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Key words: Entrepreneurial, Approach, Tourism, Development, Oman
INTRODUCTION
Tourism plays a pivotal role in socio-economic development. It fosters international
understanding as a part of “Global Village Concept”. Tourism has indeed grown to become a
Major social and economic force in the World (Mc Intosh et al, 1995).
It is a well known fact, that tourism has become a major force in the economy of the
world, an activity of global importance and significance (Cooper et al., 1996).A part from the
benefits of greater understanding and trust between people and other social benefits, it also
causes redistribution of wealth from one area to other along with its inevitable role in balance
of payments accounts of a country. It is estimated that it has already generated employment
for more than 200 million people across the world. United Nations World Tourism
Organization (UNWTO), an apex body of tourism authorities in the world view that Travel
and Tourism can be part of the solution to world problems, such as, bridging the gap between
the ‘haves and have –nots’.As an economic activity, it can help, contribute significantly to all
alleviation of poverty in almost all the areas of globe
Entrepreneurship has emerged over the past two decades as a core economic and
development force allover the world. The Omani government realized the crucial importance
of entrepreneurship and has managed in few years to take serious steps to foster the
entrepreneurial sector across the nation. To put the entrepreneurial theme into practice, the
Omani national policy has instrumented various tools to facilitate the promotion, funding, tax
incentives as well as provision of technical support to start up and manage a small business.
Such actions have entailed new legislations, the establishment of public as well as private
sector service providers (for example Directorate General for the Development of SMEs,
Sanad Program and Intlilaaqah) to support the entrepreneurial projects. This has also implied
the movement of all ministries, municipalities and all other institutions towards the
implementation of a set of actions to sustain the Omani entrepreneurial sector.
HIS MAJESTY’S VISION OF TOURISM IN OMAN
The tourism industry is well qualified to offer career opportunities to Omanis. It is
well capable of serving the aims of regional development, since its benefits will cover all
regions. On this basis we should prepare a new strategy to develop this sector so it can stand
on its own feet in a severely competitive, flexible and diversified international market.”
(Speech of his Majesty Sultan Qaboos bin Said - 29th National Day) The Vision statement
was “To develop tourism as an important and sustainable socio-economic sector of the
Sultanate in a manner that reflects the Sultanate's historic, cultural and environmental
heritage and sense of traditional hospitality and values ", and the Mission statement was " To
help facilitate economic diversification, preservation of cultural integrity and environmental
protection of The Sultanate ".
IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM IN ARAB COUNTRIES
Tourism is considered as a major source of foreign exchange, being then important to
Arab countries' economy for balance-of-trade purposes and the development of infrastructure
(e.g. in Jordan, tourism is considered as the main source of foreign exchange earning after the
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remittances from overseas Jordanian workers). Tourism also is a crucial generator of
employment to many of these countries (e.g. according to the Egyptian Tourism Authority,
10% of the Egyptian population is depending on tourism for earning their living, of which a
significant proportion is of semi-skilled and unskilled employees; in Bahrain, 17-18% of Jobs
are in tourism, either directly or indirectly; in Oman, hotels are required by law to have 50%
of its employees from local national employees). Tourism also helps in reducing the
dependence on other sources of economy (e.g. Gulf countries are giving a very good example
here, these countries have started to recognize the importance of tourism to decrease their
reliance on oil revenues in the long term, e.g. Dubai in UAE, Oman, Qatar and Bahrain);
though, some other countries with big oil reserves are slow toward tourism development, that
is due to the lack of need to diversify their economies (as Abu Dhabi in UAE, Kuwait and
Saudi Arabia) (WTO 2003).
According to the reports of World Travel and Tourism Council, the economic
activities are indicating a more promising contribution of tourism and travel industry to Arab
countries economies. In 2009, travel & tourism is expected to post US$241.9 billions of
economic activity (as a total demand), growing to US$529.8 billions by 2019 in the Middle
East region (WTTC 2009a). This also can be seen to what regards the contribution to world
GDP, the travel and tourism industry is expected to post a GDP contribution of 3.9% in 2009
(WTTC 2009 a & b). Middle East travel and tourism employment is expected to generate
5,130,000 jobs in 2009, 9.0% of total employment, or 1 in every 11.1 jobs. By 2019, this total
is predicted to become 6,876,000 jobs, 9.5% of total employment or 1 in every 10.5 jobs
(WTTC 2009).
FOREIGN EXCHANGE EARNINGS
Tourism industry is otherwise known as smokeless industry which generates income
in the form of foreign exchange. In other industries some goods have to be exported to earn
foreign exchange but in tourism since the tourism products are already available within the
country. When a tourist comes to a destination he will be utilizing the service from various
organizations. This in turn will generate foreign exchange when he makes payment for
services he has enjoyed. Tourism is one of the top five export categories for as many as 83%
of countries and is a main source of foreign exchange earnings for at least 38% of countries.
(WTO)
CONTRIBUTION TO GOVERNMENT REVENUES
The revenue for the government can be classified into direct and indirect taxes. Taxes
will be paid by tourist when they utilize certain services from the destination. There will be
income tax from the people employed in the tourism sector. The organization providing
goods and services to the principal or the main service provider will also be paying taxes. It
starts from the payment for visa, then airport taxes etc.
EMPLOYMENT GENERATION
Tourism industry is the world’s largest industry employing more than 11.5 million
jobs worldwide. Tourism and hospitality industry can generate jobs directly through tourism
entrepreneurship, tour operators, travel agencies, tour guiding, restaurants, sales of souvenirs
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in the handicraft shops. The employment opportunities can be from airlines, cabin crew,
airport management companies etc.
It is stated by World Tourism Organization that tourism sector supports about seven
percentage of world’s work force. When infrastructure investment is increased and developed
for tourism, this can definitely improve the quality of life for residents as help in tourism
growth. In Oman the level of Omanization is more than 60 % in the tourism sector.Inspite of
this high rate of Omanization due to the cultural problem, the ministry of tourism has not
achieved the desired percentage.
CONTRIBUTION TO ECONOMY WITHIN THE COUNTRY
Tourism can be an important, even inclusive part of the local economy. Tourism has
the potential of contributing revenue even to run the economy of a country like in Marutius,
Spain, Maldives etc.When a tourist spends 100 OMR the benefit of this will go to many
people involved in the tourism business directly and indirectly this is called multiplier effect.
The World Travel and Tourism Council estimate that tourism generates an indirect
contribution equal to 100% of direct tourism expenditure.
REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
It is seen noticeably that any country where tourism development takes place it
directly contributes to the regional development ex Dubai, Mauritius, Maldives, and Spain
etc.Here in Oman it is apparent that after 1999 when it was decided to develop tourism on
policy level, each and every region has seen a tremendous growth in terms of super structure,
infrastructures etc.It helps to maintain and protect the culture, traditions of the region and also
the archalegolically,religiously important sites in the region like the Al-Baleed archeological
museum, Khor-Rori Sumharam,Lost city of Ubhar,Nabi Ayub’s tomb.Nabi Umran
tomb,Nabi Saleh’s tomb etc.Development of airports at Muscast,Salalah,Sohar,Ras-Al
Hadd,Adam,Duqum and seaports at Muscat, Salalah,Sohar and Khasab.Beautification of
Muscat city, Old Muscat,Muttrah cornice etc are excellent contributions of the regional
development through tourism.
TRAVEL & TOURISM'S CONTRIBUTION TO GDP
The direct contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP in 2011 was OMR768.9mn
(3.0% of GDP). This is forecast to rise by 5.7% to OMR812.4mn in 2012.This primarily
reflects the economic activity generated by industries such as hotels, travel agents, airlines
and other passenger transportation services (excluding commuter services). But it also
includes, for example, the activities of the restaurant and leisure industries directly supported
by tourists. The direct contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP is expected to grow by 5.2%
pa to OMR1, 342.6mn (3.5% of GDP) by 2022.
GDP: Direct Contribution
Direct contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP was OMR893.4mn (3.1% of total GDP) in
2012, and is forecast to rise by 7.6% in 2013, and to rise by 5.1% pa, from 2013-2023, to
OMR1,581.2mn in 2023 (in constant 2012 prices).
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GDP: Total Contribution
The total contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP was OMR2, 043.2mn (7.0% of GDP) in
2012, and is forecast to rise by 8.0% in 2013, and to rise by 5.5% pa to OMR3, 752.0mn in
2023.
Employment: Direct Contribution
In 2012 Travel & Tourism directly supported 37,000 jobs (3.3% of total employment). This is
expected to rise by 4.9% in 2013 and rise by 3.5% pa to 55,000 jobs (4.0% of total
employment) in 2023.
Employment: Total Contribution
In 2012, the total contribution of Travel & Tourism to employment, including jobs indirectly
supported by the industry, was 7.0% of total employment (77,500 jobs). This is expected to
rise by 5.1% in 2013 to 81,500 jobs and rise by 3.7% pa to 117,000 jobs in 2023 (8.6% of
total).
Visitor Exports
Visitor exports generated OMR643.2mn (3.2% of total exports) in 2012. This is forecast to
grow by 2.3% in 2013, and grow by 6.5% pa, from 2013-2023, to OMR1, 234.3mn in 2023
(4.4% of total).
Investment
Travel & Tourism investment in 2012 was OMR364.5mn, or 5.2% of total investment. It
should rise by 9.9% in 2013, and rise by 6.4% pa over the next ten years to OMR745.4mn in
2023 (6.5% of total).
(WTTC Economic Impact Report 2013)
RATIONALE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PRESENT STUDY
“The word entrepreneur originates from the French word, entreprendre, which means
“to undertake”. In a business context, it means to start a business. The Merriam-Webster
dictionary presents the definition of an entrepreneur as one who organizes, manages, and
assumes the risks of a business or enterprise. The key concept to entrepreneurship is
Innovation. It refers to new or different Ways of doing things when an individual creates a
new product or when he sells a Current product in a different approach (Fajardo, 1994)
New approaches are emerging in both the private and public sectors in the creation of
innovative business as well as tourism development models worldwide. These novelties may
not, however, be always visible or measurable by strict business criteria. The tourism product
is often intangible and secondary to main commercial tourism activities; and it is therefore
difficult to prove its market value. The ever – Increasing scale of tourism, one of the fastest
growing sectors of the global economy, is not only driven by human needs and a desire for
travel but also by business opportunities to respond to increasingly complex human needs and
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a curiosities (Lee and Crompton, 1992).These opportunities are realized through the
commercialization of nature, culture, traditions, history, religions as well as other commercial
activities and human achievements. Entrepreneurship requires at least one motivated person.
The entrepreneur is the corner. Stone of the entrepreneurial process – the chief conductor
who perceives an opportunity, marshals the resources to pursue this opportunity and builds an
organization which combines the resources necessary to exploit the opportunity.
Even though tourism seems to be rewarding sector for investors and entrepreneurs the
concept of tourism entrepreneurship has not been adequately understood. The limited
literature in the area of the tourism entrepreneurship suggests there is little entrepreneurial
behavior in the sector. The reality, however, proves the opposite. The hospitality and tourism
industry has been s fertile for entrepreneurial business. Thomas cook’s tour packages, Ray
Kroc’s McDonald’s, Walt Disney’s theme parks.J.W.Marriot’s and Conrad Hilton’s hotels
are just a few classic entrepreneurial brands in the world of hospitality and travel enterprises.
Driven by inner need to succeed and to make a difference in some way, these truly successful
entrepreneurs focused on their opportunities and pursued them with great dedication and
courage in the face of opposition and setbacks. All of these entrepreneurial leaders have
engraved their names and business in the history of the hospitality and travel industry (Keka
Lahiri 2005)
The role of entrepreneurs in tourism sector plays a major role in promoting the
tourism business. Entrepreneur is one of the most important inputs in the tourism
development of a country or of the regions within the country. Entrepreneurial talents and
competence makes all the difference in the rate of tourism growth. The active search of
opportunities, entrepreneurial alertness, prior knowledge and social networks of
entrepreneurs promotes the tourism business. In Oman because of mixed economy pattern of
society both state and private enterprises co-exists. The entrepreneurs’ presence in the
tourism related business activities is significant and leading to a higher rate of tourism growth,
dispersal of economic activity and resulted in balanced regional development, creation of
employment opportunities and improving existing standard of living. The lack of adequate
research on tourism entrepreneurship is the major handicap and there is not much literature
about the role of entrepreneurs in tourism in the study area. It is also important to high light
the gap in our understanding of how small medium tourism establishments. SMTEs in
destinations influence overall economic development (Shaw and Williams)
Research is also used as a process to inform public sector decision – making to
promote tourism as an investment decision to assist localities in building a service economy,
often using studies commissioned by specialist consultants which provide the blueprint or
strategic direction for change, along with potential business opportunities. Individual
businesses typically develop these new commercial opportunities, frequently undertaking or
commissioning consultants to prepare feasibility studies and subsequent business plans (page,
2009) as a precursor to implementing the innovation process to develop new businesses or to
grow existing business capacity and capabilities
FROM EMPLOYMENT TO TOURISM ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN OMAN — THE
NEED FOR A PARADIGM SHIFT
Entrepreneurship in Oman is hardly new. Indeed, since as far back as the first century
AD, Oman has been an international trading hub, a source of frankincense and home to the
world’s ancient seafarers. Today, the sleeping beauty that is Oman’s entrepreneurial spirit is
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waking up and there by giving ample opportunities for tourism entrepreneurs. With more and
more Omani youths graduating every year, and more entrepreneurial venues are opening up
in tourism sector. Instead of seeking employment opportunities there should be a paradigm
shift to entreprenurship.In this tourism sector will best suit the purpose since the sector is
service oriented, with reasonable amount of experience one can start up his own business
initially in a small scale and later it can be developed. The need of the hour is financial
support for youngsters who have innovative ideas to make them commercially successful.
As it is popularly said ‘Don’t give them fish, but teach them fishing’ — a successful tourism
entrepreneur would be able to provide employment opportunities to many more.
THE NEED FOR GOVERNMENT TO SUPPORT ENTREPRENEURSHIP
In any country the main drivers of economy are Small and Medium sized Enterprises
(SME’s).Since entrepreneurship is private ownership of their business, due the changing
environments, entrepreneurial orientation, Creativity, flexibility and adaptability they react to
challenges.SMEs provide good employment opportunities and they contribute to sustainable
growth.SME’s play a vital role in strategic planning of the national economy of a country.
Contribution of SME’s towards the GDP of country’s national economy is very important.
Uniqueness of a successful Entrepreneur
An entrepreneur is not born with the entrepreneurial characteristics; these qualities
can be developed in due course by many training programs like entrepreneurial development
programs etc. it is about having mind-set and the drive to accomplish something in business.
Successful entrepreneurs in Oman like the ambitious Saud Bhawan, Suhail Bhawan, and
Mohammed Al Barwani had an inner drive to succeed and grow their business, rather than
having an Oxford Business degree or technical knowledge in a particular field. All successful
entrepreneurs have the following qualities:
Willingness to Make Sacrifice
A new venture is often plagued with numerous difficulties and problems. The
entrepreneur has to be prepared to sacrifice his time, energy and resources. He must be
willing to struggle. Sacrificing personal comforts and convinences, against seemingly endless
odds. An entrepreneurial job is not like typical nine to five job, it tends to be far more
demanding, requiring total commitment and sometimes, even an obsessive preoccupation-on
the part of the entrepreneur.
Leadership
Flourishing entrepreneurs generally have strong leadership qualities. They are able to
inspire ordinary persons to accomplish great feats, even though outwardly they may be timid.
They are able to motivate people with their zeal.
Decisiveness
A fledging enterprise has to accomplish many things in an atmosphere of
uncertainity.Numerous decisions have to be taken in very short time with limited information.
Unless the entrepreneur is quick in decision making, he may miss valuable opportunities.
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Confidence in the Project
An entrepreneur should have unbounded faith in his project. This helps him in
instilling confidence in suppliers.creditors, customers, employees and others. Without
unwavering passion in the project, it would be difficult for the entrepreneur to withstand the
failures and frustrations from the new venture.
Marketing Orientation
A strong marketing orientation is critical to a new venture. An entrepreneur who is
skillful in exploiting market opportunities has the best chance of success. If an entrepreneur
lacks marketing skills, he must find a partner who can remedy this deficiency; otherwise the
venture will be severely handicapped because of its inability to exploit the marketing
opportunities.
Strong Ego
The entrepreneur needs a strong ego to bear with ups and downs in his new enterprise,
since a lot of risk has to be taken in the initial stages and later on also. To endure periods of
adversity and to maintain proper perspective when events cast their shadow over the
enterprise, the entrepreneur needs a strong identity and self-image (Neeta Baporikar, 2008)
NEED FOR TOURISM ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN OMAN
Development of tourism is vital for Oman's economic development due to its
immense potential and ability to provide employment and entrepreneurial opportunities on a
large scale for youths.
Omran was established by the Government of Oman to identify opportunities in the
tourism sector – and to make them happen. The Government of Oman recognizes that
tourism has an important role to play in our future‚ and requires solid foundations to support
sustainable growth and development. Great strides have been taken by the sector over recent
years‚ with the ongoing delivery of successful projects helping to create a robust
industry. These developments will also generate entrepreneurial opportunities for our
budding youth and support our local communities.
With more tourism and hospitality projects being undertaken both in the cities and in
the rural areas, there are a lot of potential for starting up small, medium business(SME’s)
which can cater to the burgeoning tourism sector. This will create entrepreneurial activities in
the region by the youths from the area. This initiative will provide employment opportunities
for the youth population from the locale. This will ensure that migration of youths to cities to
seek employment can be reduced; it can contribute to some economic activity, there by
leading to the contribution towards the GDP of the region.
Development of SME’s in tourism sector will reduce the leakages which will occur
through a multinational organization. Most of the business enterprises in the tourism sector
are run by the multinational organizations. The Omani employee who work with these
companies for some years and when the have sufficient years of work experience; they can
start their own business in a small way. At present there is lots of support for developing
SME’s from the government, banks, financial institutions; corporate sectors etc.This will
contribute to the regional development, creation of employment opportunities etc.
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FOSTERING TOURISM ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN OMAN
With the escalation of Islamic banking it is easy to source the equity requirement of
the young entrepreneur. Mudārabah is a type of Islamic equity-based partnership contract,
universally known as a profit-sharing contract. It is a partnership contract where the capital
provider contributes the capital while the manager provides managerial skills to manage the
Mudārabah capital accordingly. The parties involved in a Mudārabah contract share the profit
between them. However, the loss will be borne solely by the capital provider in the absence
of misconduct or negligence or breach of the partnership terms and conditions by the
manager. Hence, the element of trust based on the fiduciary relationship between the parties
is the foundation of this contract.
The Islamic institutions can form Mudārabah partnership with the young entrepreneur
and this, in my opinion, is a workable solution for budding small and medium-sized
entrepreneurs, where the banks provide finance and the entrepreneur provides business
acumen.
The above two will go to a large extent in extending a supporting hand to the youth of
the country in establishing businesses which are close to them and in which they have
innovative and successful ideas. A new small and medium-sized operation today can be a
business conglomerate tomorrow! The government contribution can be from a fund created
for this purpose. Once the young entrepreneur is successful in the venture and pays back the
government contribution, the same amount is available for the fund to provide for another
new entrant.
Support Framework (Training) for Entrepreneurship Development in Oman
Annexure: 1
Sanad Program
The Sanad program was established at the directives of His Majesty Sultan Qaboos to
provide job seekers among citizens with opportunities to gain their living and to
support self-employment projects and develop small businesses.
Creating free work culture and encouraging the youth to invest their skills in self-
employment for their own benefit.
Providing citizens with job opportunities in their Wilayats and curb their migration to the
cities.
Availing a permanent and renewable source of income and contributing to the economy
development at the Wilayat level.
Safeguarding income and re-investing it in economic activities to generate further income at
the national level.
Contributing to the employment of the national labor force.
Encouraging and supporting individual initiatives and self-employment programmes.
Contributing to qualifying individuals and preparing them to actively contribute to the labor market.
Developing individual projects and drafting required programmes and plans to spread them.
Establishing incubators to provide individuals who wish to establish small projects with required care and
support.
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Annexure: 2
Facilitation provided by the directorate for SME’s
Define the investment opportunities available in the Sultanate
Raise investment awareness on the importance of SMEs in the development of local
societies.
Activate the role of financial establishments in financing SMEs through:
a. giving the investor the needed information on the available financing methods and
conditions of loans.
b. Coordinate with the financial establishments to facilitate financing procedures for
SMEs.
Develop and qualify the persons and establishments to manage the business with
competence.
Provide consultancy services to the concerned authorities in SME through:
a. Give them new ideas for productive projects
b. Guide them to the best financing sources
c. Provide marketing, financial, technical and management consultancies to project
owners
d. Overcome obstacles which the investor face when establishing a project
e. Follow up the project after establishment and providing the needed services.
Train the investors on how to establish a successful project through:
a. Organize specialized symposiums in investment opportunities in the local society
b. Train and qualify project owners to effectively develop the projects
c. Train and qualify the workers in these projects to improve the productivity
d. Organize training courses on modern accounting systems and its importance in
follow up and performance assessment.
Encourage Omani women to establish small and medium projects in fields like,
nurseries, kindergarten and tailoring.
Issue licenses for home based business.
Support from Corporate sectors for Entrepreneurship Development
Organization Support Provided
AMIDEAST
(Cisco)
• Improving educational opportunities and quality
• Provides professional development solutions
• Conducts entrepreneurship training workshops
• Provides skills needed for entrepreneurs
Injaz Oman • Enlightens the students on the concepts and principles of establishing a
business enterprise.
• Encourage students to find solutions & appropriate plans to establish
business enterprise.
Shell Intilaaqah
Oman
• Provides funding, guidance and business development services to
existing and potential entrepreneurs.
Sharakha • Assistance is provided in Project evaluation, writing a business plan.
• Providing funding
• Getting government clearances Licenses
• Providing operational assistance
• Promoting products & services
Table: No: 1
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Financial Support from Banks for Entrepreneurship Development
Organization Support Provided
Oman Development Bank • Offers interest free loans to entrepreneurs with small
investment.
• Providing finance to corporate, medium and small
enterprises.
• Very nominal rate of 3% interest is charged per annum.
Oman Arab Bank • Encourages employment through self employment.
• Provides financial assistance for small and medium
business.
• Offers innovative financial products.
Bank Muscat • Provides loans upto RO 250,000/- to small and medium
enterprises.
• Relationship managers provide the services required.
Bank Sohar • Project Finance is provided for SME’s.
• Specialized relationship managers provide customized
solutions.
National Bank of Oman • Provides easy access to loans for any kind of business
finance requirements.
Table: No: 2
METHODOLOGY
The secondary data was collected from books; Research Journals, Reports from
Ministry of Tourism, Ministry of Manpower etc ,World tourism organization reports, world
travel and tourism council reports, from Non-governmental organization websites, websites,
newspapers, etc. Secondary data related to Tourism, Entrepreneurship and Tourism
Entrepreneurship were analyzed for a period of 5 years from 2008 to 2012
CONCLUSION
Tourism is playing a major role in socio-economic development in Asia and the
Pacific. The Oman tourism-oriented economic development presents the largest opportunities
for small businesses and entrepreneurs. In this scenario it is often necessary, to develop and
implement policies that take advantage of the potential benefits of tourism in socio-economic
development. In some cases, this is simply a matter of increasing awareness of tourism
entrepreneurship so that it provides benefits to tourists and local communities can be
“factored-in” at the planning stage, it may involve reducing leakages (or retaining tourist
spending). In other cases, “positive action” may need to be taken to capture the benefits.
Statistics show that more than 75% of the Omani nationals are younger than age 25 (Census
2010,). In fact, there is a significant potential for Small & Medium Enterprises (SMEs) to
grow in terms of contribution to Omani Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and to be competitive
at regional and international level (the Ministry of National Economy, 2010; the Ministry of
Commerce and Industry, 2010).
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Currently tourism accounts for 2.1 per cent of GDP, and it seems that Oman will
surpass its goal to earn 3 per cent by 2020. It hopes to employ locals in 80 per cent of tourism
jobs by that time. Entrepreneurial approach should be followed in tourism so that, it will
benefit the local youths and budding entrepreneurs in an inclusive way. Businesses need to be
developed to support the demands from the visiting tourists, be it in retail, real estate, or
entertainment. The government realizes that foreign direct investment will play a large role in
the development of the tourism infrastructure, making tourism the most attractive area for
international entrepreneurs to find opportunities. This in turn will avoid the leakage which is
caused by the multinational companies who operate in the tourism sector.
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www.amideast.org
www.injazoman.org
www.intilaaqah.org
www.sharakah.om
www.manpower.gov.om/en/sanad
www.odb.com.om
www.oman-arabbank.
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www.banksohar.net
www.nbo.co.om
www.wttc.org
www.bnm.gov.my
www.unescap.org
