The document discusses the production of biodiesel from waste chicken fat using alumina nanoparticles. It begins by introducing biodiesel and some of its advantages over fossil fuels. It then discusses waste chicken fat as a potential low-cost feedstock for biodiesel production. The document outlines the biodiesel production process from waste chicken fat including pre-treatment, transesterification, and purification. It evaluates the properties and cost of the biodiesel produced. Finally, it examines the effects of adding different concentrations of alumina nanoparticles to waste chicken fat biodiesel-diesel blends on engine performance and emissions.
The transesterification procedure is a reversible response and did by blending the reactants – unsaturated fats, liquor and impetus. A solid base or a solid corrosive can be utilized as an impetus. At the mechanical scale, for the most part sodium or potassium methanolate is utilized. The finished results of the transesterification procedure are crude biodiesel and crude glycerol. In a further procedure these crude items experience a cleaning step. If there should be an occurrence of utilizing methanol as liquor FAME (unsaturated fat methyl ester) biodiesel is delivered. The cleansed glycerol can be utilized in the nourishment and corrective ventures, just as in the oleochemical business. The glycerol can likewise be utilized as a substrate for anaerobic absorption.
Esterification Bio-oil using Acid Catalyst and EthanolDr. Amarjeet Singh
Fuel energy sources are limited. It is necessary to
obtain alternative energy that can be reached. Bio-oil is one
of the promising renewable energy that production of bio-oil
derived from agricultural wastes and industrial wastes by fast
pyrolysis process but the quality bio-oil is not good as bio-fuel
it needs upgrading method. One of the methods to upgrading
bio-oil is using esterification. Esterfication method reduces
viscosity, density, and ash. The purpose of this research was
to increasing bio-oil quality by type of acid catalyst. Catalyst
used was H2SO4, HCl and citric acid, concentration catalyst
was used according to free fatty acid (FFA) and free fatty
acid was 5.09 before esterification. The bio-oil after
esterification show FFA lower than 2.00 and indicate it
worked. Esterification with acid catalyst shows some critical
change like acid number, viscosity kinematic, density, pH,
and ash. The result found acid number 0.64, 1.02 and 3.39 Mg
of KOH/g, viscosity kinematic 11.61, 11.83, and 13.64 cSt
@40oC, density 1.11, 1.12 and 1.21 kg/dm3 @20oC, pH values
2.05, 2.33 and 3.06, ash 0.0003, 0 and 0.004. The
concentration catalyst according to FFA with esterification
process has a good impact on bio-oil characteristics according
to standards and its high activity.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Optimization of biodiesel production from sunflower oil usingAmanda Susanne
Macroestructura textual referente a la tesis siguiente: http://saia.psm.edu.ve/moodle/pluginfile.php/75822/mod_resource/content/1/OPTIMIZATION%20OF%20BIODIESEL%20PRODUCTION.pdf para la materia de Inglés Técnico.
Experimental investigation and optimization study of combustion chamber geome...IJERD Editor
An experimental investigation and optimization study of various piston geometries was conducted
on Greaves single cylinder direct injection compression ignition engine using straight diesel and blends of rice
bran biodiesel. The three combustion chamber geometries used in this study were Standard toroidal piston
(STP), hemispherical bowl piston (HBP) and Shallow toroidal re-entrant piston (STRP) at compression ratios of
18:1, 19.04:1 and 16.4:1 respectively. Rice bran biodiesel was derived by two step trans-esterification process
with an optimum yield of 86% with molar ratio 1:6, 06% of catalyst (KOH), 90 min reaction time and 65oC
reaction temperature. The performance parameters like brake specific energy consumption, brake thermal
efficiency and the emission parameters like carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen
were analysed in detail. It was noticed that the BSEC of STRP was 12.1% with diesel and 14.02% with B100
biodiesel blend. The brake thermal efficiency was also found to be improved with biodiesel blend with STRP on
comparison with STP and HBP. The carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emission was found to decrease with
STRP geometry were as HBP exhibited negative improvement. NOx emission was also found to increase with
STRP.
The transesterification procedure is a reversible response and did by blending the reactants – unsaturated fats, liquor and impetus. A solid base or a solid corrosive can be utilized as an impetus. At the mechanical scale, for the most part sodium or potassium methanolate is utilized. The finished results of the transesterification procedure are crude biodiesel and crude glycerol. In a further procedure these crude items experience a cleaning step. If there should be an occurrence of utilizing methanol as liquor FAME (unsaturated fat methyl ester) biodiesel is delivered. The cleansed glycerol can be utilized in the nourishment and corrective ventures, just as in the oleochemical business. The glycerol can likewise be utilized as a substrate for anaerobic absorption.
Esterification Bio-oil using Acid Catalyst and EthanolDr. Amarjeet Singh
Fuel energy sources are limited. It is necessary to
obtain alternative energy that can be reached. Bio-oil is one
of the promising renewable energy that production of bio-oil
derived from agricultural wastes and industrial wastes by fast
pyrolysis process but the quality bio-oil is not good as bio-fuel
it needs upgrading method. One of the methods to upgrading
bio-oil is using esterification. Esterfication method reduces
viscosity, density, and ash. The purpose of this research was
to increasing bio-oil quality by type of acid catalyst. Catalyst
used was H2SO4, HCl and citric acid, concentration catalyst
was used according to free fatty acid (FFA) and free fatty
acid was 5.09 before esterification. The bio-oil after
esterification show FFA lower than 2.00 and indicate it
worked. Esterification with acid catalyst shows some critical
change like acid number, viscosity kinematic, density, pH,
and ash. The result found acid number 0.64, 1.02 and 3.39 Mg
of KOH/g, viscosity kinematic 11.61, 11.83, and 13.64 cSt
@40oC, density 1.11, 1.12 and 1.21 kg/dm3 @20oC, pH values
2.05, 2.33 and 3.06, ash 0.0003, 0 and 0.004. The
concentration catalyst according to FFA with esterification
process has a good impact on bio-oil characteristics according
to standards and its high activity.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Optimization of biodiesel production from sunflower oil usingAmanda Susanne
Macroestructura textual referente a la tesis siguiente: http://saia.psm.edu.ve/moodle/pluginfile.php/75822/mod_resource/content/1/OPTIMIZATION%20OF%20BIODIESEL%20PRODUCTION.pdf para la materia de Inglés Técnico.
Experimental investigation and optimization study of combustion chamber geome...IJERD Editor
An experimental investigation and optimization study of various piston geometries was conducted
on Greaves single cylinder direct injection compression ignition engine using straight diesel and blends of rice
bran biodiesel. The three combustion chamber geometries used in this study were Standard toroidal piston
(STP), hemispherical bowl piston (HBP) and Shallow toroidal re-entrant piston (STRP) at compression ratios of
18:1, 19.04:1 and 16.4:1 respectively. Rice bran biodiesel was derived by two step trans-esterification process
with an optimum yield of 86% with molar ratio 1:6, 06% of catalyst (KOH), 90 min reaction time and 65oC
reaction temperature. The performance parameters like brake specific energy consumption, brake thermal
efficiency and the emission parameters like carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen
were analysed in detail. It was noticed that the BSEC of STRP was 12.1% with diesel and 14.02% with B100
biodiesel blend. The brake thermal efficiency was also found to be improved with biodiesel blend with STRP on
comparison with STP and HBP. The carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emission was found to decrease with
STRP geometry were as HBP exhibited negative improvement. NOx emission was also found to increase with
STRP.
Food waste and food processing waste for renewable energy productionLPE Learning Center
Full proceedings at: http://www.extension.org/72790 This high efficient and low-cost eggshell catalyst could make the process of biodiesel production economic and fully ecologically friendly. The ecologically friendly and economic process could effectively reduce the processing cost of biodiesel, making it competitive with petroleum diesel.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Biodiesel production from neem oil –an alternate approachIJERA Editor
In this study, neem oil which is one of the abundant non-edible oils in India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and bangladesh is used for biodiesel production. The conventional 2-step transesterification production of biodiesel using sulphuric acid and potassium hydroxide as catalysts is carried out. The optimum process parameters like reaction time, temperature, catalyst loading and methanol-oil molar ratio were investigated with respect to maximum yield. A maximum yield of 88% biodiesel is obtained via this method. A novel technique to produce biodiesel via complete hydrolysis followed by acid esterification is developed. Optimum reaction conditions were found to be 100ml 0.5N sulphuric acid loading, reaction temperature of 40ºC and reaction time of 2 hours. This resulted in a maximum FFA of 82%. Then acid esterification was carried out at the following reaction conditions of 0.55:1 v/v methanol-oil-ratio, 0.5% v/v H2SO4 acid catalyst loading, 50˚C and 4 hours reaction time. A maximum biodiesel yield of 92% was obtained by this method. The viscosity of biodiesel produced by this method as well as the other physicochemical properties, were found to be in compliance with international standard.
Statistical Modeling and Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Azadiracht...IJAEMSJORNAL
In this work, statistical modeling and optimization of biodiesel production from Azadirachta Indica(neem) using co-solvent technique via a two-step transesterification process was carried out. Neem oil was extracted from neem seeds and properties such as moisture content, specific gravity, acid value, saponification value and iodine value were determined. The experimental design used was Central Composite Design. The range of factor levels used for the Central Composite Design were reaction temperature (30°C to 46°C), catalyst amount (0.8% to 1.2%, w/w), reaction time (20 to 40min) and methanol-to-oil molar ratio (5:1 to 9:1). The co-solvents used were methanol and diethyl ether. The co-solvent-to-methanol volume ratio for all the experimental runs was kept constant at 1:1. Also the biodiesel produced was characterized for some important properties including acid value, specific gravity, saponification value, iodine value, cetane number, ester value, kinematic viscosity, flash point, pour point and cloud point. Optimized biodiesel yield of 84.77% was obtained for reaction time of 35 min, catalyst amount of 1.10g, reaction temperature of 34°C, and oil-to-methanol molar ratio of 6:1. The cetane number (51.733), specific gravity (0.8881g/cm3), flash point (134oC) and kinematic viscosity (5.86mm2/s) of the produced biodiesel met the ASTM specifications. The results of characterization of the biodiesel revealed that biodiesel can be produced at lower reaction conditions and with comparable fuel property with biodiesel produced using conventional methods.
Experimental investigation of four stroke single cylinder rope brake dynamome...Premier Publishers
The present work is focused on the effects of waste cooking oil based methyl ester and its blends with petrodiesel on a single cylinder, 4 stroke, naturally aspirated, direct injection, water cooled, rope brake dynamometer assisted CI engine at varying loads. The physical and chemical properties of WCO based methyl ester were determined using standard ASTM methods. The suitability of WCO based methyl ester and its blends were evaluated through determining the performance and emission characteristics of CI engine. These results were compared to petrodiesel for validation. By analyzing these results, it was observed that the performance and emission characteristics were shown both satisfactory and unsatisfactory results. This was due to lower calorific value and high viscosity of waste cooking oil methyl ester resulted delay in combustion. From the critical analysis, it was observed that B20 of WCO based methyl ester reserved 32.2% brake thermal efficiency slightly greater than petrodiesel i.e. 32% without any engine modifications. It is concluded that B20 of WCO based methyl ester is suitable with no modification in engine.
Food waste and food processing waste for renewable energy productionLPE Learning Center
Full proceedings at: http://www.extension.org/72790 This high efficient and low-cost eggshell catalyst could make the process of biodiesel production economic and fully ecologically friendly. The ecologically friendly and economic process could effectively reduce the processing cost of biodiesel, making it competitive with petroleum diesel.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Biodiesel production from neem oil –an alternate approachIJERA Editor
In this study, neem oil which is one of the abundant non-edible oils in India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and bangladesh is used for biodiesel production. The conventional 2-step transesterification production of biodiesel using sulphuric acid and potassium hydroxide as catalysts is carried out. The optimum process parameters like reaction time, temperature, catalyst loading and methanol-oil molar ratio were investigated with respect to maximum yield. A maximum yield of 88% biodiesel is obtained via this method. A novel technique to produce biodiesel via complete hydrolysis followed by acid esterification is developed. Optimum reaction conditions were found to be 100ml 0.5N sulphuric acid loading, reaction temperature of 40ºC and reaction time of 2 hours. This resulted in a maximum FFA of 82%. Then acid esterification was carried out at the following reaction conditions of 0.55:1 v/v methanol-oil-ratio, 0.5% v/v H2SO4 acid catalyst loading, 50˚C and 4 hours reaction time. A maximum biodiesel yield of 92% was obtained by this method. The viscosity of biodiesel produced by this method as well as the other physicochemical properties, were found to be in compliance with international standard.
Statistical Modeling and Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Azadiracht...IJAEMSJORNAL
In this work, statistical modeling and optimization of biodiesel production from Azadirachta Indica(neem) using co-solvent technique via a two-step transesterification process was carried out. Neem oil was extracted from neem seeds and properties such as moisture content, specific gravity, acid value, saponification value and iodine value were determined. The experimental design used was Central Composite Design. The range of factor levels used for the Central Composite Design were reaction temperature (30°C to 46°C), catalyst amount (0.8% to 1.2%, w/w), reaction time (20 to 40min) and methanol-to-oil molar ratio (5:1 to 9:1). The co-solvents used were methanol and diethyl ether. The co-solvent-to-methanol volume ratio for all the experimental runs was kept constant at 1:1. Also the biodiesel produced was characterized for some important properties including acid value, specific gravity, saponification value, iodine value, cetane number, ester value, kinematic viscosity, flash point, pour point and cloud point. Optimized biodiesel yield of 84.77% was obtained for reaction time of 35 min, catalyst amount of 1.10g, reaction temperature of 34°C, and oil-to-methanol molar ratio of 6:1. The cetane number (51.733), specific gravity (0.8881g/cm3), flash point (134oC) and kinematic viscosity (5.86mm2/s) of the produced biodiesel met the ASTM specifications. The results of characterization of the biodiesel revealed that biodiesel can be produced at lower reaction conditions and with comparable fuel property with biodiesel produced using conventional methods.
Experimental investigation of four stroke single cylinder rope brake dynamome...Premier Publishers
The present work is focused on the effects of waste cooking oil based methyl ester and its blends with petrodiesel on a single cylinder, 4 stroke, naturally aspirated, direct injection, water cooled, rope brake dynamometer assisted CI engine at varying loads. The physical and chemical properties of WCO based methyl ester were determined using standard ASTM methods. The suitability of WCO based methyl ester and its blends were evaluated through determining the performance and emission characteristics of CI engine. These results were compared to petrodiesel for validation. By analyzing these results, it was observed that the performance and emission characteristics were shown both satisfactory and unsatisfactory results. This was due to lower calorific value and high viscosity of waste cooking oil methyl ester resulted delay in combustion. From the critical analysis, it was observed that B20 of WCO based methyl ester reserved 32.2% brake thermal efficiency slightly greater than petrodiesel i.e. 32% without any engine modifications. It is concluded that B20 of WCO based methyl ester is suitable with no modification in engine.
Effects of Extraction Methods and Transesterification Temperature on the Qual...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Jatropha curcas oil has been considered a promising alternative fuel for compressing ignition
engines. However, its qualities and utilizations have been affected by so many factors such as extraction
methods, temperatures, reactants, etc. As a result, this work was aimed at studying the effects of extraction
methods and transesterification temperature on the qualities of biodiesel from jatropha oil seeds. Three methods
of extraction (milling hydraulic, and defatting; milling, toasting, and defatting: and sand roasting, dehulling,
milling and defatting) were employed to produce the three different samples A, B, and C respectively. The yields
of the oils obtained were measured. Oil qualities of the oil like: specific gravity, viscosity, free fatty acid,
saponification value, peroxide value, pH and iodine value content of the oil were determined. The extracted oils
were subjected to transesterification process at a various temperature by treatment with ethanol using
potassium hydroxide as catalyst. Average yield of biodiesel was 70.62 %, 74.33% and 79.41% of raw oil from
sample A, B and C respectively. The specific gravity, viscosity, free fatty acid, saponification value, peroxide
value, pH and iodine value content of the oil of sample were A (0.904, 3.240mm2/s, 0.431% ,64.80mg/kg,
2.00mg/kg, 7.38 and 140.61, respectively); sample B (0.903, 3.130mm2/s, 0.423%, 58.91mg/kg, 11.00mg/kg,
7.02 and 55.33, respectively); sample C (0.908, 3.324mm2/s, 0.368%, 52.73mg/kg, 2.00mg/kg, 8.50 and 143.65
respectively). The result revealed that different extraction methods and transesterification temperature have
actually affected the quantity and quality of biodiesel produced from Jatropha oil seeds. Processing of the oil
seeds by roasting dehulling, milling and defatting and transesterification at 700C gave the highest oil yield and
the most acceptable chemical properties.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Experimental Investigations on the Engine Performance and Characteristics of ...IJERA Editor
Petroleum products and resources are limited and their consumption is increasing very fast with globalization and high technology development since last decade. The emissions from the petroleum products polluting the environment considerably. Bio-fuels can be produced from diverse sources, which are subject to local geography, topology and climatology. Hence, every nation will have its own choice of a source. Duel bio-fuel represents an untapped resource of energy easily available in India. This study investigates the potential substitution of duel bio-fuel methyl ester blends for diesel as fuel for automobiles and other industrial purposes. This study is concerned with the analysis of the performance and emission characteristics of the duel bio-fuel methyl esters and comparing with petroleum diesel. The fuels used were neat methyl ester, diesel and different blends of the methyl ester with diesel. The tests were carried out on a 4.4 KW, single cylinder, direct injection, air-cooled diesel engine. The fuels used were neat duel bio-fuel methyl ester, diesel and different blends of the methyl ester with diesel. The experimental result shows that 20% of blend shows better performance with reduced pollution. This analysis shows that duel bio-fuel methyl ester and its blends are a potential substitute for diesel.
Biodiesel is an elective fuel like regular or 'fossil' diesel. Biodiesel can be delivered from straight vegetable oil, creature oil/fats, fat and waste cooking oil. The procedure used to change over these oils to Biodiesel is called transesterification. This procedure is depicted in more detail beneath. The biggest conceivable wellspring of appropriate oil originates from oil yields, for example, rapeseed, palm or soybean. In the UK rapeseed speaks to the best potential for biodiesel creation. Most biodiesel created at present is delivered from squander vegetable oil sourced from eateries, chip shops, modern nourishment makers, for example, Birdseye and so forth. Despite the fact that oil directly from the horticultural business speaks to the best potential source it isn't being delivered economically essentially in light of the fact that the crude oil is excessively costly. After the expense of changing over it to biodiesel has been included it is basically too costly to even think about competing with fossil diesel. Squander vegetable oil can regularly be sourced for nothing or sourced effectively treated at a little cost.
Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil By Co-Solvent Method.IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:- Biodiesel is a mixture of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from a renewable lipid feedstock. It can be used as an alternative fuel as the fossil fuels are getting depleted day by day. Moreover the use of biodiesel leads to the substantial reduction in the pollution caused by PM, HC, CO etc. This paper consists of the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using alkaline catalysts NAOH and KOH and cosolvent acetone in the presence of methanol. Waste cooking oil is used because of its high oil content and abundant availability. This method used is co-solvent method.
Transesterification of fish oil and performance study on 4 stroke ci engine w...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Characterization of biodiesel produced by meth butanolysis of castor oileSAT Journals
Abstract Crude Castor oil was transesterified using methanol, mixtures of methanol and butanol in molar percentages and potassium hydroxide as catalyst. The optimum reaction conditions, based on the percentage yield of biodiesel, were 45 mins reaction time at 650C and 1.5w/w% catalyst. The alcohol/oil ratio and agitation rate were both held constant at 12:1 and 450rpm respectively throughout the process. The yield of biodiesel from castor oil at such optimum reaction conditions were 87.1%, 85.7 % and 81.7 for 100%, 95% and 90% methanol-butanol molar blends respectively. . The specific gravities at 150C were 0.898 and 0.902ml/g, kinematic viscosities at 400C varied from 6.4 to 7.8 cSt. The calorific values were between 10690 and 10708 cal/g and the flash points were found to be within the range 144 to 1500C. The standard specifications for biodiesel (ASTM D67651) show that the specific gravity, flash point and calorific value requirements were satisfied. The higher viscosity (above 6.0 cSt.) can be controlled by the use of additives. Alternatively, blending with petroleum diesel will lead to improvement of the flow properties of the biodiesel fuel. Keywords: Transesterification, Castor oil, methanol/butanol molar blend, Biodiesel yield.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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Back in 1881, the University of Connecticut (UConn) came into existence as a private land-grant research institution, quickly earning a spot among the top academic players in the United States. UConn isn't just about academics—it's a key player in the economic and cultural landscape. In fact, as a founding member of the New England's Knowledge Corridor, a collaborative effort between Hartford and Springfield, the university is deeply involved in fostering regional development, economic growth, and cultural richness.
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1. Effects of Alumina Nanoparticles in
Waste Chicken Fat Biodiesel on the
Operating Characteristics of a CI Engine
Nareshkumar Gurusala, Arul Mozhi Selvan V
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
National Institute of Technology:Tiruchirpalli, INDIA
2. Introduction
The use of bio-fuels is an alternate to fossil fuels because; it is
renewable, non-toxic, biological origin and its green properties. It
contains no aromatics, no-sulphur content and oxygen content of 1012% by weight.
The biodiesel is produced mainly from vegetable oils such as castor
oil, sunflower oil, olive oil, pomace oil, soybean oil, cotton oil,
hazelnut oil, rubber seed oil, mahua oil, jojoba oil, tobacco seed oil,
rapeseed oil, palm oil, tall oil and waste cooking oil etc.
Major Cost of the
Cost of the Biodiesel Depends on the
Biodiesel Depends on
Feedstock
the Feedstock Cost
http://www.everythingbiodiesel.blogspot.in/
3. Introduction
Low Cost Feed Stocks
Waste Oils
Used Oils
Refined Animal Fat
Algae Oil
Sugar Cane Oil
Crude oil prices have a strong
relationship with global economic
activity since 2000
http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/crude-oil-prices-to-continue-governing-indian-economy-growth/1/189387.html
4. Waste Chicken
As per the Government of India statistics,
approximately 700,000 ton of chicken meat is
consumed every year.
The feather meat contains fat which varies from 2% to
12%
Hence, about 77,000 ton of chicken fat is available
The poultry industry in India
5. Poultry Meat Turns into Valuable Bio-Diesel Source
Dr. John Abraham, a research scholar in the Veterinary College and Research Institute (VC&RI), here has
developed processes that can extract bio-diesel from poultry carcases in a cost-effective manner. The project
for his Ph.D. Won four gold medals. According to statistics available with the Tamil Nadu Veterinary and
Animal Sciences University, the daily average mortality rate of egg laying chicken is 0.03 per cent. “On an
average about 4,000 birds die everyday. About 90 per cent of them are disposed of under
unhygienic conditions (thrown in the open),” Dr. Abraham noted. Unscientific methods of disposal
of carcases leads to pollution of ground and surface water, obnoxious odour and health
hazards through indiscriminate breeding of micro organisms and house flies. There are many
incidents of conflicts between the poultry farmers and residents over open disposal of dead birds.
Calculating the annual mortality rate at 12 lakh birds in this district, he realised the opportunity in
the form of extracting fat of dead birds and producing bio-diesel from two different methods. While each
bird weighs about 1.5 kg, fat constitutes 14.5 per cent of the bird’s weight. “Of the two methods,
solvent extraction method makes it possible to extract 97 per cent of the bird’s fat and needs six birds for
extracting a litre of diesel. Sixty-three per cent fat extraction is possible through centrifugal method and
requires 16 birds for producing the same quantity of diesel,” he noted. “The cost of producing a litre of
diesel using centrifugal method is Rs. 35.68 per litre, against the solvent extraction method where it is only
Rs. 22 per litre. Every year, two lakh litres of bio-diesel could be produced with layer birds that die in
poultry farms in Namakkal through solvent extraction. Establishing a solvent extraction plant costs Rs. 2.5
crore, which is more than establishing a centrifugal plant,” he said. Dr. Abraham added that the bio-diesel
could be used as a low-cost blend with diesel at 20 per cent with 80 per cent of diesel, which has been
successfully tested and put to use. The quality assessment of bio-diesel from poultry carcass was done at the
Center of Excellence in Bio-Fuel at the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University. TANUVAS has applied for a
patent for the processes. Head of the Department of Livestock Production and Management, VC&RI,
Ramesh Saravanakumar, who was the guide for the project, said that waste such as fat collected from
chicken stalls could also be used for producing bio-diesel. “These wastes have a better conversion rate as fat
is directly available and could be of use for large-scale chicken meat processing units by making disposal of
wastes easier,” he added.
6. Biodiesel Production
The selection of catalyst depends on FFA content of oil.
The FFA (free fatty acid) content can be determined by using titration
method.
FFA < 1% Base catalyst is preferred(One Stage Process)
FFA > 1% Acid catalyst is preferred (Two Stage process)
FFA content of WCF was found to be 13.8%.
O
O
O
+
C
R
NaOH
NaO
0H
(Free Fatty Acid)
(Sodium
Hydroxide)
+
C
(Soap)
H
H
R
(Water)
Methanol and ethanol are the alcohols most frequently used in
transesterification process. Methanol was preferred for the study for its
low cost and higher reactivity compared to ethanol.
7. Pre-Treatment Process
The level of FFA is reduced to desirable (less than 1 percent) in the
presents of catalyst, which is called as pre-treatment process
O
O
+
C
R
R'
OH
OH
(Free Fatty Acid)
R'
C
O
(Alcohol)
O
+
R
H
(Monoester)
Homogeneous Catalyst
• Ferric sulphate
• Sulfonic
• Sulfated zirconia
• Hydrochloric acids
(Water)
Heterogeneous Catalyst
• Sulfuric
H
• Ferric silica etc.
• Problem of waste disposal
• High activity
• Loss of catalyst
• Corrosive nature
• Low cost
• Environment Friendly
11. Cost Analysis
Production of Waste
Chicken Fat
Pre-Treatment
Transesterification
Purification & Man
Power Charge
Process
Waste Chicken (2kg)
Electrical Charge
Methanol
Catalyst
Electric Charge
Methanol
Catalyst
Electric Charge
Distillation, Washing, etc.
Total
Diesel (approx)
Amount Rs.
5
3
16
1.5
1.5
9
2
1.5
5
45
58
12. Nanoparticle Additives
It is commonly proposed to reduce the emissions from the
diesel engines by adopting various methods such as
exhaust gas recirculation, alternation of fuel injection
systems (injection pressure, split injection, injection
timing etc.), after exhaust gas treatment etc.
Among the various techniques the use of fuel-borne
catalyst is currently focused due to the advantage of
increase in the fuel efficiency while reducing harmful
greenhouse gas emissions.
The addition of nanoparticles in the fuel increases the
surface-area-to-volume ratio which enables rapid
oxidation process
13. Engine Setup and Measurements
1. Fuel Tank
2. Fuel Flow Sensors
3.Control Panel
4. Computer
5.Data Capture Card
6. CR Lever
7. Pressure Sensor
8. Crank Angle Encoder
9.Speed Sensor
10.Eddy Current Dynamometer
11. Loading Cell
12. Turbine Flow Sensor
13. Exhaust Gas Tank
14. Air Flow Sensor
15.Air Tank
16. Gas Analyzer
17. Smoke Meter
14. Uncertainty Analysis
Quantity
Measuring Range
Accuracy
NOx
± 10% of ind. val.
HC
0-20000 ppm
± 10 ppm vol.
CO
0-10 vol. %
± 0.03% vol.
CO2
AVL Gas Analyzer
0-5000 ppm
0-20 vol. %
± 0.5% vol.
0-100%
± 0.1%
−200 °C to 1350 °C
± 1°C
AVL Smoke Meter
Thermocouple
Crank Angle Encoder
-
± 0.5CA
In Cylinder Pressure
0-110bar
± 0.5 bar
Calculated Uncertainty
Fuel Flow rate
BSFC
BTE
Overall Uncertainty
=0.59%
=1.25%
=1.2%
= 1.91
15. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption
Diesel
B20+25 Al
B20+50 Al
B40+25 Al
B40+50 Al
Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (kg/kWh)
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Brake Mean Effective Pressure (MPa)
0.5
0.6
16. Brake Thermal Efficiency
Brake Thermal Efficiency (%)
30
20
10
0.0
Diesel
B20+25 Al
B20+50 Al
B40+25 Al
B40+50 Al
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Brake Mean Effective Pressure (MPa)
0.5
0.6
17. Cylinder Gas Pressure
60
Diesel
B20+25 Al
B20+50 Al
B40+25 Al
B40+50 Al
Cylinder Gas Pressure (Mpa)
50
40
30
20
10
-60
-40
-20
0
Crank Angle (Deg)
20
40
60
18. Heat Release Rate
Diesel
B20+25 Al
B20+50 Al
B40+25 Al
B40+50 Al
Heat Release (J/Deg)
40
30
20
10
0
-10
-100
-50
0
Crank Angle (Deg)
50
100
19. Carbon Monoxide Emissions
Diesel
B20+25 Al
B20+50 Al
B40+25 Al
B40+50 Al
0.18
Carbon Monoxide (% Vol.)
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Brake Mean Effective Pressure (MPa)
0.5
0.6
20. Hydrocarbon Emissions
Hydrocarbon Emissions (ppm)
60
Diesel
B20+25 Al
B20+50 Al
B40+25 Al
B40+50 Al
50
40
30
20
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Brake Mean Effective Pressure (MPa)
0.5
0.6
21. Nitrogen Oxide Emissions
Nitrogen Oxide (ppm)
600
Diesel
B20+25 Al
B20+50 Al
B40+25 Al
B40+50 Al
400
200
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Brake Mean Effective Pressure (MPa)
0.5
0.6
22. Smoke Emissions
100
Smoke Opacity (%)
80
Diesel
B20+25 Al
B20+50 Al
B40+25 Al
B40+50 Al
60
40
20
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Brake Mean Effective Pressure (MPa)
0.5
0.6
23. Conclusions
•The bsfc for all the WCFME-diesel fuel blends are higher
compared to the neat diesel because of its lower calorific value. The
bsfc decreases and also the brake thermal efficiency increases when
the increase in alumina nanoparticles concentration in the fuel blend.
•The peak cylinder pressure is increasing with alumina
concentration, but a shift in the peak cylinder pressure after TDC is
observed. The heat release rate decreased with the alumina
concentration.
•The carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emission for the diesel is
more compared to the all nanoparticle blended WCFME-diesel fuel.
•The NO emissions are slightly increased with increasing the
alumina concentration and the smoke emissions decreased about the
65% using the nanoparticles.
24. References
Rajesh Mehta and RG nambiar, “The poultry industary in INDIA”
Walter C Willett and Meir J Stampfer, “Rebuilding the Food Pyramid”,
Scientific American, 2002.
M.Mathiyazhagan and A.Ganapathi, “Review Article Factors Affecting
Biodiesel Production”, Research in Plant Biology, 1(2): 01-05, 2011.
J.M. Encinar, N. Sanchez, G. Martinez and L. Garcia, “Study of biodiesel
production from animal fats with high free fatty acid content”, Bioresource
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Ertan Alptekin and Mustafa Canakci, “Optimization of pretreatment
reaction for methyl ester production from chicken fat”, Fuel 89 (2010)
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H. An, W.M. Yang, S.K. Chou and K.J. Chua, “Combustion and emissions
characteristics of diesel engine fuelled by biodiesel at partial load
conditions” Applied Energy 99 (2012) 363–371
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Rajesh Mehta, and Nambiar, RG. The poultry industry in India.
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Yetter, RA., Risha, GA. and Son, SF. (2009) Metal particle combustion and nanotechnology, Proceedi
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26. References
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id on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of a C.I. Engine, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Ci
vil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE), pp. 55-59.
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Flemming Cassee, R., Arezoo Campbell, John Boere, A F., Steven McLean, G., Rodger Duffin, Petra Krys
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t following addition of cerium oxide nanoparticles in atherosclerosis-prone mice, Environmental Resear
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engine fueled by biodiesel at partial load conditions, Applied Energy, 99, pp. 363–371.
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