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International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 –
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 5, Issue 2, February (2014), pp. 152-155, © IAEME
152
SEPARATION OF ORGANIC BASED OIL AND GREASE FROM
RESTAURANT WASTEWATER USING A HORIZONTAL FLOW BATCH
REACTOR CONTAINING LATERITE MEDIUM
H. Ajith Hebbar1
, K.S. Jayantha2
1
Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Malnad College of Engineering, Hassan, India.
2
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Malnad College of Engineering, Hassan, India.
ABSTRACT
The effluents from food service facilities like restaurants and cafeteria mostly contain floating
cooked oil, ghee, and other fatty materials which are of organic in origin. Conventionally, before
allowing this effluent to treatment plant or sewer, grease traps and skimming devices are used to
separate these floating organic matters. If these are not effectively separated, these may block sewers
or interfere with biological treatment system. But these conventional methods need frequent
maintenance and may not be cost effective. Alternatively, in this experimental work, an attempt was
made to remove floating oil and grease using adsorption by passing the wastewater through a
horizontal flow reactor made up of polyvinylchloride pipe containing Laterite grains. A real scale
study unit was set up at the effluent point of a restaurant. The Various parameters like length of
travel, grain size, and flow rate were monitored during the experiment. The results showed that the
oil and grease could be removed up to an extent of 97.0% proving that Laterite has good adsorption
potential.
Keywords: Batch Flow, Constant Flow Rate, Length of Travel, Laterite Grain, Oil and Grease
Removal Efficiency.
I. INTRODUCTION
Oil, grease and fatty materials are the main nuisance creating pollutants in the wastewater if
not removed early from the point of source. The main sources of hydrocarbon based oil and grease are
effluents from vehicle garages and service stations. Further, effluents from restaurants, hostels and
cafeteria are the main sources of organic based oil and grease. The kitchen wastewater from a food
service facility contains mainly cooked fatty oils, butter and ghee. If oil and grease laden wastewater
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY (IJARET)
ISSN 0976 - 6480 (Print)
ISSN 0976 - 6499 (Online)
Volume 5, Issue 2, February (2014), pp. 152-155
© IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijaret.asp
Journal Impact Factor (2014): 4.1710 (Calculated by GISI)
www.jifactor.com
IJARET
© I A E M E
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 –
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 5, Issue 2, February (2014), pp. 152-155, © IAEME
153
is disposed to water bodies, it floats and spreads rapidly and forms thin film on the water surface,
preventing the oxygen transfer from the atmosphere. This leads to high biochemical oxygen demand
(BOD). Further, oil and grease is toxic to some aquatic organisms. Moreover, these can clog sewer
pipes and pumping system in the treatment plants. If present in excess it may interfere with aerobic
and anaerobic biological process, leading to decreased wastewater treatment efficiency. Present day
techniques to remove oil and grease are to use skimming tanks, oil and grease traps and interceptors in
treatment plants which need frequent cleaning of pipes and sometimes replacement of pipe system,
thus resulting in increased maintenance and inspection cost. With these points in view, an alternate
method was developed to remove oil and grease from wastewater using adsorption technique [1], [2],
[3] and [4]. Easily and cheaply available Laterite grains were used as adsorbent material [5]. A
horizontal batch flow reactor study was made using Laterite grains as contact medium inside the
reactor. A real scale experimental unit was setup at the effluent point of a restaurant for the study
purpose.
II. MATERIALS AND METHOD
The Laterite stones from a quarry were crushed in to two ranges of sizes, 16mm-10 mm and
10mm-4mm. In Phase I of the experiment, the study was done on grains 16mm-10 mm size range.
These grains were filled in a horizontally positioned polyvinylchloride pipe of diameter 2 inch
(0.05meter) fitted with 3 taps for drawing samples at equal intervals of 1m as shown in Fig.1. The
experimental setup was sized to suit the effluent point of the restaurant. Wastewater from the
restaurant was collected in two tanks (tank 1 and tank 2) and passed through the pipe containing
laterite grains. The tank 1 containing same wastewater was used to maintain a constant head and
constant flow rate during the experiment. Effluent was constantly stirred throughout the trials. When
the flow came into contact with the adsorbent in the pipe and stabilized, the samples were collected
from different taps provided and tested for oil and grease contents. Trials were conducted for flow
rates of 0.25 liters per sec (LPS), 0.5 LPS and 0.75 LPS. In Phase II, the same procedure was
repeated for grain size range of 10mm-4mm and samples were tested. Results were compared to the
initial concentration of oil and grease in the effluent and percentage removal of oil and grease was
evaluated.
Figure 1: Schematic View of the Experimental Setup
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 –
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 5, Issue 2, February (2014), pp. 152-155, © IAEME
154
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results obtained from the Phase I and Phase II are tabulated in TABLE 1 and TABLE 2.
Table 1: Oil and grease removal efficiency of Phase I
Phase I
Grain size : 16mm-10 mm
Oil and grease removal efficiency (%)
Tap 1 Tap 2 Tap 3
Flow Rate
(LPS)
0.25 79.3 85.6 92.1
0.5 76.2 81.6 88.6
0.75 69.8 75.9 81.7
Table 2: Oil and grease removal efficiency of Phase II
Phase II
Grain size : 10mm-4 mm
Oil and grease removal efficiency (%)
Tap 1 Tap 2 Tap 3
Flow Rate
(LPS)
0.25 81.9 91.1 97.0
0.5 78.2 84.9 90.7
0.75 72.6 77.5 84.2
From the results of Table 1 and Table 2 it is evident that the efficiency of oil and grease
removal for a given tap position was highest for slowest flow rate and it started decreasing with
increase in the flow rate, as shown in Fig.2. This was due to the fact that for slower flow rate more
contact time with adsorbent was available. Further, for a given flow rate, efficiency was highest for
Tap 3 position as shown in Fig.3. This was because the Tap 3 position needed a longer length of
travel. The maximum efficiency in the Phase I was 92.1% for the flow rate of 0.25 LPS and in Phase
II it was 97.0% for the same flow rate. This higher efficiency in Phase II was due to the usage of
smaller sized grains in more numbers and hence more adsorption.
Figure 2: Variation of Oil and grease removal efficiency with Flow Rate
92.1
88.6
81.7
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
0.25 0.5 0.75
Oilandgreaseremovalefficiency(%)
Flow Rate (LPS)
Tap 3 postion (Phase I)
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) V
Figure 3: Variation of Oil and grease removal efficiency with Tap Position
IV. CONCLUSION
Based on the results obtained in the different stages of this experiment, it is quite evident that
Laterite is a powerful adsorbing medium. For smaller grain sizes, the efficiency of the adsorbent
found to be high. Further the adsorbent performed better fo
travel in the pipe. In the places where Laterite is cheaply and easily available, initial expenses of
installation of the unit are low as compared to other systems. This can be adopted as pretreatment
method in biological treatment plants. However further investigations may be necessary on
performance of adsorbent for continuous wastewater flow and its reuse potential.
V. REFERENCES
[1] Abdul Latif Ahmad, Suzylawati Ismail, Norliza Ibrahim, Subhash Bhatia
suspended solids and residual oil from palm oil mill effluent,
Technology & Biotechnology, 78 (2), 2003, 971
[2] A. Sherry Mueller, R. Byung, E.Kim
Szafranski and A. William Gaines
from Oily Automotive Wastewater by Adsorption after Chemical De
Periodical of Haz., Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Mgmt
[3] K.S.Jayantha, G.R. Ranjana, H.R. Sheela, Modang Ritu and Y.S.Shivananni, Defluoridation
studies using Laterite material, J. Environmental Science and
282-288.
[4] A.L.Ahmad, S.Sumathi, B.H. Hameed
adsorbents chitosan, bentonite and activated carbon: A comparative study,
Engineering Journal , 108 (2),
[5] K.S. Jayantha, Santhosh Ingalagi, Shwetha, Sushma, B.S. Prashant., Oil and Grease Removal
Using Laterite Column: A Case Study, Proceedings of the International Conference o
Business, Environment, International Competitiveness and Sustainable Development of the
Asia Pacific Economics, Malaysia, 2007, 103.
[6] R Radhakrishanan and A Praveen
Operations in Urban Areas of Developing World
& Technology (IJCIET), Volume 3, Issue
ISSN Online: 0976 – 6316.
70
75
80
85
90
Tap 1
76.2
Oilandgreaseremovalefficiency(%)
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976
6499(Online) Volume 5, Issue 2, February (2014), pp. 152-155
155
Variation of Oil and grease removal efficiency with Tap Position
Based on the results obtained in the different stages of this experiment, it is quite evident that
Laterite is a powerful adsorbing medium. For smaller grain sizes, the efficiency of the adsorbent
found to be high. Further the adsorbent performed better for slower flow rates and
. In the places where Laterite is cheaply and easily available, initial expenses of
installation of the unit are low as compared to other systems. This can be adopted as pretreatment
ogical treatment plants. However further investigations may be necessary on
performance of adsorbent for continuous wastewater flow and its reuse potential.
Abdul Latif Ahmad, Suzylawati Ismail, Norliza Ibrahim, Subhash Bhatia
suspended solids and residual oil from palm oil mill effluent, Journal of Chemical
Technology & Biotechnology, 78 (2), 2003, 971–978.
yung, E.Kim, E. James ,Anderson, Abizer Gaslightwala
William Gaines, Removal of Oil and Grease and Chemical Oxygen Demand
from Oily Automotive Wastewater by Adsorption after Chemical De-emulsific
Periodical of Haz., Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Mgmt., 7(4) , 2003, 156-162.
K.S.Jayantha, G.R. Ranjana, H.R. Sheela, Modang Ritu and Y.S.Shivananni, Defluoridation
studies using Laterite material, J. Environmental Science and Engineering, 46 (3), 2004,
, B.H. Hameed, Residual oil and suspended solid removal using natural
adsorbents chitosan, bentonite and activated carbon: A comparative study,
108 (2), 2004, 179-185.
Santhosh Ingalagi, Shwetha, Sushma, B.S. Prashant., Oil and Grease Removal
Using Laterite Column: A Case Study, Proceedings of the International Conference o
Business, Environment, International Competitiveness and Sustainable Development of the
Asia Pacific Economics, Malaysia, 2007, 103.
A Praveen, “Sustainability Perceptions on Wastewater Treatment
f Developing World”, International Journal of Civil Engineering
& Technology (IJCIET), Volume 3, Issue 1, 2012, pp. 45 - 61, ISSN Print:
Tap 2 Tap 3
76.2
81.6
88.6
Tap Position
Flow Rate : 0.5LPS ( Phase I)
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 –
5, © IAEME
Variation of Oil and grease removal efficiency with Tap Position
Based on the results obtained in the different stages of this experiment, it is quite evident that
Laterite is a powerful adsorbing medium. For smaller grain sizes, the efficiency of the adsorbent
r slower flow rates and longer length of
. In the places where Laterite is cheaply and easily available, initial expenses of
installation of the unit are low as compared to other systems. This can be adopted as pretreatment
ogical treatment plants. However further investigations may be necessary on
Abdul Latif Ahmad, Suzylawati Ismail, Norliza Ibrahim, Subhash Bhatia, Removal of
Journal of Chemical
Abizer Gaslightwala, J. Michael
Removal of Oil and Grease and Chemical Oxygen Demand
emulsification, Pract.
162.
K.S.Jayantha, G.R. Ranjana, H.R. Sheela, Modang Ritu and Y.S.Shivananni, Defluoridation
Engineering, 46 (3), 2004,
Residual oil and suspended solid removal using natural
adsorbents chitosan, bentonite and activated carbon: A comparative study, Chemical
Santhosh Ingalagi, Shwetha, Sushma, B.S. Prashant., Oil and Grease Removal
Using Laterite Column: A Case Study, Proceedings of the International Conference on
Business, Environment, International Competitiveness and Sustainable Development of the
n Wastewater Treatment
International Journal of Civil Engineering
, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6308,

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20120140502017

  • 1. International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 5, Issue 2, February (2014), pp. 152-155, © IAEME 152 SEPARATION OF ORGANIC BASED OIL AND GREASE FROM RESTAURANT WASTEWATER USING A HORIZONTAL FLOW BATCH REACTOR CONTAINING LATERITE MEDIUM H. Ajith Hebbar1 , K.S. Jayantha2 1 Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Malnad College of Engineering, Hassan, India. 2 Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Malnad College of Engineering, Hassan, India. ABSTRACT The effluents from food service facilities like restaurants and cafeteria mostly contain floating cooked oil, ghee, and other fatty materials which are of organic in origin. Conventionally, before allowing this effluent to treatment plant or sewer, grease traps and skimming devices are used to separate these floating organic matters. If these are not effectively separated, these may block sewers or interfere with biological treatment system. But these conventional methods need frequent maintenance and may not be cost effective. Alternatively, in this experimental work, an attempt was made to remove floating oil and grease using adsorption by passing the wastewater through a horizontal flow reactor made up of polyvinylchloride pipe containing Laterite grains. A real scale study unit was set up at the effluent point of a restaurant. The Various parameters like length of travel, grain size, and flow rate were monitored during the experiment. The results showed that the oil and grease could be removed up to an extent of 97.0% proving that Laterite has good adsorption potential. Keywords: Batch Flow, Constant Flow Rate, Length of Travel, Laterite Grain, Oil and Grease Removal Efficiency. I. INTRODUCTION Oil, grease and fatty materials are the main nuisance creating pollutants in the wastewater if not removed early from the point of source. The main sources of hydrocarbon based oil and grease are effluents from vehicle garages and service stations. Further, effluents from restaurants, hostels and cafeteria are the main sources of organic based oil and grease. The kitchen wastewater from a food service facility contains mainly cooked fatty oils, butter and ghee. If oil and grease laden wastewater INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IJARET) ISSN 0976 - 6480 (Print) ISSN 0976 - 6499 (Online) Volume 5, Issue 2, February (2014), pp. 152-155 © IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijaret.asp Journal Impact Factor (2014): 4.1710 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com IJARET © I A E M E
  • 2. International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 5, Issue 2, February (2014), pp. 152-155, © IAEME 153 is disposed to water bodies, it floats and spreads rapidly and forms thin film on the water surface, preventing the oxygen transfer from the atmosphere. This leads to high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). Further, oil and grease is toxic to some aquatic organisms. Moreover, these can clog sewer pipes and pumping system in the treatment plants. If present in excess it may interfere with aerobic and anaerobic biological process, leading to decreased wastewater treatment efficiency. Present day techniques to remove oil and grease are to use skimming tanks, oil and grease traps and interceptors in treatment plants which need frequent cleaning of pipes and sometimes replacement of pipe system, thus resulting in increased maintenance and inspection cost. With these points in view, an alternate method was developed to remove oil and grease from wastewater using adsorption technique [1], [2], [3] and [4]. Easily and cheaply available Laterite grains were used as adsorbent material [5]. A horizontal batch flow reactor study was made using Laterite grains as contact medium inside the reactor. A real scale experimental unit was setup at the effluent point of a restaurant for the study purpose. II. MATERIALS AND METHOD The Laterite stones from a quarry were crushed in to two ranges of sizes, 16mm-10 mm and 10mm-4mm. In Phase I of the experiment, the study was done on grains 16mm-10 mm size range. These grains were filled in a horizontally positioned polyvinylchloride pipe of diameter 2 inch (0.05meter) fitted with 3 taps for drawing samples at equal intervals of 1m as shown in Fig.1. The experimental setup was sized to suit the effluent point of the restaurant. Wastewater from the restaurant was collected in two tanks (tank 1 and tank 2) and passed through the pipe containing laterite grains. The tank 1 containing same wastewater was used to maintain a constant head and constant flow rate during the experiment. Effluent was constantly stirred throughout the trials. When the flow came into contact with the adsorbent in the pipe and stabilized, the samples were collected from different taps provided and tested for oil and grease contents. Trials were conducted for flow rates of 0.25 liters per sec (LPS), 0.5 LPS and 0.75 LPS. In Phase II, the same procedure was repeated for grain size range of 10mm-4mm and samples were tested. Results were compared to the initial concentration of oil and grease in the effluent and percentage removal of oil and grease was evaluated. Figure 1: Schematic View of the Experimental Setup
  • 3. International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 5, Issue 2, February (2014), pp. 152-155, © IAEME 154 III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results obtained from the Phase I and Phase II are tabulated in TABLE 1 and TABLE 2. Table 1: Oil and grease removal efficiency of Phase I Phase I Grain size : 16mm-10 mm Oil and grease removal efficiency (%) Tap 1 Tap 2 Tap 3 Flow Rate (LPS) 0.25 79.3 85.6 92.1 0.5 76.2 81.6 88.6 0.75 69.8 75.9 81.7 Table 2: Oil and grease removal efficiency of Phase II Phase II Grain size : 10mm-4 mm Oil and grease removal efficiency (%) Tap 1 Tap 2 Tap 3 Flow Rate (LPS) 0.25 81.9 91.1 97.0 0.5 78.2 84.9 90.7 0.75 72.6 77.5 84.2 From the results of Table 1 and Table 2 it is evident that the efficiency of oil and grease removal for a given tap position was highest for slowest flow rate and it started decreasing with increase in the flow rate, as shown in Fig.2. This was due to the fact that for slower flow rate more contact time with adsorbent was available. Further, for a given flow rate, efficiency was highest for Tap 3 position as shown in Fig.3. This was because the Tap 3 position needed a longer length of travel. The maximum efficiency in the Phase I was 92.1% for the flow rate of 0.25 LPS and in Phase II it was 97.0% for the same flow rate. This higher efficiency in Phase II was due to the usage of smaller sized grains in more numbers and hence more adsorption. Figure 2: Variation of Oil and grease removal efficiency with Flow Rate 92.1 88.6 81.7 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 0.25 0.5 0.75 Oilandgreaseremovalefficiency(%) Flow Rate (LPS) Tap 3 postion (Phase I)
  • 4. International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) V Figure 3: Variation of Oil and grease removal efficiency with Tap Position IV. CONCLUSION Based on the results obtained in the different stages of this experiment, it is quite evident that Laterite is a powerful adsorbing medium. For smaller grain sizes, the efficiency of the adsorbent found to be high. Further the adsorbent performed better fo travel in the pipe. In the places where Laterite is cheaply and easily available, initial expenses of installation of the unit are low as compared to other systems. This can be adopted as pretreatment method in biological treatment plants. However further investigations may be necessary on performance of adsorbent for continuous wastewater flow and its reuse potential. V. REFERENCES [1] Abdul Latif Ahmad, Suzylawati Ismail, Norliza Ibrahim, Subhash Bhatia suspended solids and residual oil from palm oil mill effluent, Technology & Biotechnology, 78 (2), 2003, 971 [2] A. Sherry Mueller, R. Byung, E.Kim Szafranski and A. William Gaines from Oily Automotive Wastewater by Adsorption after Chemical De Periodical of Haz., Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Mgmt [3] K.S.Jayantha, G.R. Ranjana, H.R. Sheela, Modang Ritu and Y.S.Shivananni, Defluoridation studies using Laterite material, J. Environmental Science and 282-288. [4] A.L.Ahmad, S.Sumathi, B.H. Hameed adsorbents chitosan, bentonite and activated carbon: A comparative study, Engineering Journal , 108 (2), [5] K.S. Jayantha, Santhosh Ingalagi, Shwetha, Sushma, B.S. Prashant., Oil and Grease Removal Using Laterite Column: A Case Study, Proceedings of the International Conference o Business, Environment, International Competitiveness and Sustainable Development of the Asia Pacific Economics, Malaysia, 2007, 103. [6] R Radhakrishanan and A Praveen Operations in Urban Areas of Developing World & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 3, Issue ISSN Online: 0976 – 6316. 70 75 80 85 90 Tap 1 76.2 Oilandgreaseremovalefficiency(%) International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 5, Issue 2, February (2014), pp. 152-155 155 Variation of Oil and grease removal efficiency with Tap Position Based on the results obtained in the different stages of this experiment, it is quite evident that Laterite is a powerful adsorbing medium. For smaller grain sizes, the efficiency of the adsorbent found to be high. Further the adsorbent performed better for slower flow rates and . In the places where Laterite is cheaply and easily available, initial expenses of installation of the unit are low as compared to other systems. This can be adopted as pretreatment ogical treatment plants. However further investigations may be necessary on performance of adsorbent for continuous wastewater flow and its reuse potential. Abdul Latif Ahmad, Suzylawati Ismail, Norliza Ibrahim, Subhash Bhatia suspended solids and residual oil from palm oil mill effluent, Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 78 (2), 2003, 971–978. yung, E.Kim, E. James ,Anderson, Abizer Gaslightwala William Gaines, Removal of Oil and Grease and Chemical Oxygen Demand from Oily Automotive Wastewater by Adsorption after Chemical De-emulsific Periodical of Haz., Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Mgmt., 7(4) , 2003, 156-162. K.S.Jayantha, G.R. Ranjana, H.R. Sheela, Modang Ritu and Y.S.Shivananni, Defluoridation studies using Laterite material, J. Environmental Science and Engineering, 46 (3), 2004, , B.H. Hameed, Residual oil and suspended solid removal using natural adsorbents chitosan, bentonite and activated carbon: A comparative study, 108 (2), 2004, 179-185. Santhosh Ingalagi, Shwetha, Sushma, B.S. Prashant., Oil and Grease Removal Using Laterite Column: A Case Study, Proceedings of the International Conference o Business, Environment, International Competitiveness and Sustainable Development of the Asia Pacific Economics, Malaysia, 2007, 103. A Praveen, “Sustainability Perceptions on Wastewater Treatment f Developing World”, International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 3, Issue 1, 2012, pp. 45 - 61, ISSN Print: Tap 2 Tap 3 76.2 81.6 88.6 Tap Position Flow Rate : 0.5LPS ( Phase I) International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 5, © IAEME Variation of Oil and grease removal efficiency with Tap Position Based on the results obtained in the different stages of this experiment, it is quite evident that Laterite is a powerful adsorbing medium. For smaller grain sizes, the efficiency of the adsorbent r slower flow rates and longer length of . In the places where Laterite is cheaply and easily available, initial expenses of installation of the unit are low as compared to other systems. This can be adopted as pretreatment ogical treatment plants. However further investigations may be necessary on Abdul Latif Ahmad, Suzylawati Ismail, Norliza Ibrahim, Subhash Bhatia, Removal of Journal of Chemical Abizer Gaslightwala, J. Michael Removal of Oil and Grease and Chemical Oxygen Demand emulsification, Pract. 162. K.S.Jayantha, G.R. Ranjana, H.R. Sheela, Modang Ritu and Y.S.Shivananni, Defluoridation Engineering, 46 (3), 2004, Residual oil and suspended solid removal using natural adsorbents chitosan, bentonite and activated carbon: A comparative study, Chemical Santhosh Ingalagi, Shwetha, Sushma, B.S. Prashant., Oil and Grease Removal Using Laterite Column: A Case Study, Proceedings of the International Conference on Business, Environment, International Competitiveness and Sustainable Development of the n Wastewater Treatment International Journal of Civil Engineering , ISSN Print: 0976 – 6308,