Black Sites & Transparency Layers: Understanding Hidden Processes
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Black Sites & Transparency Layers: Understanding Hidden Processes
- 1. Black Sites & Transparency Layers
- 5. Hexadecimal: #ffffff RGB value: (255,255,255) Process colour (four colour CMYK): 0.00, 0.00, 0.00 Web safe colour: White color
- 6. Abstraction Layers Operating System & Applications Kernel Assembler Firmware Hardware
- 11. “The Anti-Mac Interface” Closer to the content, to processes Metaphors / Aesthetic Integrity Direct Manipulation (Sutherland) WYSIWYG – >sub-sensory Feedback & Dialogue Forgiveness / reversibility Modelessness Vs Language Expertise Richer Objects More Unix-like Gentner, D., and Nielsen, J.: The Anti-Mac interface, Communications of the ACM 39 , 8 (August 1996), 70-82.
- 20. { "current_user_url": "https://api.github.com/user", "current_user_authorizations_html_url": "https://github.com/settings/connections/applications{/client_id}", "authorizations_url": "https://api.github.com/authorizations", "code_search_url": "https://api.github.com/search/code?q={query}{&page,per_page,sort,order}", "emails_url": "https://api.github.com/user/emails", "emojis_url": "https://api.github.com/emojis", "events_url": "https://api.github.com/events", "feeds_url": "https://api.github.com/feeds", "followers_url": "https://api.github.com/user/followers", "following_url": "https://api.github.com/user/following{/target}", "gists_url": "https://api.github.com/gists{/gist_id}", "hub_url": "https://api.github.com/hub","issue_search_url": "https://api.github.com/search/issues?q={query}{&page,per_page,sort,order}", "issues_url": "https://api.github.com/issues", "keys_url": "https://api.github.com/user/keys", "notifications_url": "https://api.github.com/notifications", "organization_repositories_url": "https://api.github.com/orgs/{org}/repos{?type,page,per_page,sort}", "organization_url": "https://api.github.com/orgs/{org}", "public_gists_url": "https://api.github.com/gists/public", "rate_limit_url": "https://api.github.com/rate_limit", "repository_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/{owner}/{repo}", "repository_search_url": "https://api.github.com/search/repositories?q={query}{&page,per_page,sort,order}", "current_user_repositories_url": "https://api.github.com/user/repos{?type,page,per_page,sort}", "starred_url": "https://api.github.com/user/starred{/owner}{/repo}", "starred_gists_url": "https://api.github.com/gists/starred", "team_url": "https://api.github.com/teams", "user_url": "https://api.github.com/users/{user}", "user_organizations_url": "https://api.github.com/user/orgs", "user_repositories_url": "https://api.github.com/users/{user}/repos{?type,page,per_page,sort}", "user_search_url": "https://api.github.com/search/users?q={query}{&page,per_page,sort,order}" }
- 22. Black Box “The word black box is used by cyberneticians whenever a piece of machinery or a set of commands is too complex. In its place they draw a little box about which they need to know nothing but its input and output” Bruno Latour, Science in Action, p.2-3
- 23. “By thus acting on the Box, and by allowing the Box to affect him (sic) and his recording apparatus, the experimenter is coupling himself to the Box, so that the two together form a system with feedback” WR Ashby, Introduction to Cybernetics, p.87
- 24. Hayek
- 25. “It is more than a metaphor to describe the price system as a kind of machinery for registering change, or a system of telecommunications which enables individual producers to watch merely the movement of a few pointers, as an engineer might watch the hands of a few dials, in order to adjust their activities to changes of which they may never know more than is reflected in the price movement” Friedrich Hayek, The Uses of Knowledge in Society, 1945
Notes de l'éditeur
- Immediacy direct perception To expose To make clear The opposite of corruption Has a relation to accountability Transparency and opacity don’t simply map on to Power / resistance Power / knowledge There are partial, and powerful, inrersections, but no isomorphism
- Fairy story (trsnsparency – emperors new clothes, cindarella’s shoe…) Transparency was first invented as a technique for god to view humanity In the nineteenth century, because a virtue of architecture, the crystal palace of Paxton, and thus a space of technology In the twentieth century becomes a quality of people in relation to each other, and as such with the development of machines of the personal This moment is troubled because it is the same time at the moment they also discover their opacity to themselves In the twenty first century trransparency mutates again to becomes the mode of interpretation between people and people and machines, not forgetting machines amongst themsleves The interweaving of modalities of Transparency and black sites
- Not really transparent?
- ABSTRACTION LAYERS Abstraction layers – interfaces within the computer Different scales Move UP the hierarchy of scales from the circuits up to the screen TRANSPARENCY LAYERS Go down the hierarchy, or composing another Meeting the abstractions of the computer with abstractions of the users and the world
- Does anyone remember this interface? Metaphor as aiding transparency by assisting inference and association Prior comprehension makes something new understandable via a mapping of one domain of reference onto another Interface as key site for playing transparency out What is elicited as transparent, dawn to the surface
- Skeumorph Eimco Power Horse. The line-drive tractor was originally equipped with leather reins The Eimco Power Horse was made from 1937 to 1942. But by 1937, you could buy a nice John Deere or Farmall, for less.” "It would be an improvement over farming with horses, but it was dangerous," Paul says. "When the farmer said 'whoa,' it wouldn't 'whoa.' If he wasn't used to driving a gas tractor, he'd pull back on the reins to stop, like you would on a horse, and it'd put it in reverse. http://www.farmcollector.com/tractors/power-horse-tractor.aspx
- Benefit of metaphor The battle however is with this Programmed in visual basic For renaming files in bulk § Interface Organisation of relation between computational forces and the user Ostensive organisation § And, between elements among set of relation § interfaces as part of collective equipment The equipment we establish as societies shapes us. Guattari: “ a multitude of intermediary operations, machines for initiation and semiotic facilitation that can capture the molecular energy of desire of human individuals and groups” Lines of Flight, p.11
- Books app IOS 7 Bookshelves for ebooks that look like bookshelves – but have none of their benefits due to the constraints of screen size Software interfaces that look like brushed aluminium (1999 Quick Time 4) power struggles within apple XXXX – see ive book Now such things tend to be more abstract – like the size of a piece of paper as a form factor for tablet computers and mobile phones
- Gentner, D., and Nielsen, J.: The Anti-Mac interface, Communications of the ACM 39 , 8 (August 1996), 70-82.
- More recently: Move from metaphor to flat aesthetic, Google Polymer or Material Design; Windows Design Language, or Metro first seen on the Zune media player; Apple integrated design under Jony Ive, - consistency, coherence Layer – Dynamics elements § with Flat Design Interface moves from something retrospective, to being contemporary. To say that it is contemporary, does not of course imply that it is adequate, but that it can tell us something about the present. § “simplify, remove and reduce clutter” Jonathan Ive, Design Museum, online exhibit To allow the user transparent, direct access to their work, to their ideas, to themselves
- Windows - recent the shift to computing as smart phone and tablets: Move to the Cloud - movement goes from clicking points, dragging objects and interacting in a grammar of objects and verbs - to, a movement of swiping, touching, launching. One activates nouns, apps, or objects of information, but the verbs are contained within the apps pre-set function § As devices become more autonomous, running processes independently of the user, often in relation to servers, perhaps with smaller screens, drop-shadow, gradients, and other elements geared towards giving an impression of three-dimensions to the user have been deprecated. Move from dealing with documents to using data and services (cloud, but also IoT) Data is dynamic Data is multiple Access to it must be tractable Jonathan Ive, Design Museum, online exhibit
- at the same time, relations shift. – rather than position of PERSONAL computer, the user directly faces platform based services (as in the way that microsoft’s cloud service has recently usurped attached documents in office 365) Information appliance §1 small entities giving access to massive quantities: an effect of both quantities of data, and relational architectures
- Metro Interface for Linux – Ubuntu §2 Intuition – as a variant of transparency. Intuition is the fulcrum for a politics of interface: that which can be made or rendered Intuitive. Here, it’s salutary to think about the iPhone: Ive: “what you feel about the product, not in a physical sense, but a perceptual sense.” User feels that they are “touching content” (content must be made that conforms to this norm) Leander Kahney, Jony Ive, The Genius Behind Apple’s Greatest Products, Portfolio/Penguin, London, 2013, p.220
- Removal of the window, scroll bar, buttons, frame… etc. (Dirk Paesmans, Jodi) equivalent to today’s TVs Android across devices Mediation and mutability of devices § Hardware components – first iPhone had “nearly thirty” interfaces between components, by late 2013, with the introduction of the unibody, “shrank to just five” Gilbert Simondon – the move from Abstract to Concrete technology
- What happens to the screen Software Harwdware (at the back, in a controller, on your phone)
- In the context of the cloud Application Program Interface Netflix api §3 API Interfaces for machine to machine Giving enterprise data to those outside the organisation show Github api and internally Netflix api – decouple systems within an organisation Key for Internet of Things § APIs black box software OOProgramming
- Netflix API yesterday Unfortunately, NetFlix has no formally published API or collection of web services, so the NetFlix API is a C# library that wraps HTTP GET and POST requests to the NetFlix site, allowing programs to view/change a user's rental queue, search for movies, and view movie details, among other things. Hopefully this will be useful to developers working on third-party NetFlix applications and (potentially) a Windows Media Center add-on https://netflixapi.codeplex.com/
- This is from github’s API
- in database, relational database, any entity is an interface to other relations and entities Permisisons structures in social network and pattern analysis an object, person, place, time, mode of transport or kind of movement may be such an entity. Each of these entities is mediated, one can say interfaced by the apparatus that is used to transact or to record them. Each apparatus will have it spatial and temporal particulaties at another scale, an entity is itself a phase-space of morphogenetic and syntactical variants and links this combination is intensely powerful! § index cards, small amounts of discrete data often organised by different index across duplicate cards § Liberty as a question of resource allocation
- black box in STS Bruno Latour, Madelaine Akrich Etc. Black Box – aeronautics (from 1940s, picked up by cybernetics) InPUt -> Output Something so stabilised as to have no need for further thought applied to it. § amongst this condition, there is a political modality: transparency as interwoven with black boxes & black sites § black sites, as a term, came to the fore in the CIA’s rendition of people it considered to be suspects things that fall off or out of the regime of openness, that slide between the occlusions of the layers of transparency http://gawker.com/5866267/this-is-what-a-cia-black-site-looks-like
- Latour only partially represents cybernetics 1. Determinacy and indeterminacy is introduced 2. The difference between black boxes and black sites, is that the latter are built on a constitutive disavowal of this feedback And of its formative relation to what is figured as the outside of the box. Understanding the black site is working to recognise both: The way in which this feedback has reality-forming effects And how transparency layers and black sites are mutually interwoven.
- this interplay between transparency layers and black sites, what is sealed from inspection or is rendered unknowable: Key aspect of the current political modality In the three volume 1973-79 book, Law legislation and Liberty Friedrich Hayek proposes self-organisation as a form of spontaneous order natural to the market (proposes the governments open data) book also relies on an interplay between transparency and openness of markets asymmetry of information, and disequilibria of values that preclude planning, which would depend on knowing all facts pertaining in the german ideology, marx imagines that communism would be that moment when humanity becomes transparent to itself. The commodity form hides labour
- something which he worked on from the 1940s in texts such as “the uses of knowledge in society” knowledge of specific time, place and needs – in the individual (compared to other modes of knowledge organisation) there is an attractive discussion of the hustle of the market and, an argument for the liberal benefits of decentralisation Ignorance Hayek relies on and opacity as conditions of information, coupled with fleeting, or knowledge based means of computing value The market is described as a giant machine (one that self-organises in later work) Catalaxy The price of everything and the value of nothing And here we have as the condition of interface, something uncannily like a corporate dashboard Money understood as pricing signals finally means we can subsume economics under media theory A slightly mischevious reading: “civilisation advances by extending the number of important operations which we can perform without thinking about them” Whitehead, AN Whitehead makes this comment in his Introduction to Mathematics Ignorances can thus be said to be - problem of formalism But also asymmetry Everything is a black box with prices as inputs and outputs Value generation requires multiple loci of indeterminacy the stakes are significant Lefort ‘the making of machiavelli’ “the prince assets himself as such by sustaining the indetermination that is constitutive of the real”
- § disintermediation, uber, but also of drivers But demand lead pricing Price surges § § in the Google model (propsed by Eric Scmidt and Jared Cohen in A New Digital Age) , larger incumbent institutions - such as media - are dissolved > as platforms aggregate and sort data between suppliers and users. There is a liberation from the constraints of hierarchically ordered institutions, or established forms of trade, but the insertion of a new locus of a universal sorting mechanism that becomes a single point of arbitrage of value in this model there is also Transparency of self: you have a fitbit to compensate for the gradual closure of the NHS (with insurance companies using “intelligent pills” to monitor customers/patients)
- http://fortune.com/2015/10/22/uber-tax-shell/ § alongside their informational politics Tax / financial operations of companies such as Google, Facebook, Uber Dutch Sandwich As a means of ‘going dark’ DON’T READ Eric Schmidt and Jared Cohen, p.24 the bok strongly emphasises the claim that it would be impossible to delete data p54-55, is down solely to the information architectures worked with by such corps, and their deep reliance on data as a business asset. Schmidt and Cohen go to great lengths to differentiate themselves from Wikileaks as trusted and accredited arbitraters of what becomes public. Schmidt and Cohen emphaises by contrast their pragmatism, their sentisityglib and servile
- Bright Light – code name On Strada Ceremesului, Bucharest Before suspects were granted humane treatment (dental care, Halal food, and so forth), they were subjected to a month of sleep deprivation, stress positions, and other forms of physical interrogation http://hosted.ap.org/interactives/2011/cia-romania/
- § Transparency as contemporary virtue Government – § Mode of the black box inserted into circits of information allows for whistleblowers But it is also highly contested Wikileaks slogan, “we open governments”, what the design group Metahaven call “Black Transparency” Metahaven, “Black Transparency”, Sternberg Press, Berlin, 2016
- Asymmetry of transparency and opacity
- Facebook, gehry, april, 2015 ARCHITECTURAL MOVES Facebook, Menlo Park, Frank Gehry, 2015 Apple Headquarters, Cupertino, Norman Foster & Co, 2016 Google HQ, Mountain View, Bjarke Ingals Group and Thomas Heatherwick & Partners, 2016
- Gehry’s work of 1970s Including his own santa monica house “constructing cheap buildings of cheap materials in the funky geometric shapes” The Frank Gehry Story Ingrid D. Rowland March 24, 2016 http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2016/03/24/frank-gehry-story/
- Zuckerberg’s office on opening day. Note instagram filter
- FB
- Apple Headquarters, Cupertino, Norman Foster & Co, 2016 Fortresses of transparency more than 1 million m² of new facilities, including an auditorium and a sports centre Other sustainability measures will include using natural ventilation 75 per cent of the year, with no need for air conditioning or heating, and the building will be designed to net-zero energy standards, using only renewable power. § Security clearances information flow within orgs heavily controlled by NDAs, access control, IP, project siloing
- § note filters used in images computer-generated citizens planes of the image sometimes not aligning
- Google HQ, Mountain View, North Bayshore Campus Bjarke Ingals Group and Thomas Heatherwick & Partners, 2016
- Google PR: “Large translucent canopies will cover each site, controlling the climate inside yet letting in light and air. With trees, landscaping, cafes, and bike paths weaving through these structures, we aim to blur the distinction between our buildings and nature.”
- Club Med, Centre Parks
- Umbrellas to mediate heat gain
- Revisiting tropes of sixties architecture of Buckminster Fuller
- Calculation power shown by parametric design parametric design claimed by Patrik Schumacher as the international style of post-fordist information economy. Splines, nurbs Computational power is expressed by Gradients, associative modelling, transcoding across components, vector fields There is a rendering of the form of contemporary power, and the emperors themselves are transparent DON’T READ They figure as a render (uses luhman, specialisation: he shouldn’t comment. Market within building components established by parametric software with rice factors built in)
- John Gerrard, Farm 2015
- Predator Drone on the ground. Afghanistan 2012
- Thank you, I hope that is clear
- CIA rendition site
- Monitoring site Open hangar, 2007, Cactus Flats, Nevada, distance, 18 miles
- Detachment 3, air force flight test centre no.2, 2008 Groom lake nevada Distance, 26 miles