IELTS READING

1. 18 August 2018
1. Mesopotamia-The early cities or civilization
2. Bonds
3. Multitasking -- This passage had multiple choice questions and
was
4. IELTS ACADEMIC,11 Aug, 2018,INDIA
5. READING TOPICS
6. PASSAGE 1 - Coffee Shops
PASSAGE 2 - Artists and Liars
PASSAGE 3 – Desertification
IELTS ACADEMIC, 28 JULY 2018, INDIA READING
Passage 1: Musical Instruments and their history
Passage 2: Friendship and Unity
Passage 3: Plants Fertilisers and their history
21 July 2018,IELTS ACADEMIC,INDIA Reading:
Passage 1: VIKINGS ship in 11th century
Passage 2: Motherese - Baby Talk (voice betweenmother and child)
Passage 3: Art and Ipswich house
19th July 2018,IELTS Academic,India
Passage 1: Discoveryof Graphite and making of Pencil
Passage 2: Sports,Olympics,the sports aids and few speculations
about the regulations to be followed In sports.
Passage 3: Various theories about Planet Formation.

2. IELTS ACADEMIC,5 MAY 2018,India
Academic Reading
1. History of Buttons
2. Usefulness of Soil measured by electromagnetic radiations
IELTS Academic,26 APRIL, India Reading
1. Coelophysis dinosaur
2. Seeing under the sea
2. Technologyat workplaces
IELTS Exam 12 May,2018 – India ACADEMIC Reading Passages
1. Street Art
2. Global Warming in New Zealand
3. Mental Workouts
IELTS Academic13 January 2018,India READING
1. Passage about gold mining and differentgold nuggets.
2. A review of a book on urban life.
3. A passage about biomimetics – replicating living things using
engineering
IELTS Academic Reading, 9 Dec 2017, India
Passage 1: New Zealand Owl
Passage 2: Effect of TV Commercials on Children
Passage 3: Tranining Programs for Teachers in Hong Kong

3. ancient literate signals - proto writing in Americas

18. The History of Fingerprints(not real)
Although fingerprintcharacteristics werestudied as far back as the mid-1600s,
the useof fingerprints as a means of identification did not occur until the mid-
1800s. In roughly 1859, Sir WilliamHerschel discovered thatfingerprints
remain stable over time and are unique across individuals; as Chief Magistrate
of the Hooghly district in Jungipoor, India, in 1877 hewas the firstto institute
the useof fingerprints and handprints as a means of identification, signing
legal documents, and authenticating transactions.
The fingerprint records collected at this time were used for one-to-one
verification only; as a means in which records would be logically filed and
searched had not yet been invented. In 1880, Dr. Henry Faulds wroteto Sir
Charles Darwin, explaining a systemfor classifying fingerprints, asking for his
assistancein their development. Darwin was unable to assistDr. Faulds, but
agreed to forward the letter to his cousin, Sir Francis Galton. Dr. Henry Faulds
and Sir Francis Galton did not engage in much correspondence, butin the
following decade, they devised very similar fingerprintclassification systems. It
is unclear whomto credit for the classification system. However, wedo know
that Dr. Henry Faulds was the firstEuropean to publish the notion of scientific
use of fingerprints in the identification of criminals. In 1892, Sir Francis Galton
published his highly influential book, Finger Prints in which he described his

19. classification systemthat include three main fingerprintpatterns - loops,
whorls and arches. At the time, the alternative to fingerprints was Bertillonage,
also known as Anthropometry. Developed by AlphonseBertillon in 1879,
Bertillonage consists of a meticulous method of measuring body parts for the
use of identifying criminals. In1892, theBritish Indian police forceadopted
Anthropometry. Two years later, Sir Edward Henry, Inspector Generalof the
Bengal Police in India became interested in the useof fingerprints for the use
of criminal identification. Influenced by Sir Galton’s Finger Prints, the men
corresponded regularly in 1894; and in January of 1896, Sir Henry ordered the
Bengali Police to collect prisoners’ fingerprints in addition to their
anthropometric measurements. Expanding on Sir Galton’s classification
system, Sir Henry developed the Henry Classification Systembetween the
years1896 to 1897. TheHenry Classification Systemwas to find worldwide
acceptance within a few years. In 1887 a commission was established to
compareAnthropometry to the Henry Classification System. As the results
were overwhelmingly in favor of fingerprints, fingerprinting was introduced to
British India by the Governor General, and in 1900, replaced Anthropometry.
Also in 1900, Sir Henry was sentto Natal, South Africato assistin the
reorganization of the local police force and establish a fingerprintbureau. His
efforts in South Africawere highly successful; and in 1901 Sir Henry returned
to Britain and was appointed AssistantCommissioner of Scotland Yard, head of
the Criminal Investigation Department. In the same year, the first UK
fingerprintbureau was established at Scotland Yard. (Harling 1996) (Met)
(Early)
John Manners I was born in Birmingham in 1937 and my mother died
before I was one so I never knew her. Initially I was brought up by my
Grandmother then my Step-mother. I lived and worked in Birmingham
until 1956, then spent 3 years in the Royal Engineers. After demob I was
chosen to train as a Fingerprint Officer with the Birmingham Police. I got
to visit crime scenes grave evidence in courts dealt with a few grizzly
situational and was responsible for identifying many offenders they would
fail to wear gloves when committing crimes. I always said I had a living
from he proceeds of crime!
In 1988 my application to become the Head of West Yorkshire Police
Fingerprint bureau was successful, so a Brummy became an honorary
Tyke. I enjoyed 10 years of challenging and very rewarding work before
retiring in 1998.

20. In 1902, hewas credited with solving the firstmurder using fingerprints.
Building on this success, Sir Francis Galton (1822–1911) verified that
fingerprints do not changewith age. In 1888, Galton, along with Sir E. R. Henry,
developed the classification systemfor fingerprints that is still in usetoday in
the United States and Europe.
G. Jack Harris, who is defending Andre Turcotte, said there was no attempt to bring in
witnesses who could prove what his client was saying to be false, whereas his client
testified twice about the event because it impacted him.
Turcotte is facing the charge based on an answer he gave to a question he was asked
during cross examination in his assault trial involving Scott Campbell on the night of
Nov. 29, 2007. Turcotte was found guilty of the assault.

21. ben and jerry's and body shop

22. Bovids

26. Mark Stephenson, a Cincinnati, Ohio–based senior research audiologist at the National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), says his agency’s definition of
hazardous noise is sound that exceeds the time-weighted average of 85 dBA, meaning the
average noise exposure measured over a typical eight-hour work day. Other measures and
definitions are used for other purposes. For example, “sound exposure level” accounts for
variations in sound from moment to moment, while “equivalent sound level” determines
the value of a steady sound with the same dBA sound energy as that contained in a time-
varying sound.
Noise in U.S. industry is an extremely difficult problem to monitor, acknowledges Craig
Moulton, a senior industrial hygienist for the Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA). “Still,” he says, “OSHA does require that any employer with workers overexposed to
noise provide protection for those employees against the harmful effects of noise.
Additionally, employers must implement a continuing, effective hearing conservation
program as outlined in OSHA’s Noise Standard.”

27. Bronzaftand the schoolprincipal persuaded the schoolboard to have
acoustical tile installed in the classrooms adjacentto the tracks. The Transit
Authority also treated the tracks near the schoolto makethem less noisy. A
follow-up study published in the September 1981 issueof the Journalof
EnvironmentalPsychology found thatchildren’s reading scores improved after
these interventions wereput in place. “After we did the study, morethan
twenty-fiveother studies were done examining the effect of noise on
children’s learning ability,” Bronzaftsays. “They haveall found the samething
to be true: noise can affect children’s learning.”
Numerous scientific studies over the years have confirmed that exposure to
certain levels of sound can damage hearing. Prolonged exposure can actually
change the structure of the hair cells in the inner ear, resulting in hearing loss. It
can also cause tinnitus, a ringing, roaring, buzzing, or clicking in the ears. The
American Tinnitus Association estimates that 12 million Americans suffer from
this condition, with at least 1 million experiencing it to the extent that it
interferes with their daily activities.
NIOSH studies from the mid to late 1990s show that 90% of coal miners have
hearing impairment by age 52—compared to 9% of the general population—
and 70% of male metal/nonmetal miners will experience hearing impairment by
age 60 (Stephenson notes that from adolescence onward, females tend to have
better hearing than males). Neitzel says nearly half of all construction workers
have some degree of hearing loss. “NIOSH research also reveals that by age
twenty-five, the average carpenter’s hearing is equivalent to an otherwise
healthy fifty-year-old male who hasn’t been exposed to noise,” he says.
“Noise has an insidious effect in that the more exposure a person has to noise,
the more the hearing loss will continue to grow,” says Josara Wallber,
disabilities services liaison for the National Technical Institute for the Deaf in
Rochester, New York. “Hearing loss is irreversible. Once hearing is lost, it’s
lost forever.”
William Luxford, medical director of the House Ear Clinic of St. Vincent
Medical Center in Los Angeles, points out one piece of good news: “It’s true
that continuous noise exposure will lead to the continuation of hearing loss, but
as soonas the exposure is stopped, the hearing loss stops. So a change in
environment can improve a person’s hearing health.”
For many young people, changing their environment and their behavior would
be a wise and healthy move. That’s becauseaudiologists are fitting more and

28. more of them with hearing aids, says Rachel Cruz, a research associate at the
House Ear Clinic. She says audiologists are blaming this disturbing
development on youth’s penchant for listening to loud music, especially with
the use of headphones.
Research is catching up with this anecdotal evidence. In the July 2001 issue
of Pediatrics, researchers from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
reported that, based on audiometric testing of 5,249 children as part of the Third
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, an estimated 12.5% of
American children have noise-induced hearing threshold shifts—or dulled
hearing—in one or both ears. Most children with noise-induced hearing
threshold shifts have only limited hearing damage, but continued exposure to
excessive noise can lead to difficulties with high-frequency sound
discrimination. The report listed stereos, music concerts, toys (such as toy
telephones and certain rattles), lawn mowers, and fireworks as producing
potentially harmful sounds.
estimated that there are 120 million persons with disabling hearing difficulties
worldwide
The nonauditory effects of noise were noted as early as 1930 in a study
published by E.L. Smith and D.L. Laird in volume 2 of the Journalof the
AcousticalSociety of America. The results showed that exposureto noise
caused stomach contractions in healthy human beings. Reports on noise’s
nonauditory effects published since that pioneering study have been both
contradictory and controversialin some areas.
Anti-noise activists say that Europe and severalcountries in Asia are more
advanced than the United States in terms of combating noise. “Population
pressurehas prompted Europeto movemore quickly on the noise issuethan
the United States has,” Hume says. In theEuropean Union, countries with
cities of at least 250,000 peoplearecreating noise maps of those cities to help
leaders determine noise pollution policies. Paris has already prepared its first
noise maps. The map data, which must be finished by 2007, willbe fed into
computer models that will help test the sound impact of street designs or new
buildings before construction begins.
1. 85 dBa
2. Hearing
3. High-frequency
4. Stomach
5. Noise maps

39. Perfumes and Cosmetics in the Biblical World
A Since cosmetics and perfumes are still in wide use today, it is interesting to
compare the attitudes, customs and beliefs related to them in ancient times to
those of our own day and age. Cosmetics and perfumes have been popular since
the dawn of civilization; it is shown by the discovery of a great deal of pertinent
archeological material, dating from the third millennium BC. - mosaics, glass
perfume flasks, stone vessels, ovens, cooking-pots, clay jars, etc., some inscribed
by the hand of the artisan. Evidence also appears in the Bible, the Talmud (1) and
other classical writings, where it is written that spices and perfumes were
prestigious products known throughout the ancient world and covetedby kings
and princes. The written and pictorial descriptions, as well as archaeological finds,
all show how important body care and aesthetic appearance were in the lives of
the ancient people. The chain of evidence spans many centuries, detailing the
usage of cosmetics by various cultures from the earliest period of recorded
history.
B In antiquity, however, at least in the onset, cosmetics served in religious
ceremony and for healing purposes. "Samuel took the horn of oil and anointed
him.. " (I Sam 16:13). Cosmetics were also connected with cultic worship and
witchcraft: To appease the various gods, fragrant ointments were applied to the
statuary images and even to their attendants. From this, in the course of time,
developed the custom of personal use, to enhance the beauty of the face and the
body, and to conceal defects.
C Perfumes and fragrant spices were a precious commodity in antiquity, very
much in demand, and at times exceeding even silver and gold in value. Therefore
they were a luxury product, used mainly in the temples and in the homes of the
nobles and the wealthy. The Judaean kings kept them in treasure houses (2 Kings
20:13). And the Queen of Sheba brought to Solomon, "camels laden with spices,
gold in great quantity and precious stones." (1 Kings 10:2,10). However, within
time, the use of cosmetics became the custom of the period. The use of cosmetics
became widespread among the lower classes of the population as well as among
the wealthier. The peoples of the past used substances that softened the skin and
they would anoint it with fragrant oils and ointments.
D To the ancient peoples facial treatment was highly developed and women
devoted many hours to it. They used to spread various scented creams on the
face and to apply makeup in vivid and contrasting colors. An Egyptian papyrus
from the 16th cent. BC contains detailed recipes to remove blemishes, wrinkles,
and other signs of age. Greek and Roman women would cover their faces in the

40. evening with a 'beauty mask' to remove blemishes, which consisted mainly of
flour mixed with fragrant spices, leaving it on their face all night. The next
morning they would wash it off with asses milk.
E THE USE OF COLOR IN THE EYES: "..painted your eyes and decked yourself with
ornament." (Ezek. 23:40) Women in the ancient past commonly put color around
their eyes. Besides beautification, its purpose was also medicinal as covering the
sensitive skin of the lids with coloredointments prevented dryness and as
protection against eye diseases: The eye-paint repelled the little flies that
transmitted eye inflammations.
F Egyptian women generally wore their hair flowing down to their shoulders or
even longer: In the New Kingdom art, women are usually shown wearing their
hair long or plaited, falling down to their shoulders and parted in the middle. In
Mesopotamia, women cherished long hair as part of their beauty, and in art are
seen with hair flowing down their backs in a thick plait and tied with a ribbon.
Assyrian women wore their hair shorter, braiding and binding them in a bun at
the back. In Ancient Israel brides would wear their hair long on the wedding day
as a sign of their virginity. Ordinary people and slaves usually wore their hair
short, mainly for hygienic reasons, since they could not affordto invest in the kind
of treatment that long hair required. Thus, for the majority, the care of the hair
was of special importance, especially in keeping it free from vermin. It was
therefore was continuously washed, anointed, combed and sometimes dyed. The
hair was cut (and thinned) regularly, and the higher the person was on the social
scale, the more frequently he went to the barber. Talmudic sources contains
much information about barbers among the ancient Israelites, their lowly
standing, and their implements. These barbers usually traded in perfumes,
practiced manicure and pedicure, and sometimes were called for medical
functions. Whereas in Mesopotamia, hairdressers constituted an important and
respected class, and were organized in a guild: They also performed needed
medical functions in treating wounds and ailments (and shaving lepers so that
they canbe recognized from afar).
G THE TRADE IN PERFUMES, OINTMENTS AND SPICES. It is known that the
Egyptian Queen Hatsheput (15th cent BC) sent a royal expedition to the Land of
Punt (Somalia) in order to bring back myrhh seedlings to plant in her temple. In
Assyrian records of tribute and spoils of war, perfumes and resins are mentioned;
the text from the time of Tukulti-Ninurta II (890-884 BC) refers to balls of myrhh
as part of the tribute brought to the Assyrian king by the Aramaean kings. The
trade in spices and perfumes is also mentioned in the Bible as written in Genesis

41. 37:25-26, "Camels carrying gum tragacanth and balm and myrrh". From the Bible,
Egyptian and Assyrian sources, as well as from the words of classical authors, it
appears that that the center in the trade in aromatic resins and incense was
locatedin the kindoms of southern Arabia, and even as far as India, where some
of these precious aromatic plants were grown, "Dealers from Sheba and Rammah
dealt with you, offeringthe choicest spices..." (6) (Ezekiel 27:22). The Nabateans
functioned as the important middlemen in this trade; Palestine also served as a
very important component, as the trade routes crisscrossed the country

43. THE HISTORY OF SALT
Salt is so simple and plentiful that we almost
take it for granted. In chemical terms, salt is
the combination of a sodium ion with a chloride
ion, making it one of the most basic molecules
on earth. It is also one of the most plentiful: it
has been estimated that salt deposits under
the state of Kansas alone could supply the
entire world's needs for the next 250,000
years.
But salt is also an essential element. Without it,
life itself would be impossible since the human
body requires the mineral in order to function
properly. The concentration of sodium ions in
the blood is directly related to the regulation of
safe body fluid levels. And while we are all
familiar with its many uses in cooking, we may
not be aware that this element is used in some
14,000 commercial applications. From
manufacturing pulp and paper to setting dyes
in textiles and fabric, from producing soaps
and detergents to making our roads safe in
winter, salt plays an essential part in our daily
lives.
Salt has a long and influential role in world
history. From the dawn of civilization, it has
been a key factor in economic, religious, social
and political development. In every corner of
the world, it has been the subject of
superstition, folklore, and warfare, and has
even been used as currency.
As a precious and portable commodity, salt has
long been a cornerstone of economies
throughout history. In fact, researcher M.R.
Bloch conjectured that civilization began along
the edges of the desert because of the natural
surface deposits of salt found there. Bloch also
believed that the first war - likely fought near
the ancient city of Essalt on the Jordan River -
could have been fought over the city's precious
supplies of the mineral.
In 2200 BC, the Chinese emperor Hsia Yu
levied one of the first known taxes. He taxed
salt. In Tibet, Marco Polo noted that tiny cakes
of salt were pressed with images of the Grand
Khan to be used as coins and to this day
among the nomads of Ethiopia's Danakil Plains
it is still used as money. Greek slave traders
often bartered it for slaves, giving rise to the
of Anjou levied the "gabelle," a salt tax, in
1259 to finance his conquest of the Kingdom of
Naples. Outrage over the gabelle fueled the
French Revolution. Though the revolutionaries
eliminated the tax shortly after Louis XVI, the
Republic of France re-established the gabelle in
the early 19th Century; only in 1946 was it
removed from the books.
The Erie Canal, an engineering marvel that
connected the Great Lakes to New York's
Hudson River in 1825, was called "the ditch
that salt built." Salt tax revenues paid for half
the cost of construction of the canal. The
British monarchy supported itself with high salt
taxes, leading to a bustling black market for
the white crystal. In 1785, the earl of
Dundonald wrote that every year in England,
10,000 people were arrested for salt
smuggling. And protesting against British rule
in 1930, Mahatma Gandhi led a 200-mile march
to the Arabian Ocean to collect untaxed salt for
India's poor.
In religion and culture, salt long held an
important place with Greek worshippers
consecrating it in their rituals. Further, in
Buddhist tradition, salt repels evil spirits, which
is why it is customary to throw it over your
shoulder before entering your house after a
funeral: it scares off any evil spirits that may
be clinging to your back. Shinto religion also
uses it to purify an area. Before sumo wrestlers
enter the ring for a match - which is in reality
an elaborate Shinto rite - a handful is thrown
into the center to drive off malevolent spirits.
In the Southwest of the United States, the
Pueblo worship the Salt Mother. Other native
tribes had significant restrictions on who was
permitted to eat salt. Hopi legend holds that
the angry Warrior Twins punished mankind by
placing valuable salt deposits far from
civilization, requiring hard work and bravery to
harvest the precious mineral. In 1933, the
Dalai Lama was buried sitting up in a bed of
salt. Today, a gift of salt endures in India as a
potent symbol of good luck and a reference to
Mahatma Gandhi's liberation of India.

44. expression that someone was "not worth his
salt." Roman legionnaires were paid in salt - a
salarium, the Latin origin of the word "salary."
Merchants in 12th-century Timbuktu - the
gateway to the Sahara Desert and the seat of
scholars - valued this mineral as highly as
books and gold. In France, Charles
The effects of salt deficiency are highlighted in
times of war, when human bodies and national
economies are strained to their limits.
Thousands of Napoleon's troops died during
the French retreat from Moscow due to
inadequate wound healing and lowered
resistance to disease - the results of salt
deficiency.
Choose THREE letters A-H. NB Your answers may be given in any order.
1. Which THREE statements are true of salt?
A. A number of cities take their name from the word salt.
B. Salt deposits in the state of Kansas are vast.
C. Slaves used salt as a currency.
D. Salt has been produced in China for less than 2000 years.
E. Salt contributed to the French Revolution.
F. The uses of salt are countless.
G. There are many commercial applications for salt.
H. Salt has few industrial uses nowadays.
Do the following statements agree with the information in the reading passage?
TRUE - if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE - if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN - if there is no information about the statement
1. It has been suggested that salt was responsible for the first war.
A. Not given
B. False
C. True
2. The first tax on salt was imposed by a Chinese emperor.
A. Not given
B. False
C. True

45. 3. Salt is no longer used as a form of currency.
A. Not given
B. False
C. True
4. Most of the money for the construction of the Erie Canal came from salt taxes.
A. False
B. True
C. Not given
5. Hopi legend believes that salt deposits were placed far away from civilization to
penalize mankind.
A. False
B. True
C. Not given
6. A lack of salt is connected with the deaths of many of Napoleon′s soldiers during
the French retreat from Moscow. Look at the last paragraph. Notice the word
connected.
A. False
B. True
C. Not given
Complete the summary.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Salt is such an that people would not be able to live without it. As well as its uses in cooking, this
basic mineral has thousands of business ranging from making paper to the manufacture of soap.
Being a prized and , it has played a major part in the economies of many countries. As such, salt
has not only led to war, but has also been used to raise by governments in many parts of the

46. world. There are also many instances of its place in religion and culture, being used as a means to get rid of
evil .
THE HISTORY OF SALT

47. Smell and Memory
SMELLS LIKE YESTERDAY
Why does the scent of a fragrance or the mustiness of an old trunk trigger
such powerful memories of childhood? New research has the answer, writes
Alexandra Witze.
A You probably pay more attention to a newspaper with your eyes than with
your nose. But lift the paper to your nostrils and inhale. The smell of
newsprint might carry you back to your childhood, when your parents
perused the paper on Sunday mornings. Or maybe some other smell takes
you back- the scent of your mother’s perfume, the pungency of a driftwood
campfire. Specific odours can spark a flood of reminiscences. Psychologists
call it the “Proustian phenomenon “，after French novelist Marcel Proust.
Near the beginning of the masterpiece In Search of Lost Time, Proust’s
narrator dunks a madeleine cookie into a cup of tea – and the scent and taste
unleash a torrent of childhood memories for 3000 pages.
B Now, this phenomenon is getting the scientific treatment. Neuroscientists
Rachel Herz, a cognitive neuroscientist at Brown University in Providence,
Rhode Island， have discovered, for instance, how sensory memories are
sharedacross the brain, with different brain regions remembering the sights,
smells, tastes and sounds of a particular experience. Meanwhile,
psychologists have demonstrated that memories triggered by smells can be
more emotional, as well as more detailed, than memories not related to
smells. When you inhale, odour molecules set brain cells dancing within a
region known as the amygdala，a part of the brain that helps control
emotion. In contrast, the other senses, such as taste or touch, get routed
through other parts of the brain before reaching the amygdala. The direct
link between odours and the amygdala may help explain the emotional
potency of smells. “There is this unique connection between the sense of
smell and the part of the brain that processes emotion,” says Rachel Herz.
C But the links don’t stop there. Like an octopus reaching its tentacles
outward, the memory of smells affects other brain regions as well. In recent

48. experiments, neuroscientists at University College London (UCL) asked 15
volunteers to look at pictures while smelling unrelatedodours. For instance,
the subjects might see a photo of a duck paired with the scent of a rose, and
then be asked to create a story linking the two. Brain scans taken at the time
revealed that the volunteers’ brains were particularly active in a region
known as the olfactory cortex, which is known to be involved in processing
smells. Five minutes later, the volunteers were shown the duck photo again,
but without the rose smell. And in their brains, the olfactory cortex lit up
again, the scientists reported recently. The fact that the olfactory cortex
became active in the absence of the odour suggests that people’s sensory
memory of events is spread across different brain regions. Imagine going on
a seaside holiday, says UCLteam leader, Jay Gottfried. The sight of thewaves
becomes stored in one area, whereas the crash of the surf goes elsewhere,
and the smell of seaweed in yet another place. There could be advantages to
having memories spread around the brain. “You can reawaken that memory
from any one of the sensory triggers,” says Gottfried. ’’Maybe the smell of the
sun lotion, or a particular sound from that day, or the sight of a rock
formation.” Or – in the case of an early hunterand gatherer ( out on a plain
– the sight of a lion might be trigger the urge to flee, rather than having to
wait for the sound of its roar and the stench of its hide to kick in as well.
D Remembered smells may also carry extra emotional baggage, says Herz.
Her research suggests that memories triggered by odours are more
emotional than memories triggered by othercues. In one recent study, Herz
recruited five volunteers who had vivid memories associated with a
particular perfume, suchas opium forWomenand JuniperBreeze from Bath
and Body Works. She took images of the volunteers’ brains as they sniffed
that perfume and an unrelated perfume without knowing which was which.
(Theywere also shownphotos of each perfume bottle.) Smelling the specified
perfume activated the volunteers brains the most，particularly in the
amygdala, and in a region called the hippocampus，which helps in memory
formation. Herz published the work earlier this year in the journal
Neuropsychologia.
E But she couldn’t be sure that the other senses wouldn’t also elicit a strong
response. So in another study Herz compared smells with sounds and
pictures. She had 70 people describe an emotional memory involving three
items – popcorn, fresh-cut grass and a campfire. Then they compared the
items through sights，soundsand smells. Forinstance, the person might see
a picture of a lawnmower， then sniff the scent of grass and finally listen to
the lawnmower’s sound. Memories triggered by smell were more evocative
than memories triggered by either sights or sounds.

49. F Odour-evoked memories may be not only more emotional, but more
detailed as well. Working with colleague John Downes，psychologist Simon
Chu of the University of Liverpool started researching odour and memory
partly because of his grandmother’s stories about Chinese culture. As
generations gathered to share oral histories, they would pass a small pot of
spice or incense around; later, when they wanted to remember the story in
as muchdetail as possible, theywould pass the samesmell aroundagain. “It’s
kind of fits with a lot of anecdotal evidence on how smells can be really good
reminders of past experiences,” Chu says. And scientific research seems to
bear out the anecdotes. In one experiment, Chu and Downes asked 42
volunteersto tell a life story, then tested to see whetherodours such as coffee
and cinnamon could help them remember more detail in the story. They
could.
G Despite such studies, not everyone is convinced that Proust can be
scientifically analysed. In the June issue of Chemical Senses, Chu and
Downes exchanged critiques with renowned perfumer and chemist J.
Stephan Jellinek. Jellinek chided the Liverpool researchers for, among other
things, presenting the smells and asking the volunteersto think of memories,
rather than seeingwhat memorieswere spontaneouslyevokedby the odours.
But there’s only so much science can do to test a phenomenon that’s
inherently different for each person, Chu says. Meanwhile, Jellinek has also
been collecting anecdotal accounts of Proustian experiences, hoping to find
some there is a case to be made that surprise may be a major aspect of the
Proust phenomenon,” he says. “That’s why people are so struck by these
memories” No one knows whether Proust ever experienced such a
transcendental moment. But his notions of memory, written as fiction nearly
a century ago, continue to inspire scientists of today.
Questions 14-18
Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-C) with
opinions or deeds below. Write the appropriate letters A- C in boxes 14-18 on
your answer sheet. NB you may use any letter more than once
A Rachel Herz
B Simon Chu
C Jay Gottfried

50. 14. Foundpattern of different sensory memories stored in various zones of a
brain.
15. Smell brings detailed event under a smell of certain substance.
16. Connection of smell and certain zones of brain is different with that of
other senses.
17. Diverse locations of stored information help us keep away the hazard.
18. There is no necessary correlation between smell and processing zone of
brain.
Questions 19-22
Choose the correct letter, A, B，C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet.
19. What does the experiment conducted by Herz show?
A Women are more easily addicted to opium medicine
B Smell is superior to other senses in connection to the brain
C Smell is more important than other senses
D Amygdala is part of brain that stores processes memory
20. What does the second experiment conducted by Herz suggest?
A Result directly conflicts with the first one
B Result of her first experiment is correct
C Sights and sounds trigger memories at an equal level

51. D Lawnmower is a perfect example in the experiment
21. What is the outcome of experiment conducted by Chu and Downes?
A smell is the only functional under Chinese tradition
B half of volunteers told detailed stories
C smells of certain odours assist story tellers
D odours of cinnamon is stronger than that of coffee
22. What is the comment of Jellinek to Chu and Downers in the issue
of Chemical Senses:
A Jellinek accused their experiment of being unscientific
B Jellinek thought Liverpool is not a suitable place for experiment
C Jellinek suggestedthat there was no furtherclue of what specific memories
aroused
D Jellinek stated that experiment could be remedie
Questions 23-26
Summary
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage,
using no more than three words from the Reading Passage for each
answer. Write your answers in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.
In the experiments conducted by UCL, participants were asked to look at a
picture with a scent of a flower, then in the next stage, everyone would have
to……………………… 23………….. for a connection.
A method called……………… 24…………. suggested that specific area of
brain named……………. 25…………. were quite active. Then in an

52. another paralleled experiment about Chinese elders, storytellers could recall
detailed anecdotes when smelling bowl of…………… 26……………… orincense
around.
14 A 15 B 16 A
17 C 18 C 19 D
20 B 21 C 22 C
23 Create a story 24 Brain scans 25 Olfactory cortex
26 Spice