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3. Extra oral anchorage
Principle use
Forces derived from EOA
Stabilize the position of the teeth
Produce tooth movement
Orthopedic changes
Extra oral anchorage
Extra oral traction
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4. Extra oral anchorage
Mild cases
Cases with severe crowding and overjet
Severe cases – additional space is required even after
extraction
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20. Extra oral anchorage
Practical aspects
Good fitting bands
Inner bow – passive
Should not contact any teeth
Ant. Segment – between the lips
Expansion – distalization
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22. Mechanical aspect of anchorage
Sliding mechanics
Force is required for 2 purposes
Bone remodeling
Frictional resistance
Controlling and minimizing friction is an imp. Aspect
of anchorage control
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23. Mechanical aspect of anchorage
Friction ???
Frictional force
Nature of surface at the interface (rough or smooth,
chemically reactive or passive, modified by
lubricants)
Independent of the apparent area of contact
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24. Mechanical aspect of anchorage
Real contact occurs only at a limited number of small
spots: Asperities
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25. Mechanical aspect of anchorage
Metal wire in a ceramic bracket
Stick slip phenomenon
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26. Mechanical aspect of anchorage
2 other factors can affect the resistance to sliding
Interlocking of surface irregularities
Extent of plowing
In clinical practice friction is largely determined by
the shearing component
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27. Mechanical aspect of anchorage
Surface quality of the wires
NiTi > βTi > SS
Roughness
There is no correlation between surface roughness
and coefficient of friction
β Ti has greatest frictional resistance
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28. Mechanical aspect of anchorage
Surface quality of the wires
Changes in surface chemistry due to increased
Ti content
Cold weld effect
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29. Mechanical aspect of anchorage
Possible solution to this problem
Alteration of the surface of Ti wires
Among all, SS/SS couple is most effective for sliding
followed by CoCr/SS, NiTi/SS, βTi/SS
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30. Mechanical aspect of anchorage
Surface quality of the brackets
SS brackets
Ti brackets
Ceramic brackets
Ceramic brackets with metal slots
Composite brackets
Polycarbonate plastic brackets
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31. Mechanical aspect of anchorage
Flexibility of arch wire and width of the bracket
Force that pulls the wire into the bracket
Self ligating brackets- reduced friction that allows
more effective sliding- better anchorage control
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32. Mechanical aspect of anchorage
Magnitude of friction
Retraction springs
Closing loops
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33. Conventional Begg
Differential force concept
1st premolar extraction
8 teeth extraction
Begg was applying the principles of differential forces
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34. Conventional Begg
Storey and Smith (1952)
Statistical evidence confirmed the
results of Begg’s clinical
experience
Edgewise app and springs
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35. Conventional Begg
Storey and Smith (1952)
Tooth with a greater root surface area needs
greater force to be moved
canine: molar = 3:8
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37. Conventional Begg
Reason for different rates of movement of canines
Storey and Smith presented the concept of
undermining resorption
Sandstedt (1904)
Schwarz (1932)
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38. Conventional Begg
Storey and Smith (1952)
Teeth subjected to very high forces
Resorption of tooth investing tissues
Teeth are loosened within the sockets
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39. Conventional Begg
Use of differential forces
Reduction of anterior overbite
Use of anchor bends
Light wires
Heavy wires
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40. Conventional Begg
Use of differential forces
Strang (1954) – Treatment problems, their origin
and elimination
Edgewise app
Closing extraction space requires more force
Use of head gears - recommended
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41. Conventional Begg
Use of differential forces
Space closure
Premolars bypassed
Extra oral anchorage is not required
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42. Conventional Begg
Means of preventing anchorage failure
Use of thin round steel wires
Anchor bends
Stationary anchorage
Premolars not bracketed
Light torquing forces in 3rd stage
Use of reverse torquing auxillaries
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43. Refined Begg ( Dr. V P Jayade )
Differential force concept was misunderstood
Excessive retraction
Prevented in refined begg by applying efficient
brakes along with heavy differential forces
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44. Refined Begg ( Dr. V P Jayade )
Perfect example of stationary anchorage
Saggital
Vertical
transverse
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45. Refined Begg ( Dr. V P Jayade )
Stage I
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46. Refined Begg ( Dr. V P Jayade )
Active components in stage I
Light or ultra light class II elastics
Lower class I elastics
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47. Refined Begg ( Dr. V P Jayade )
Active components in stage I
Upper palatal elastics / elastics from power arm
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48. Refined Begg ( Dr. V P Jayade )
Active components in stage I
Upper Class I are seldom used
Uneven class I ,class II for midline correction
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49. Refined Begg ( Dr. V P Jayade )
Anchorage considerations in stage I
Palatal elastics or elastics from power arm
Upper molars to be supported with TPA
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50. Refined Begg ( Dr. V P Jayade )
Anchorage considerations in stage I
Conserving lower molar anchorage
Stiffer wires
Light or ultra light elastics
Molar stops
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51. Refined Begg ( Dr. V P Jayade )
Anchorage considerations in stage I
High angle cases
Light anchor bends
Light elastics
TPA – away from the palate
High pull head gear
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52. Refined Begg ( Dr. V P Jayade )
Anchorage considerations in stage I
Transverse plane
Stiffer arch wires
Expansion in arch wires
TPA
Sufficiently expanded face bow or lip bumper
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53. Refined Begg ( Dr. V P Jayade )
Stage II – easiest
Objectives
Maintain all the corrections of stage I
Closure of extraction spaces
Controlled tipping of anteriors
Protraction of posteriors
Correction of molar relation
Correction of premolar crossbites and rotation
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54. Refined Begg ( Dr. V P Jayade )
Stage II
Archwires used
Reduction in the anchor bend
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55. Refined Begg ( Dr. V P Jayade )
Braking mechanics
Reversal of anchorage
Def – the brakes reverses the anchorage site from
posterior to anterior segment by permitting only
bodily movement of the anterior teeth, instead of
allowing them freedom to tip
Braking springs/ T pins
Torquing components
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56. Refined Begg ( Dr. V P Jayade )
Braking springs
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57. Refined Begg ( Dr. V P Jayade )
Angulated T pins
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58. Refined Begg ( Dr. V P Jayade )
Combination wires
Material
Ant. Seg – rectangular (022 x 018)
Post. Seg – round 018
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59. Refined Begg ( Dr. V P Jayade )
Torquing auxiliaries
2 spur or 4 spur
MAA – 010 / 011
Strong base wires
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60. Refined Begg ( Dr. V P Jayade )
Active components in stage II
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61. Refined Begg ( Dr. V P Jayade )
Active components in stage II
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62. Refined Begg ( Dr. V P Jayade )
Active components in stage II
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63. Refined Begg ( Dr. V P Jayade )
Stage III – most complicated and anchorage
consuming
Objectives of stage III
Maintain all the corrections
Distal root uprighting auxilliary
Palatal root torquing auxilliary
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64. Refined Begg ( Dr. V P Jayade )
Stage III - objectives
To achieve desired root movements
Monitor anchorage in all 3 panes
To correct the position of 2nd molars
To monitor undesirable effects
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65. Refined Begg ( Dr. V P Jayade )
Stage III
Reciprocal mesial crown moving forces
Upper arch
Lower arch
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66. Refined Begg ( Dr. V P Jayade )
How to overcome stage III problems???
Proper diagnosis and treatment planning
Using efficient brakes
Controlled tipping of incisors
Use of heavy base arch wires
Lighter auxiliaries and uprighting springs
Light cl II elastics
Reinforcement of anchorage
Contraction and toe in built into
the wires
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70. Tweed’s anchorage preparation
When teeth are tipped distally as they are in
anchorage preparation, osteoid tissue appears to be
laid down adjacent to the mesial surface of the tooth
being moved distally.”
- Kaare Reitan
Such conclusions do not make the necessity of
anchorage preparation obselete
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71. Tweed’s anchorage preparation
Clinical orthodontist who routinely create excellent
facial changes are those who recognize the
importance of and prepare anchorage in their
practice
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72. Tweed’s anchorage preparation
Concept
Upright the mesially inclined lower posterior segment
Terminal molar to be tipped distally
Angle formed between the class II elastic and long
axis of terminal molar
Mandible will be much more stable and will resist
forward displacement
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73. Tweed’s anchorage preparation
After anchorage preparation, if movement does occur
Slow mesial bodily movement
Anchorage not prepared
Uprooting and elevation of the molars
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75. Tweed’s anchorage preparation
First degree / minimal anchorage preparation
ANB 0º- 4º, facial esthetics are good
Discrepancy < 10 mm
Mandibular terminal molars must be uprighted
Direction of intermaxillary elastic pull
should not exceed 90º
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76. Tweed’s anchorage preparation
Second degree
ANB exceeds 4.5
Class II
Mandibular second molars should always be banded
Must be tipped distally so that their distal marginal
ridges are at gum level
Direction of pull of intermaxillary elastics should
always be > 90º
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77. Tweed’s anchorage preparation
Third Degree or Total Anchorage Preparation
ANB does not exceed 5º
Discrepancy – 14 -20 mm
All posterior teeth (second premolar to terminal molars)
are tipped distally
Distal marginal ridges of terminal molars are below
gum level
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78. Tweed’s anchorage preparation
Severe cases – anchorage prepared in both the arches
How to tip lower posterior segment ???
Sliding jig
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79. Tweed’s anchorage preparation
Lower anchorage preparation completed
Lower canines and incisors retracted
Upper extractions
Class II elastics – distal tipping of upper
posterior segment
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87. Tweed Merrifield appliance
Sequential anchorage preparation
Before tipping premolars
Read out to be performed
Distal tip achieved
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89. Tweed Merrifield appliance
Directional force system
Defined as controlled forces which place the teeth
in most harmonious relation with their
environment
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91. Level anchorage system
Terrell L. Root
Aim – quantify the anchorage requirement
018 edgewise slot
Mandibular molars – 2 choices of distal crown tip
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92. Level anchorage system
Anchorage – Resistance to movement
Distance to move
Anchorage savers
Those orthodontic adjunctive procedures that reduce
the amount of tooth anchorage necessary to correct
the malocclusion
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93. Level anchorage system
High pull headgear to maxillary 1st molars or J hook
headgear to anteriors: reduction in ANB by 1 degree
every 6 months
Palatal bar: decreases vertical descent due to tongue
pressure.
Delaying upper first premolar extraction by one year:
reduces mandibular anchorage space by 1mm
Class III elastics worn 24 hrs: flatten the curve of
Spee and upright buccal segments at the rate of
1mm / month
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96. Vari-simplex discipline-Alexander
Vari – variety of bracket used
Simplex – KISS principle
fewer archwire changes
1.
2.
3.
Treatment philosophy – Tweeds fundamentals
Anchorage preparation
Positioning Mb incisors over basal bone
Orthopedic alteration using head gear
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101. Vari-simplex discipline-Alexander
Head gears / Retractors
Retractors’ ( Dr. Fred Schudy)
Cervical, combination or high pull depending on
growth pattern and control needed
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103. Vari-simplex discipline-Alexander
Other intra oral appliances to control anchorage:
Mandibular lingual arch: sagittal and transverse
control
Lip bumper:
- uprighting of mandibular first molars
- distal force on lower molars
- muscular anchorage
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104. Rickett’s Bioprogressive Therapy
Muscular anchorage
Cortical anchorage
Nance button
Quad helix
Headgears: cervical, combination and
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105. Anchorage control in MBT
2nd principle of orthodontic anchorage
Anchorage loss – maximum in the first stage
Def – Tooth movement needed to achieve passive
engagement of steel 19 x 25 wire of suitable arch
form into a correctly placed 022 preadjusted bracket
system
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106. Anchorage control in MBT
Major reason for anchorage loss ???
Mesial tip built into the bracket system
Anchorage control
The maneuvers used to restrict undesirable changes
during the opening phase of treatment, so that
leveling and aligning is achieved without key
features of the malocclusion becoming worse.’
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107. Anchorage control in MBT
1st step in anchorage control
Recognize the anchorage needs of the case
Diagnosis and treatment planning stage
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108. Anchorage control in MBT
Eg – class II div 1
Goal is set for incisor position - PIP
Class III
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109. Anchorage control in MBT
Mistakes in tooth leveling and aligning during
early years
Roller coaster effect
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110. Anchorage control in MBT
Roller coaster effect has been eliminated from the
present day practice
Reduced tip in bracket system
Light arch wire forces
Use of lacebacks instead of elastic forces
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111. Anchorage control in MBT
Lacebacks for A/P canine control
Restrict canine crown from tipping forward
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112. Anchorage control in MBT
Lacebacks for A/P canine control
Robinson – 57 PM extn cases
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113. Anchorage control in MBT
Restrict canine crown from tipping forward
Distalizing canines without causing unwanted
tipping
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114. Anchorage control in MBT
Continued till rectangular SS wire stage
Discontinued if space appears betn lateral &
canine
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115. Anchorage control in MBT
Bendbacks for A/P incisor control
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116. Anchorage control in MBT
Bendbacks for A/P incisor control
Bend is placed 1-2 mm
distal to molar tube
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117. Anchorage control in MBT
A/P anchorage control of
lower molars – the lingual arch
Class III elastics & headgear
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118. Anchorage control in MBT
A/P anchorage support & control for upper molars –
The upper molars move mesially more easily
than lower molars
Upp ant segment has larger teeth than low ant
Upp ant brackets have more tip built
Upp incisors require more torque control &
bodily movement
More Class II type malocclusions than Class III
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119. Anchorage control in MBT
A/P anchorage support & control for upper molars –
Head gears
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TPA
120. Anchorage control in MBT
Vertical anchorage control of incisors
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121. Anchorage control in MBT
Vertical control of canines
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122. Anchorage control in MBT
Vertical control of molars in high angle cases
Palatal bar
Upp 2nd molars not initially banded
Headgear – high pull
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123. Anchorage control in MBT
Anchorage control in Transverse plane
Intercanine width
Molar crossbites
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124. Thank you
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