![[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Overview glucose C-C-C-C-C-C fructose-1,6bP P- C-C-C-C-C-C -P DHAP P- C-C-C G3P C-C-C -P pyruvate C-C-C ATP 2 ADP 2 ATP 4 ADP 4 NAD + 2 2 2 P i 2 P i 2 H](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/respirationpart3-091015103142-phpapp02/85/respiration-part3-1-320.jpg)
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Respiration Part3
- 2. Cellular Respiration Stage 2 & 3: Oxidation of Pyruvate Krebs Cycle
- 6. Mitochondria – Function What does this tell us about the evolution of eukaryotes? Endosymbiosis ! Dividing mitochondria Who else divides like that? Advantage of highly folded inner membrane? More surface area for membrane-bound enzymes & permeases Membrane-bound proteins Enzymes & permeases Oooooh ! Form fits function ! bacteria !
- 8. Pyruvate oxidized to Acetyl CoA Yield = 2C sugar + NADH + CO 2 reduction oxidation Coenzyme A Pyruvate Acetyl CoA C-C-C C-C CO 2 NAD + 2 x [ ]
- 10. citrate acetyl CoA Count the carbons! pyruvate x 2 oxidation of sugars This happens twice for each glucose molecule 4C 6C 4C 4C 4C 2C 6C 5C 4C CO 2 CO 2 3C
- 11. citrate acetyl CoA Count the electron carriers! pyruvate reduction of electron carriers This happens twice for each glucose molecule x 2 4C 6C 4C 4C 4C 2C 6C 5C 4C CO 2 CO 2 3C CO 2 NADH NADH NADH NADH FADH 2 ATP
- 12. So we fully oxidized glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 CO 2 & ended up with 4 ATP ! Whassup? What’s the point?
- 16. What’s the point? The point is to make ATP ! ATP
- 18. NO ! The final chapter to my story is next ! Any Questions?
Notes de l'éditeur
- 1st ATP used is like a match to light a fire… initiation energy / activation energy. Destabilizes glucose enough to split it in two
- Can’t stop at pyruvate == not enough energy produced Pyruvate still has a lot of energy in it that has not been captured. It still has 3 carbons! There is still energy stored in those bonds.
- Almost all eukaryotic cells have mitochondria there may be 1 very large mitochondrion or 100s to 1000s of individual mitochondria number of mitochondria is correlated with aerobic metabolic activity more activity = more energy needed = more mitochondria What cells would have a lot of mitochondria? Active cells: • muscle cells • nerve cells
- CO 2 is fully oxidized carbon == can’t get any more energy out it CH 4 is a fully reduced carbon == good fuel!!!
- Release CO 2 because completely oxidized…already released all energy it can release … no longer valuable to cell…. Because what’s the point? The Point is to make ATP!!!
- The enzymes of glycolysis are very similar among all organisms. The genes that code for them are highly conserved. They are a good measure for evolutionary studies. Compare eukaryotes, bacteria & archaea using glycolysis enzymes. Bacteria = 3.5 billion years ago glycolysis in cytosol = doesn’t require a membrane-bound organelle O 2 = 2.7 billion years ago photosynthetic bacteria / proto-blue-green algae Eukaryotes = 1.5 billion years ago membrane-bound organelles! Processes that all life/organisms share: Protein synthesis Glycolysis DNA replication
- A 2 carbon sugar went into the Krebs cycle and was taken apart completely. Two CO2 molecules were produced from that 2 carbon sugar. Glucose has now been fully oxidized! But where’s all the ATP???
- Everytime the carbons are oxidized, an NAD+ is being reduced. But wait…where’s all the ATP??