“ or to refer to
the newest
developments that are not yet accounted for in scientific
literature. Many
newspaper articles do not disclose the name of the author, in
which case the
article title substitutes the author in the reference. When
newspaper articles
are retrieved from the online edition of the newspaper, the URL
(Universal/
Uniform Resource Locator) and the date of access should also
be provided.
“Title of the article” (Date of publication). Name of the
newspaper/magazi-
ne, page numbers of the article OR Retrieved [date] from [full
URL].
„Andrew Lloyd Webbers musical “Cats” renamed “eh, well, not
quite sure
what and whether it exists, but yeah…”“ (2024, March 25). The
Economist,
6.
or
„Fair play or foul? Does China actually exist when you can’t
see it?“ (2021,
April 21). The Merry Particle Physicist. Retrieved 28.04.2022
from http://
www.thempp.com/node/21553041.
FORMAT OF THE REFERENCE LIST
Articles from edited books & scientific journals
Newspaper articles / news magazine articles

3130
Sources retrieved from the Internet are being recorded in the
reference list
following the same logic as offline sources. Reliable sources
have a disclosed
author, a clearly stated year of publication and a discernable
title. In rare cases
PDF files fail to mention their publication date. If they are
indispensible for the
paper and otherwise comply with scientific standards, they can
be quoted by
using (n.d.) for “no date” instead of the publication date.
ARTICLES FROM ELECTRONIC DATABASE, WITH DOI
(DIGITAL OBJECT
IDENTIFIER)
A DOI can be used to cite and link to electronic articles. A DOI
is guaranteed
never to change, so it can be used as a permanent link to any
electronic article.
One can find the DOI in the article entry in the database (e.g.,
Ebsco). Since
the DOI is a permanent link, the retrieval date does not have to
be specified.
Family name of the author, first initials (Year of publication).
Title of the
article. Title of the journal, Volume (Number), page numbers of
the article.
DOI-URL:
Coghlan, A. (2012). Linking natural resource management to

tourist satisfac-
tion: a study of Australia‘s Great Barrier Reef. Journal of
Sustainable Tourism,
20 (1), 41-58. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/09669582.2011.614351.
Some publications on paper, if also published electronically, do
also have a
Digital Object Identifier (DOI). If they do, the rules laid out
here are to be fol-
lowed for such sources as well.
INTERNET SOURCES WITHOUT DOI
The origin of sources that are freely available on the Internet is
indicated
through the so-called URL (Universal/Uniform Resource
Locator). When jour-
nal articles are retrieved from the Internet, both information –
the name of the
journal as well as the full URL where the article can be found
online – should
be provided. PDF files that are not labelled as originating from
a journal are
treated like an independent publication (i.e. monography). The
retrieval date is
always to be included, as content might change.
Family name of the author, first initials (Date of publication).
Title of the
article. Title of journal, Volume (Number), page numbers of the
article. [full
URL].
Louv, R. (2011, April 28th). Reconnecting to nature in the age
of technology.
Futurist, 45 (6), 41-45.
http://www.wfs.org/content/futurist/november-decem-

ber-2011-vol-45-no-6/reconnecting-nature-age-technology.
Family name of the author, first initials (Date of publication).
Title of the ar-
ticle. [full URL].
Satterthwaite, D. (2005, October 20th). The Scale of Urban
Change World-
wide 1950-2000 and its Under-pinnings.
http://www.ieed.org/pubs/pdf/
full/953IIED.pdf.
Internet sources
3332
SOCIAL MEDIA AND BLOG POSTS, AUDIOVISUAL
MATERIAL
Posts on social media or blog posts need to be treated
differently, mainly when
it comes to the publication date:
Family name of the author, first initials (Date including day of
publication).
Title of the article or post. Retrieved [date] from [full URL].
Heisenberg, W. (2021, May 1). Nothing can be known for sure.
Retrieved
20.10.2026 from
http://www.youneverknow.org/pubs/pdf/full/953IIED.pdf.
In order to describe what type of source is cited, it is allowed to
put additional

information into square brackets after the title and before the
full stop, for
example [Infographics], [Twitter profile] or [Facebook page].
Audiovisual material is also marked as such within square
brackets as in the
example below.
University of Naboo, (2020, September 30). Space warps for
cats [Video]. You-
Tube. https://youtu.be/number.
(If there is no author but an owner of the site or page, this has
to be used in-
stead of the authors name.)
WEBSITES AND WEBPAGES
Websites of institutions, organisations, and companies often
provide valuable
data (e.g. statistics, annual reports, etc.) for term papers and
theses. Websites
(the level of www.sitename.xxx) may contain several webpages
(e.g. www.
sitename.xxx/more/evenmore). Since webpages are subject to
constant change
and thus no static publications, while a publication year might
be possible to
be given in references to the web page, a retrieval date has to be
added since
this marks the state of the information used. Web pages are the
only sources
where page numbers cannot be given in the source quotation.
Institutional author (Year of access to the web page). Title of
the web page.
Retrieved [date] from [full URL].

EIA=Energy Information Administration (2006, October 20th).
China Count-
ry Analysis Brief.
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/China/Background.html.
Many institutions and organisations routinely use abbreviations
of their full
name. One can take advantage of these abbreviations by using
them for in-text
citations: (EIA, 2006). In order to clearly match the
abbreviations with the
entries in the reference list, the respective entries should start
with the abbre-
viation.
Since webpages are regularly updated and restructured, it is
recommended
especially for longterm projects like Bachelor/Master theses to
print out the
version of the webpage used for the respective paper and date it
(browsers can
be programmed to include the printout date). This can serve as a
proof when
sites disappear or move.
If more than one webpage has been used, the reference list has
to contain a
separate reference to each. If a website is just mentioned there
is no need to
include it in the reference list. An URL should be provided in
the text, however.
Internet sources

3534
TABLES, GRAPHS, & FIGURES ABBREVIATION
ACCORDING TO APA-GUIDELINES
Tables, graphs, illustrations and photos cannot simply be taken
as a file,
screenshot or scan form online or offline sources and integrated
into an aca-
demic paper. This violates copyright laws. The information
contained in the
respective tables, graphs and illustrations can, however, be used
by authors
to compile their own tables, graphs or illustrations. The
source(s) of the
information contained must then be given below the
table/graph/illustration
in the same format as for other in-text citations.
Tables, figures or graphs are usually integrated in the text, are
numbered,
have a title and are followed by a note which includes source
and copyright
information, like in the following example
TABLE 1: NUMBER OF CATS EXISTING WITH ABSOLUTE
CERTAINTY
ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT AUTHORS
These Style & Referencing Guidelines are based on the
referencing system
developed by the American Psychological Association (APA).
However,
apart from the most basic formatting requirements specified in
point 2, the

overall layout of papers and theses (size of chapter titles, use of
indents for
the first paragraph sentence, etc.) is not regulated and left to the
discretion
of the student.
In the – hopefully rare – cases where these guidelines do not
provide suffi-
cient information (e.g. How do I quote from a database?), it is
possible to
consult www.apastyle.org or get the guide from the library.
ENGLISH ABBREVIATION
Edition ed.
Revised edition Rev. ed.
Second edition 2nd. ed.
Editor(s) Ed. / Eds.
Translator(s) Trans.
No date n.d.
Page(s) p. /pp.
Paragraph(s) para. / para(s)
Vulume(s) Vol. / Vols.
Number No.
Supplement Suppl.
Note: Einsteins solution depends on the actual number of
parallel worlds.
Adapted from Whiskas et al., 2021, p. 131ff
Graphs and figures, including photographs, should be headed
“Figure”
instead of “Table” and else presented in the same way. APA
does not know
“source” but uses “note” for all information including the
source.

AUTHOR SCHRÖDINGER EINSTEIN ANONYMUS CAT
OWNER
0 INFINITE 1
NUMBER OF
EXISTING
CATS
3736
APPENDICES
CBS
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SCHOOL
CBS
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SCHOOL
TITLE OF THE PAPER
TITLE OF THE THESIS
Bachelor/Master of Science Thesis
in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
BACHELOR OF ARTS (BA) / MASTER OF ARTS (MA)
in Programme
with specialisation in XXXXXXXXX
Term Paper for „Title of the course“
Winter/Summer Semester 20XX
Lecturer: Name of the lecturer

Student‘s Name
BA/MA XX in Programme / Specialisation
Student-No. XXXXXXXX
Student‘s Name
Student-No. XXXXXXXX
Advisor: Name of the academic advisor
Cologne, Month, year
FONT &
FONTSIZE
TNR 18 / Arial 16
TNR 24 / Arial 22
TNR 14 / Arial 12
TNR 24 / Arial 22
TNR 18 / Arial 16
TNR 14 / Arial 12
TNR 14 / Arial 12
3938
Since the affidavit has to be adapted from time to time to
changes in the exami-
nation regulations, please always use the most current version
provided by the

Examination Office. The affidavit must be attached to every
scientific paper!
APPENDICES
INTERVIEW CONSENT FORM
Research project title: xxx
Research investigator: xxx
Research Participants name: xxx
The interview will take (enter amount of time).
Thank you for agreeing to be interviewed as part of the above
research project.
Ethical procedures for academic research undertaken from
academic instituti-
ons require that interviewees explicitly agree to being
interviewed and how the
information contained in their interview will be used.
This consent form is necessary for us to ensure that you
understand the pur-
pose of your involvement and that you agree to the conditions
of your partici-
pation. Would you therefore read the following points, then sign
this form to
certify that you approve the following:
• the interview will be recorded and a transcript will be
produced
• you will be sent the transcript and given the opportunity to
correct any fac-
tual errors
• the transcript of the interview will be analysed by (name of
the researcher)
as research investigator, access to the interview transcript will

be limited
to (name of the researcher) and academic colleagues and
researchers with
whom he might collaborate as part of the research process
• any summary interview content, or direct quotations from the
interview, that
are made available through academic publication or other
academic outlets
will be anonymized so that you cannot be identified, and care
will be taken
to ensure that other information in the interview that could
identify yourself
is not revealed
• information gathered from the interview, or quotations, will
be published in
the researchers work. In case you wish this information to be
kept from the
public, you can ask for a blocking notice to be be placed upon
this work.
This is an outline of the information you should consider
including on an
‘Interview Consent’ form. This template is not prescriptive and
it is provided
to act only as a guide for your research project requirements.
4140
• any variation of the conditions above will only occur with
your further ex-
plicit approval (instead of this last point, a quotation agreement
could be

attached into this form)
By signing this form I agree that:
1. I am voluntarily taking part in this project. I understand that
I don’t have to
take part, and I can stop the interview at any time
2. The transcribed interview or extracts from it may be used as
described above
3. I have read the Information sheet
4. I don’t expect to receive any benefit or payment for my
participation
5. I can request a copy of the transcript of my interview and
may make edits
I feel necessary to ensure the effectiveness of any agreement
made about
confidentiality
6. I have been able to ask any questions I might have, and I
understand that I
am free to contact the researcher with any questions I may have
in the
CONTACT INFORMATION
If you have any further questions or concerns about this study,
please contact:
NAME OF RESEARCHER:
FULL ADDRESS:
TEL:
E-MAIL:
You can also contact the supervising university teacher:
NAME OF SUPERVISOR:

FULL ADDRESS:
TEL:
E-MAIL:
(please check with your supervisor!)
APPENDICES
Place and date, Signature of the researcher Printed name
cbs.de
1
Figures title: 8Week 6 Assignment 2
Student’s Full Name
BUS499 Business Administration Capstone
Professor’s Name
Date
Template Instructions (delete this page before submitting)
This template is provided to help you meet the assignment
requirements.
This page should NOT be submitted with your assignment, as it
is not part of an academically written paper. Note the “Clarity,
writing mechanics, and formatting requirements” section of the
grading rubric.
HOW TO USE THIS TEMPLATE
· Read the explanations provided in the template for each
section of your paper.
· The explanations are in blue font below.
· You should have already read the assignment instructions in
Blackboard.

· Type your response to each of the assignment requirements
within the designated sections.
· Each assignment requirement is identified using a section
Heading that is in black font
· DO NOT add extra spaces between sections.
· DO NOT change the margins.
· You are required to have a heading for each of the sections in
your paper.
· The required headings have been provided for you.
· Follow the instructions below to customize the Headings as
directed.
· DO NOT type the assignment instructions into the sections.
· After typing your responses, change the font color to black
and make sure it is not in bold.
· Be sure to change the font color on the title page to black after
typing your name, professor’s name, and date.
· Everything in blue font below should be deleted and replaced
with your responses.
· DELETE this entire page before you submit your assignment
to avoid losing points. Do not leave a blank page here.
REMINDERS
· The assignment is due in week 6. Late submissions negatively
impact your grade.
· Use the same public corporation you used for assignment 1.
· Do not copy content from other assignments in this class or
others.
· Include at least 4 full and complete academically written
pages that address the requirements. The title page, this
instruction page, and the source page do not count.
· Use at least 3 quality sources, one of which MUST be the
course textbook.
· Strayer uses SafeAssign – an automated plagiarism checker. It

is advised that you do your own writing and use external
resources to support what you have written in your own words.
Week 6 Assignment 2
Write your introduction here. Include one (1) paragraph (not
more than 6 lines of text) that explains what your paper will
discuss. Much of your introduction may be taken from the
assignment instructions (in your own words). Read all
assignment resources to understand what should be included in
your paper. Be sure to review the assignment instructions in
Blackboard, the grading rubric, and relevant course
announcements to understand the requirements. Do not exceed 6
lines of text in this introduction. There should be no direct
quotes in this section. After reading these instructions, replace
this blue text with your introduction and change the font color
to black.General Environment
In this section you will choose the two (2) segments of the
general environment that would rank highest in their influence
on the public corporation you chose for assignment 1. You must
select from the segments discussed in the course. Hint: see table
2.1 in the textbook. Do not assess all the segments—only assess
the two (2) segments that rank highest in influencing your
corporation. You will then assess how these segments affect the
corporation and the industry in which it operates. There are two
(2) subsections below, each has a heading. The heading
“Segment 1” should be changed to the first segment of the
general environment you select. The heading “Segment 2”
should be changed to the second segment of the general
environment you select. Replace this paragraph with a very
brief introduction that includes the identification of the two (2)
segments of the general environment you selected and change
the font color to black.
Segment 1
This subsection is where you assess the first of the two (2)
segments of the general environment you think ranks highest in
its influence on the public corporation you chose for assignment
1. Change the subheading for this section, which currently says

“Segment 1” to the name of the selected segment. Assess how
this segment affects the corporation and the industry in which it
operates. Remember that to assess a concept, you will weigh all
aspects to judge the importance or relevance of that concept. Do
not simply define the segment. Do not copy from you
assignment 1 submission.
Your assessment should demonstrate that you have read,
understand, and can apply the concepts covered in the course
resources regarding the segment. Your writing here should
thoroughly assess how the selected segment influences your
corporation. Do not write about the general environment in
general terms. Your assessment should be directly related to
your selected corporation. A thorough assessment is defined as
providing a complete response that is not superficial or partial
regarding the various details of the concepts as described in the
course. You will need to apply and incorporate key concepts
from the course material to your assessment. Do not Google
“segments of the general environment” or provide high-level
summaries. You must display, in specific detail, an
understanding based on what is studied in this course and
demonstrate your ability to apply the concepts in a real-world
assessment of a corporation. Read chapter 2 in the course
textbook. Review the Week 2 Learn Reading for supporting
content. Properly cite your sources and avoid the use of direct
quotes. After reading these instructions, replace this blue text
with your assessment and change the font color to black.
Segment 2
This subsection is where you assess the second of the two (2)
segments of the general environment you selected. Change the
subheading for this section, which currently says “Segment 2”
to the name of the selected segment of the general environment
that would rank highest in its influence on the public
corporation you chose for assignment 1. Repeat the evaluation
instructions provided in the “Segment 1” subsection above for
this second segment of the general environment. Re-read the
instructions above to ensure you have covered all of the

requirements for this second segment of the general
environment. After completing this section, replace this blue
text with your evaluation and change the font color to
black.Five Forces of Competition
In this section you will consider the five (5) forces of
competition and choose the two (2) that you estimate are the
most significant for the corporation you chose in assignment 1.
Hint: see figure 2.2 in the textbook. You will then, evaluate
how well the company has addressed each of these two (2)
forces in the recent past. There are two (2) subsections below,
each has a heading. The heading “Force 1” should be changed to
the first of the two forces of competition you select. The
heading “Force 2” should be changed to the second of the two
forces of competition you select. Replace this paragraph with a
very brief introduction that includes the identification of the
two (2) forces of competition you selected and change the font
color to black.
Force 1
This subsection is where you evaluate the first of two (2)
forces of competition that you estimate to be the most
significant to the corporation you chose. Change the subheading
for this section, which currently says “Force 1” to the name of
your selected force. Provide a thorough assessment of why you
think the selected force is significant to your corporation. A
thorough assessment is defined as providing a complete
response that is not superficial or partial regarding the various
details of the concept as described in the course. Do not Google
“five forces of competition” or simply provide a definition. You
will need to apply and incorporate key concepts from the course
material in your assessment.
Evaluate how well the company addressed the selected force in
the recent past. This will require some research. Remember that
to evaluate a concept, you will break down all components to
determine or analyze facts, value, or views. Your evaluation
should demonstrate that you have read, understand, and can
apply the concepts covered in the textbook and course

resources. Do not write about the selected force in general
terms. Your evaluation should be directly related to your
selected corporation and include a thorough evaluation of how
the company has addressed the force recently. You must display
an understanding based on what is studied in this course and
demonstrate an ability to apply the concepts in a real-world
evaluation of a corporation. You will need to read the chapters
and listen to the lectures to understand the key concepts for
each force. Read chapter 2 in the course textbook and review
the Week 2 Learn Reading for supporting content. Cite all
sources and limit the use of direct quotes. After reading these
instructions, replace this blue text with your evaluation and
change the font color to black.
Force 2
Choose another one (1) of the five (5) forces of competition that
you estimate to be the most significant for the corporation you
chose. This should not be the same force assessed in the “Force
1” section above. Change the subheading for this section, which
currently says “Force 2” to the name of the selected force. This
subsection is where you evaluate the second of the two forces of
competition that you selected. Repeat the evaluation
instructions provided in the “Force 1” subsection above for this
second force of competition. Re-read the instructions above to
ensure you have covered all of the requirements for this second
force of competition. After completing this section, replace this
blue text with your evaluation and change the font color to
black.Future Improvements
With the same two (2) forces assessed and evaluated in the
previous two (2) sub-sections above, predict what the company
might do to improve its ability to address the forces in the near
future. Your writing here should provide a thorough prediction
of what the company should do to address impacts from the
selected forces. Do not simply discuss company information
published by your sources. This section should be your
prediction of what the corporation should do. Your prediction
should be your own, not predictions or recommendations from

your sources or actions your corporation has already taken or
plans to take. Remember that a thorough evaluation is defined
as providing a complete response that is not superficial or
partial regarding the various details of the concepts as described
in the course. Your prediction should be specific to your
selected corporation, relevant to the evaluation you conducted,
and directly related to improvements the corporation could
make to address the two forces you selected in the two (2) sub-
sections above. Read chapter 2 in the course textbook and
review the Week 2 Learn Reading for supporting content. Cite
your sources and avoid the use of direct quotes. After reading
these instructions, replace this blue text with your prediction
and change the font color to black.Greatest External Threat
Identify what you consider to be the greatest external threat to
the corporation you selected. The threat should be specific to
your corporation. Justify why you consider the threat to be the
greatest. Support your justification with an assessment of the
impact the threat has on the corporation. For example, your
justification could include a comparison of other threats or an
evaluation of facts that support the magnitude of the threat’s
impact. Follow this justification with a discussion on how the
corporation should address the threat. Specifically describe the
strategy and provide a justification that supports why you
believe the strategy will be successful in combating the threat.
This section must include both a clearly identified external
threat and a clearly articulated actionstrategy the corporation
should take to address the threat. Do not write in general terms.
Your writing here should be specific and incorporate the course
concepts relating to threats and the external environment. Read
chapter 2 in the course textbook. The textbook provides a solid
background for this section. Review the Week 2 Learn Reading
for supporting content. Cite your sources and avoid the use of
direct quotes. After reading these instructions, replace this blue
text with your response and change the font color to
black.Greatest Opportunity
Identify what you consider to be the greatest opportunity to the

corporation you selected. The opportunity should be specific to
your corporation. Justify why you consider the opportunity to
be the greatest. Support your justification with an assessment of
the impact the opportunity could have on the corporation. For
example, your justification could include a comparison of other
opportunities or an evaluation of facts that support the
magnitude of the opportunity’s impact. Follow this justification
with a discussion on how the corporation could best take
advantage of the opportunity. Specifically describe the strategy
and provide a justification that supports why you believe the
strategy will be successful in adding value to the corporation.
This section must include both a clearly identified opportunity
and a clearly articulated action the corporation should take to
take advantage of the opportunity. Do not write in general
terms. Your writing here should be specific and incorporate the
course concepts relating to opportunities and the external
environment. Read chapter 2 in the course textbook. The
textbook provides a solid background for this section. Review
the Week 2 Learn Reading for supporting content. Cite your
sources and avoid the use of direct quotes. After reading these
instructions, replace this blue text with your response and
change the font color to black.Strengths and Weaknesses
Give your opinion on the corporation's greatest strengths and
most significant weaknesses. Keep in mind that strengths and
weaknesses are internal to the organization (i.e. the internal
environment). You will need to address both the greatest
strengths and most significant weaknesses. Do not choose one
or the other. Both the greatest strengths and most significant
weaknesses must be addressed. Do not write in general terms.
The identified strengths and weaknesses should be specific to
your selected corporation. Include a justification that supports
your opinions. This section must include both clearly identified
strengths and clearly identified weaknesses. Read Chapter 2 and
3 in the course textbook. The textbook provides a solid
background for this section. Review the Week 2 and Week 3
Learn Reading for supporting content. Cite your sources and

avoid the use of direct quotes. After reading these instructions,
replace this blue text with your application and change the font
color to black.
Strategy or Tactic
Choose the strategies or tactics the corporation should select to
take maximum advantage of the strengths you identified in the
section above, and the strategies or tactics the corporation
should select to fix the most significant weaknesses you
identified. You will need to select strategies/tactics for both the
strengths and weaknesses. Do not choose one or the other.
Strategies/tactics for both the strengths and weaknesses must be
addressed. Justify your choices. Your justifications should be
sound and thoroughly explained. For example, do not simply
state that the corporation should choose a selected strategy, but
rather explain why the strategy is a good choice for your
corporations’ specific strengths or weaknesses. Read Chapter 2
and 3 in the course textbook. The textbook provides a solid
background for this section. Review the Week 2 and Week 3
Learn Reading for supporting content. Cite your sources and
avoid the use of direct quotes. After reading these instructions,
replace this blue text with your responses and change the font
color to black.Resources, Capabilities, and Core Competencies
Determine the company's resources, capabilities, and core
competencies. Your determination should include an
explanation of the relevance of each resource, capability, and
core competency. Do not simply list the resources, capabilities,
and core competencies. Remember that a thorough
determination will provide a complete response that is not
superficial or partial regarding the various details of the
concepts as described in the course. Use your course materials
to demonstrate your understanding of the key course concepts
regarding resources, capabilities, and core competencies. Do not
write in general terms. Your determination should display that
you can apply the course concepts to your selected corporation.
Read Chapter 3 in the course textbook. The textbook provides a
solid background to this section. Review the Week 3 Learn

Reading for supporting content. Cite your sources and avoid the
use of direct quotes. After reading these instructions, replace
this blue text with your determination and change the font color
to black.
Sources
1. Hitt, Ireland, & Hoskisson. 2020. Strategic management:
Concepts and cases: Competitiveness and globalization (13th
ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning
2. Author. Publication Date. Title. Page # (written as p. #). How
to Find (e.g. web address)
3. Author. Publication Date. Title. Page # (written as p. #). How
to Find (e.g. web address)

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