Growing short and fat: The Maya from Mexico are now a dual-burden group
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The document summarizes research on the nutritional status of the Maya people from Mexico. It finds that the Maya now experience a "dual burden" of malnutrition, with high rates of both stunting (chronic undernutrition) and overweight/obesity. A three-generation study showed stunting and obesity rates were highest in grandmothers, lower in mothers, and lowest but still significant in children. This suggests negative intergenerational effects, where the poor nutritional status of grandmothers and mothers impacts the growth of the current generation of children. The causes require more investigation but could involve factors like micronutrient intake, dietary fat consumption, metabolic pathways, and physical activity levels.
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Growing short and fat: The Maya from Mexico are now a dual-burden group
- 1. Growing short and fat: The Maya from Mexico are now a dual-burden group Dr Inês Varela-Silva Centre for Global Health and Human Development Loughborough University, UK M.I.O.Varela-Silva@lboro.ac.uk Twitter: @inesvarelasilva (with F Dickinson, H Wilson, H Azcorra, PL Griffiths and B Bogin)
- 3. Developed countries Growth status Immigrants in developed countries Developing countries Normal/tall Fat Normal/short Fatter Stunted Fat Micronutrients and dietary fat Excessive intake of vitamins? Excessive caloric comsumption Common factors EE / P. Act levels Very low Probably low Not known Metabolic pathways High fat oxidation & low carb oxidation Probably reduced fat oxidation Energy conserving mechanisms Discordant information Positive growth Interof mothers & generational grandmothers: and early positive lasting life effects effect on current generation (Probably)...Negative growth of mothers & grandmothers: negative lasting effect on current generation
- 4. The Maya in Mérida, Mexico
- 7. Nutritional status based on growth data Height-for-age Stunting (chronic malnutrition) Weight-for-age Underweight Weight-for-height Wasting (acute malnutrition) BMI-for-age Overweight Obesity
- 8. Saturday, January 11, 2014
- 9. Anthropometric classification: physical growth & nutritional status (Adapted from Frisancho, 2008; www.cdc.gov/growthcharts , www.who.org) Indices Categories Height-for-age Weight-for-age Weight-forheight BMI-for-age < 5.0 percentile Z< -1.650 Stunting Underweight Wasting Low 5.0-15 percentile -1.645 <Z< -1.040 Below the mean Below the mean Below the mean Below the mean 15.1-85 percentile -1.036 <Z< +1.030 Healthy range Healthy range Healthy range Healthy range 85.1-95 percentile +1.036 <Z< +1.640 Above the mean Above the mean Above the mean Overweight 95.1-100 percentile Z> +1.645 Tall Excessive Heavy for height Obese Saturday, January 11, 2014 (not reliable)
- 14. Body composition, energy expenditure and physical activity • Lean mass (muscle): strongest predictor of energy expenditure • The shorter the stature, the lower the levels of activity energy expenditure • Girls and stunted children: lowest level of physical activity However • Children: overall highly active, above the guidelines Inactivity doesn’t seem to explain the high levels of OW/OB Wilson et al (2012)
- 15. Developed countries Growth status Immigrants in developed countries Maya in Merida Normal/tall Fat Normal/short Fatter Dual-burden Micronutrients and vitamins Excessive intake of dietary fat Excessive Unknown – needs testing caloric comsumption Common factors EE / P. Act levels Very low Probably low, but needs testing High Metabolic pathways High fat oxidation & low carb oxidation Probably reduced fat oxidation, but needs testing Not known (Probably)...Negative growth of mothers & grandmothers: negative lasting effect on current generation Negative growth of mothers, negative effect on children. Positive growth Interof mothers & generational grandmothers: and early positive lasting life effects effect on children Grandmothers being tested
- 16. Three-generation study 2012 Grandmothers Mothers Children p Stunting 88.75% 68.75% 7.50% 0.001 Underweight 2.50% 0.0% 0.0% N/A Overweight 28.75% 42.50% 26.25% 0.061 Obesity 63.75% 42.50% 7.50% 0.001 OW/OB 92.50% 85.0% 33.75% 0.001 NDB* 81.25% 58.75% 0.0% 0.001 * Nutritional individual dual-burden (stunting+ OW/OB)
- 17. Thank you