1.
By: Imran sheikh

2.
 Architectures:
– Von Neumann
– Harvard
– Harvard modified

3.
 Microcontroller
8 bit
16bit
32bit,etc.
 Digital Signal Processor
Digital Signal Controller
 FPGA/ASIC-Programmable Logic
 SoC-Processor System & Programmable
Logics

4.
 Arduino IDE
 Energia
 Python IDE
 IAR workbench
 Keil
 CCS
 Xilinx ISE/Vivado web edition

5.
 Arduino
 Raspberry Pi
 8051 development board
 PIC development board
 Tiva C series
 STM32F4
 Many more…..

6.
 There are different programming styles
available to use or we can create it by mixing
one in another. Standards available languages
are:
◦ Assembly level: Board specific
◦ Embedded c: Generalized with common instructions

7.
 C/C++
 Embedded C
 Python
 VHDL
 Verilog
 MATLAB
 Simulink

8.
 External Memeories
 RS232
 CAN
 LAN(RJ45)
 SPI
 I2C
 PCI
 PCIe
 Other networking protocols

9.
 Temperature sensor module
 Vibration switch module
 Hall magnetic sensor module
 Key switch module
 Infrared emission sensor module
 Small passive buzzer module
 Laser sensor module
 3-color full-color LED SMD modules
 Optical broken module
 Etc..many more available on:
https://tkkrlab.nl/wiki/Arduino_37_sensors

10.
 Unsigned Integers
◦ All eight bits represent the magnitude of a number
 Bit7 to Bit0
◦ Range 00H to FFH (010 to 25510)
12

11.
 Signed Integers
◦ 2's Complement
 Bit7 is sign bit
◦ Positive numbers: 00H to 7FH (010 to 12710)
◦ Negative numbers: 80H to FFH (-110 to -12810)
13

12.
 Binary Coded Decimal Numbers (BCD)
◦ 8-bit number divided into two groups of four
 Each group represents a decimal digit from 0 to 9
◦ AH through FH are invalid
◦ Example: 0010 0101BCD = 2510
14

13.
 American Standard Code for Information
Interchange (ASCII)
◦ 7-bit alphanumeric code with 128 combinations
(00H to 7FH)
◦ Represents English alphabet, decimal digits from 0
to 9, symbols, and commands
15

14.
 Which is easy?
Assembly Language Embedded C Language

15.
 Meeting the computing needs of the task
efficiently and cost effectively
 Speed, the amount of ROM and RAM, the
number of I/O ports and timers, size,
packaging, power consumption
 Easy to upgrade
 Cost per unit
 Availability of software development tools
 Assemblers, debuggers, C compilers,
emulator, simulator, technical support
 Wide availability and reliable sources of the
microcontrollers.

16.
 A Harvard Architecture (separate
instruction/data memories)
 Single chip Microcontroller(µC)
 Developed by Intel in 1980 for use in
embedded systems.
 Today largely superseded by a vast range
of faster and/or functionally enhanced
8051-compatible devices manufactured
by more than 20 independent
manufacturers

17.
Feature 8051 8052 8031
ROM (program space in bytes) 4K 8K 0K
RAM (bytes) 128 256 128
Timers 2 3 2
I/O pins 32 32 32
Serial port 1 1 1
Interrupt sources 6 8 6
Comparison of the 8051
Family

18.
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P1.0
P1.1
P1.2
P1.3
P1.4
P1.5
P1.6
P1.7
RST
(RXD)P3.0
(TXD)P3.1
(T0)P3.4
(T1)P3.5
XTAL2
XTAL1
GND
(INT0)P3.2
(INT1)P3.3
(RD)P3.7
(WR)P3.6
Vcc
P0.0(AD0)
P0.1(AD1)
P0.2(AD2)
P0.3(AD3)
P0.4(AD4)
P0.5(AD5)
P0.6(AD6)
P0.7(AD7)
EA/VPP
ALE/PROG
PSEN
P2.7(A15)
P2.6(A14)
P2.5(A13)
P2.4(A12)
P2.3(A11)
P2.2(A10)
P2.1(A9)
P2.0(A8)
8051
(8031)

19.
23

20.
 MPU (CPU)
◦ Read instructions
◦ Process binary data
24

21.
 Storage Device
◦ Addresses
◦ Registers
 Major Categories
◦ Read/Write Memory
(R/W)
◦ Read-only-Memory
(ROM)
25
D7 D0

22.
 Input Devices
◦ Switches and Keypads
◦ Provide binary information to the MPU
 Output devices
◦ LEDs and LCDs
◦ Receive binary information from the MPU
26

23.
 MPU communicates with Memory and I/O
using the System Bus
◦ Address bus
 Unidirectional
 Memory and I/O Addresses
◦ Data bus
 Bidirectional
 Transfers Binary Data and Instructions
◦ Control lines
 Read and Write timing signals
27

24.
28

25.
 Machine Language
◦ Binary Instructions
◦ Difficult to decipher and write
 Error-prone
◦ All programs converted into machine language for
execution
29
Instructio
n
He
x
Mnemoni
c
Description Processor
1000000
0
80 ADD B Add reg B to Acc Intel 8085
0010100
0
28 ADD A,
R0
Add Reg R0 to
Acc
Intel 8051
0001101
1
1B ABA Add Acc A and B Motorola
6811

26.
 Assembly Language
◦ Machine instructions represented in mnemonics
◦ One-to-one correspondence
◦ Efficient execution and use of memory
◦ Machine-specific
30

27.
 High-Level Languages
◦ BASIC, C, and C++
◦ Written in statements of spoken languages
◦ Machine independent
◦ Easy to write and troubleshoot
◦ Larger memory and less efficient execution
31

28.
 RISC CPUs
◦ 8-bit
◦ 16-bit
 Number of I/O pins: 4-70
 Memory types and sizes:
◦ Flash; OTP; ROM
◦ 0.5k – 256k

29.
5/6 Programming
pins
8 A/D channels
2 Oscillator Inputs
2 RS-232 inputs
33 I/O ports

30.
 Download @ http://microchip.com
 Assembly compiler for programming PICs
 Based on specific PIC instruction set

31.
PIC: Elements of a
digital controller
CPU
Central
Processing
Unit
Input
Peripherals
Output
Peripherals
ROM
Read Only
Memory
RAM
Read & Write
Memory
Program
download
User
input
User
output
The microcontroller contains all these elements in one chip

32.
16F877 pin-out
The microcontroller pins have multiple functions

33.
Screenshot of MPLAB Project
The C program is compiled and tested in simulation mode

34.
ARM

35.
 Developed at Acorn Computers Limited,
of Cambridge, England,
between 1983 and 1985
 Problems with CISC:
 Slower then memory parts
 Clock cycles per instruction
41

36.
 Typical RISC architecture:
 Large uniform register file
 Load/store architecture
 Simple addressing modes
 Uniform and fixed-length instruction fields
42

37.
 Enhancements:
 Each instruction controls the ALU and shifter
 Auto-increment
and auto-decrement addressing modes
 Multiple Load/Store
 Conditional execution
43

38.
 Floating Point Processor-Ex.TMS320F28335
 Fixed Point Processor-Ex.TMS320F6745

39.
Digital Signal Controller

40.
 Simple logic gates
◦ combine transistors to
implement combinational
and sequential logic
 Interconnect
◦ wires to connect inputs and
outputs to logic blocks
 I/O blocks
◦ special blocks at periphery
for external connections
 Add wires to make connections
◦ done when chip is fabbed
 “mask-programmable”
◦ construct any circuit

41.
 Logic blocks
◦ to implement combinational
and sequential logic
 Interconnect
◦ wires to connect inputs and
outputs to logic blocks
 I/O blocks
◦ special logic blocks at periphery
of device for external connections
 Key questions:
◦ how to make logic blocks programmable?
◦ how to connect the wires?
◦ after the chip has been fabbed

42.
 Soft-core are available with FPGA /ASIC’s and
SoC.
◦ ARM processor
◦ Microblaze processor

43.
 Implementation of random logic
◦ easier changes at system-level (one device is modified)
◦ can eliminate need for full-custom chips
 Prototyping
◦ ensemble of gate arrays used to emulate a circuit to be
manufactured
◦ get more/better/faster debugging done than possible with
simulation
 Reconfigurable hardware
◦ one hardware block used to implement more than one function
◦ functions must be mutually-exclusive in time
◦ can greatly reduce cost while enhancing flexibility
◦ RAM-based only option
 Special-purpose computation engines
◦ hardware dedicated to solving one problem (or class of
problems)
◦ accelerators attached to general-purpose computers

44.
 Complete ARM®-based processing system
◦ Application Processor Unit (APU)
 Dual ARM Cortex™-A9 processors
 Caches and support blocks
◦ Fully integrated memory controllers
◦ I/O peripherals
 Tightly integrated programmable logic
◦ Used to extend the processing system
◦ Scalable density and performance
 Flexible array of I/O
◦ Wide range of external multi-standard I/O
◦ High-performance integrated serial transceivers
◦ Analog-to-digital converter inputs

45.
 The Zynq-7000 AP SoC architecture consists
of two major sections
◦ PS: Processing system
 Dual ARM Cortex-A9 processor based
 Multiple peripherals
 Hard silicon core
◦ PL: Programmable logic
 digital logic design

46.
 Three basic modes:
◦ 1. Continuous dedicated monitoring of the sensor
by the microprocessor
◦ 2. Polling the sensor
◦ 3. Interrupt mode

47.
 Microprocessor is dedicated for use with the
sensor
 Its output is monitored by the microprocessor
continuously
 The microprocessor reads the sensor’s output
at a given rate
 Output is then used to act

48.
 Sensor operates as if the microprocessor did
not exist.
 Its output is monitored by the microprocessor
 The microprocessor reads the sensor’s output
at a given rate or intervals - poling
 Output is then used to act

49.
 Microprocessor is in sleep mode
 Outputs of the sensor are not being
processed
 Upon a given event, microprocessor wakes up
through one of its interrupt options
 The sensor activates the interrupt

50.
 Interrupts can be timed
 Interrupts can be issued by sources other
than the sensor
 The microprocessor may be involved in other
functions, separate from the sensor, such as
control of an actuator
 Feedback from actuators may also be used to
perform interrupts

51.
 Microprocessor input interfacing
requirements
 Microprocessor output requirements
 Errors introduced by microprocessors

52.
 Signal level
 Impedance and matching
 Response, frequency
 Signal conditioning
 Signal scaling
 Isolation
 Loading

53.
 Signal levels
 Power levels
 Isolation

54.
 Basic level: zero to Vdd
◦ Must scale signals if necessary
 No dual polarity signals
◦ Must translate/scale as necessary
 Direct reading or A/D
 Can read voltages only
◦ AC or DC
◦ Limitations in frequency

55.
 P are high input impedance devices
◦ ~ 1 - 10 M
◦ Input current - < 1 A.
 Ideal for direct connection of low
impedance sensors (magnetic, thermistors,
thermoelectric, etc.)
 High impedance sensors (capacitive,
pyroelectric, etc.) must be buffered
◦ Voltage followers
◦ FET amplifiers

56.
 Most sensors are slow devices
◦ Can be interfaced directly
◦ No concern for response and frequency range
 Some sensors are part of oscillators
◦ Frequencies may be quite high
◦ Need to worry about proper sampling by the
microprocessor

57.
 Example: 10 mHz P, cycle time of 0.4 s.
(most processor divide the clock frequency
by a factor - 4 in this case)
 Any operation such as reading an input
required n cycles, say n=5
 Effective frequency: 0.5 MHz
 Sampling cannot be done at rates higher
than 250 kHz
 Any sensor producing a signal above this
frequency will be read erroneously

58.
 Some solutions:
◦ Divide the sensor’s frequency
 Reduces sensitivity
 Must be done externally to the P
◦ F-V converter
 Introduces conversion errors
 Must be done externally
◦ Frequency counter at input
 Use output of the counter as input to mP.
 Expensive
◦ Faster microprocessors

59.
 Offset
◦ Primarily for dc levels
◦ Can be offset up or down
◦ Usually done to remove the dc level
◦ Sometimes needed to remove negative polarity.
◦ AC signals may sometimes be coupled through
capacitors to eliminate dc levels

60.
 Example
◦ Thermistor: 500 at 20ºC
◦ Varies from 100 to 900 for temp. between 0
and 100ºC

61.
 At 500ºC
◦ V = (12/1500)*500 = 4 V
 At 0ºC
◦ V = (12/1400)*400 = 3.428 V
 At 100ºC
◦ V = (12/1900)*900 = 5.684 V
 V varies between 3.428V and 5.684V
◦ 5.684V is above the 5V operating voltage of the
microprocessor

62.
 Errors introduced by the microprocessor:
◦ Due to resolution of A/D, D/A
◦ Sampling errors
 These come in addition to any errors in the
sensor/actuator

63.
 Most microprocessors are 8 bit
microprocessors
 Integer arithmetics
 Largest value represented: 256
 Roundoff errors due to this representation
 Special math subroutines have been
developed to minimize these errors
(otherwise they would be unacceptably high)

64.
 All inputs and outputs on a microprocessor
are sampled. That is:
◦ Inputs are only read at intervals
◦ Outputs are only updated at intervals
◦ Intervals depend on the frequency of the clock, operation to
be executed and on the software that executes it
◦ Sampling may not even be constant during operation because
of the need to perform different tasks at different times
◦ Errors are due to changes in input/output between sampling
to which the microprocessor is oblivious
◦ Errors are not fixed - depend among other things on how
well the program is written

65.
 There are lots of application use
microcontroller some of them are given
below:
◦ CAR
◦ Refrigerator
◦ Airplane
◦ Trains
◦ Medical devices, etc.
Some example will be explained in Last slides.

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75

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76

68.
 Microcontroller and Microprocessor
 Digital System
 Signal and System(Z transform and Filter
Designing)
 Digital Signal Processing
 Networking
 Control system
 Basic analog design

69.
Contact: imran.sheikh.vjti@gmail.com