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1.4 session by becerra   cassava ethanol ciat
Cassava breeding potential for
bioethanol
Becerra López-Lavalle, L.A. , Dufour, D.,
Sánchez, T. and H. Ceballos
Outline
• Introduction
• High, stable and reliable productivity
• Novel traits
• Processing methods X root quality interactions
• Perspectives
Outline
• Introduction
• High, stable and reliable productivity
• Novel traits
• Processing methods X root quality interactions
• Perspectives
Cassava origin
Low Soil Fertility
Flooded land
Slopped Land
Degraded Soils
Cassava modern production
Sub-humid environment Acid –Soil environment
Near Hanoi, Vietnam Guan-Xi Province, China
19’000,000 hectares
Cassava modern production
Sub-humid environment Acid –Soil environment
Near Hanoi, Vietnam Guan-Xi Province, China
19’000,000 hectares
233,000 Tonnes
Main uses of Cassava
Fresh - boiled
Cassava leaves Fufu
Farinha - Gari
Human consumption
Main uses of Cassava
Chicken factory
Near Hanoi, Vietnam Pressed cake
Dry chips for animal feed
Animal feedstock
Main uses of Cassava
Bio-Ethanol
Fried-Chips Goren-Krupuk
Starch
Industrial use of Cassava
Tropical/Sub-tropical crop
Main cassava production regions in the world
Outline
• Introduction
• High, stable and reliable productivity
• Novel traits
• Processing methods X root quality interactions
• Perspectives
Crop Potential
Breeding successfully increased
fresh-root (FR) productivity & dry-
matter (DM) content. We now need
STABLE -DM contents
SM 1433-4
South-China 5
84 t/ha FR in a 9.5 ha commercial field
(~25 t/ha DM)
Crop Potential
Fresh root yield
(t/ha)
Dry matter
content
(%)
Dry matter yield
(t/ha)
SM 2775-2 53.8 32.1 17.3
SM 2775-4 35.3 35.9 12.7
SM 2775-2 37.3 30.7 11.5
SM 2775-4 27.1 36.9 10.0
At two location: Codazzi (Cesar) and Barrancas (Guajira)
At five location: Patalito, Sto Thomas & Molinero (Atlantico), La Union
(Sucre) and Chinu (Cordoba)
The case of “watery” roots for ethanol
Crop Potential
Fresh root yield
(t/ha)
Dry matter
content
(%)
Dry matter yield
(t/ha)
SM 2775-2 53.8 32.1 17.3
SM 2775-4 35.3 35.9 12.7
SM 2775-2 37.3 30.7 11.5
SM 2775-4 27.1 36.9 10.0
At two location: Codazzi (Cesar) and Barrancas (Guajira)
At five location: Patalito, Sto Thomas & Molinero (Atlantico), La Union
(Sucre) and Chinu (Cordoba)
The case of “watery” roots for ethanol
High Dry Matter content does not
seems critical to ethanol production
Outline
• Introduction
• High, stable and reliable productivity
• Novel traits
• Processing methods X root quality interactions
• Perspectives
Cassava “Novel” traits
Amylose-free (“waxy”)
starch mutation
•Amylose is difficult to
degrade
•Amylose-free starch
should cost less to
convert into ethanol
Cassava “Novel” traits
Less amylose = more ethanol
Less amylose =
more ethanol
Cassava “Novel” traits
Fermentability:
assess their potential in bio-ethanol, bio-plastics,
sweeteners
CM 523-7
Rayong 60
NEP
WAXY
Without enzyme
With enzyme0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Clone
Total ethanol
(ml ethanol /
kg starch)
Cassava starch fermentation: with and without starch
4 1/3 days
Total ethanol
(mL/Kg of starch)
Small granule/high amylose
NormalStarchSmallgranuleStarch
Small granule/high amylose
NormalStarchSmallgranuleStarch
• A small granule and a rough surface
facilitate the action of enzymes (less
consumption of enzymes, lower costs of
conversion).
• But higher amylose content would
increase costs….
Waxy
Small granules
StarchViscosity(5%)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 5 10 15 20
Temperature (minutes)
Viscosity(cP)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Small granule/high amylose
RVA Amylogram
Starch-less mutation
Source:
L. Carvalho
EMBRAPA
Brazil
Outline
• Introduction
• High, stable and reliable productivity
• Novel traits
• Processing methods X root quality interactions
• Perspectives
Bio-ethanol production
Ethanol factory in Thai Nguan near Khon Kaen (Thailand)
Bio-ethanol production
Ethanol factory in Thai Nguan near Khon Kaen (Thailand)
5.27 kg of fresh root produce one liter of ethanol
1.4 – 1.5 bath / kg fresh root
25 bath / lt of ethanol produced
Fermentation
Distillation &
dehydration
Ethanol
SugarcaneSugarcane juices
Ethanol from corn or cassava is
more expensive because starch
need to be degraded to the
equivalent of sugar cane juices
Boiler
Maize or Cassava
Starch degradationLiquefaction & saccharification
Slurrytank
Sorce of
satrch
Grinding
Jet cooker
>100 °C
(5-8’)
Secondary
Liquefaction
(95 °C – 90’)
Thermo-stable
Alpha-amylase
(Liquefacction)
Glucoamylase
(Saccharification) Fermentation
Saccharification
60°C(8-10horas)
Yeasts
Solids
Distillation&
dehydration
Storage
tank
Slurrytank
Sorce of
satrch
Grinding
Jet cooker
>100 °C
(5-8’)
Secondary
Liquefaction
(95 °C – 90’)
Thermo-stable
Alpha-amylase
(Liquefacction)
Glucoamylase
(Saccharification) Fermentation
Saccharification
60°C(8-10horas)
Yeasts
Solids
Distillation&
dehydration
Storage
tank
New enzymes
Liquefaction + saccharification
Slurrytank
Sorce of
satrch
Grinding
Fermentation
Solids
Distillation&
dehydration
Storage
tank
Saccharification
60°C(8-10horas)
Yeasts
New enzymes
Liquefaction + saccharification
New enzymes
+ yeasts
Liquefaction + saccharification
+ fermentation
Solids
Distillation&
dehydration
Storage
tank
Medium throughput fermenters
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (minutes)
HidrolisisIndex(%)
Digestion rate of different cassava starches
(1.0 ml of pacreatic α-amilase)
pH 6.9 at 37°C
~80%
~30%
0
20
40
60
80
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (minutes)
Hidrolisisindex(%)
~60%
~30%
Digestion rate of different cassava starches
(0.5 ml of StargenTM 2)
pH 4.0 at 37°C
Root processing vs. quality
• Starch degrading enzymes and yeast are being improved.
• The process to convert starch into ethanol constantly changes.
• As in maize, there are genetic differences in cassava for ethanol
production (small starch granule).
• We are in a unique position to analyze the best germplasm –
processing method to maximize economic benefit and reduce
negative impact on the environment.
• What is the potential of “sugary” cassava?
Outline
• Introduction
• High, stable and reliable productivity
• Novel traits
• Processing methods X root quality interactions
• Perspectives
Cassava Bio-ethanol perspective
• Cassava is a competitive raw material for
bio-ethanol production in Asia (Thailand,
China, Vietnam, Indonesia?, Australia?)
• A large % of the ethanol production cost is
constitute by the enzyme and yeast.
• Advances in microbiology and enzymology
can significantly reduce ethanol production
cost from starches
Cassava Bio-ethanol prespective
• There are clones with low dry matter
content but maximum productivity per
hectare that can now be used in ethanol
production
• Different mutants could reduce costs of
conversion from root to ethanol (including
“sugary”?)
Energy crops: farms of 1-100 ha
Sweet potato Sweet sorghum
Cassava Banana
Sugar cane
Coffee residues
Small rural communities
Micro-plants
1.000 – 2.000 lt/day
5 – 10 t crop/day
< – 1 ha crop/day
Central Plant (dehydration)
Transport
Ethanol
(99,5%)
Ethanol
(50%)
Cassava Bio-ethanol perspective
• For ethanol production a key issue is the
continuous supply of feedstock all year
round.
• Processing of fresh roots (low dry matter?) at
harvest time and dried chips during off-
season is one potential alternative.
Cassava Bio-ethanol perspective
• Combining feedstock from different crops.
For instance, cassava/sweet-sorghum has
proved advantageous.
• We need to further analyze the by-products
and their potential use for animal feeding.
Thank you

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