1. Syllabus– Grade 10
úIh ksrAfoaYh - 10 jir
1. Investigates the place of the computer in the world of information
mrs.Kl, f,dalfha we;s f;dr;=re yd iïnkaOù mj;sk wdldrh wOHkh lsrSu
1.1 Investigates the contribution of
ICT towards national development
cd;sl ixjrAOkhg ICT ys jeo.;alu
Definition of ICT
Uses of ICT in society
Importance of ICT
1.2 Investigates the computer as a
system for converting data into
information
mrs.Klh moaO;shla f,i i,lñka thg
o;a; we;=,;a lr tajd f;dr;=re njg
mrsjrA;kh jk wldrh wOHkh
Parts of a system
Difference between data
and information
Data and information as
input and output
Processing as the method
for converting data into
information
2. 1.3 Explores the evolution of
computers to identify its major
developments.
mrs.Klfha úldYkh iy kùk
mrs.Klh olajd tys is¥jQ m%Odk
ixjrAOkhka
Computer Generations
Hardware changes
Vacuum Tubes
Transistors
Integrated Circuits
LSIC
VLSIC
Related changes in
characteristics
Size
Capacity
Speed
Accuracy
Efficiency
3. 2. Selects and uses computer hardware
mrs.Kl oDvdx. j, Ndú;h
2.1 Classifies computers using a
variety of methods.
mrs.Kl Ndú;d lrk wdldr
wkqj jrA. lsrSu
Computer classifications
Mainframe/Mini/Micro/Super
Digital/Analog/Hybrid
General purpose/special purpose
2.2 Classifies computer peripherals by
function.
mrs.Kl Wmdx. tajdfha l%shdldrs;ajh
wkqj jrA. lsrSu
Functions of computer
peripherals
Input
Processing
Output
Storage
Dissemination
4. 2.3 Identifies and connects basic
peripherals to the computer.
uQ,sl mrs.Kl Wmdx. yÿkd .ekSu
iy tajd mrs.Klhg iïnkaO lsrSu
Basic computer components
Keyboard, mouse, system unit,
monitor
Ports
PS/2 ports, Serial port, Parallel ports
USB port ,RJ 45
2.4 Uses the basic block diagram to
demonstrate the computer system.
mrs.Klh moaO;sh lÜà rEm
igykla weiqfrka meyeos,s lsrSu
Flow path
Data/instruction signals
Control Signals
5. 2.5 Investigates benefits and
concerns of computer networks
for optimal communication.
mrs.Kl cd,hkaf.a yelshdjka iy
tajd ikaksfõokh i|yd fhdojd
.; yels wdldrh
Purpose of computer networks
Data communication
Resource sharing
Components of a network
Network Interface Cards
Internal/External
Transmission Media
Network cable
Twisted Pair, Co-axial, Fiber optics
Microwaves
Client/Server
Computers
Modems
Hub/Switches
Network Operating Systems
Types of computer Networks
LAN, MAN, WAN
Disadvantages of Networks
6. 3. Investigates the methods used for data representation in
computer systems
mrs.Kl moaO;shl o;a; ksrEmkh lsrSu i|yd Ndú;d lrk l%ufõohka
wOHkh
3.1. Uses the Binary number system to
represent data in computer
systems
mrs.Kl moaO;shla ;=< o;a;
ksrEmKh lsrSu i|yd oaùuh ixLHd
moaO;sh Ndú;d lrhs
Methods for data representation
One and zero to represent two
states
Binary number system to
represent the two states
7. 3.2. Converts decimal numbers to
Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal
oYuh ixLHdjka oaùuh,wIaguh iy
Iâ oYuh ixLHd njg mrsjrA;kh
Number systems
Decimal
Binary
Octal
Hexadecimal
Methods for related conversions
3.3 Converts Binary numbers to Decimal,
Octal, Hexadecimal numbers and vice
versa
oaùuh ixLHd oYuh,wIaguh iy Iâ
oYuh ixLHd njg mrsjrA;kh iy tajd
kej; oaùuh ixLHd njg mrsjrA;kh
Methods for relevant conversions
Binary to Decimal
Binary to Octal
Binary to Hexadecimal and vise
versa
8. 3.4 Determines the capacity of
computers in terms of data storage
mrs.Kl ;=< o;a; .nvd lsrSfï
Odrs;djhka yÿkd .eksu
Bit
Byte
Kilobyte
Megabyte
Gigabyte
Terabyte
3.5 Uses coding systems in computers
mrs.Kl ;=< Ndú;d jk fla; moaO;s
BCD
EBCDIC
ASCII
Unicode
9. End Show
What is an Information and Communication Technology ?
Processing of data via computers using the technologies from
Computing, Electronics, Telecommunications, Mechanism and
Mathematics to process, store, manage, use and distribute
information in digital and other forms.
mrs.Kl, bf,lafg%dksl, ÿrl:k ikaksfõok, hdka;%sl iy .Ks;uh
;dlaIKhkao fhdod .ksñka, mrs.Kl Ndú;d lsrSfuka o;a; .nvd lr,
l<ukdlrKh lr, Ndú;d lr, ie,iqï lr f;dr;=re njg m;alr tu
f;dr;=re wxls; (Digital) fyda fjk;a wdldrhlg f,dalh mqrd fnod yerSu
f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKhg wh;afõ'
10. End Show
Information and communication technology (ICT) is a broad subject
concerned with technology and other aspects of managing and processing
information, specially in large organizations.
ICT makes us realize how small the world, we live in, can be called as Global
village or Globalization.
f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh hk úIh ;dlaIKhka iuÕ ukd iïnkaO;djhla
mj;ajd .kakd úIhls. fuys úIh m:h b;d mq¿,a jk w;r f;dr;=re tl;= lsrSu,
ie,iqï lsrSu, l<ukdlrKh lsrSu iy fnod yerSu i|yd úYd, ixúOdkhka
;dlaIKh fhdod .kakd wdldrh .ek wOHkh f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh úIhg
wh;afõ.
f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh wm cSj;a jk f,dalh l=vd lsrSug odhl ù we;.
úYaj .ïudkh fyj;a f.da,ShlrKh hk jpkhka ksrAudKh ù we;af;ao f;dr;=re
ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh ksidh.
11. A computer is manmade, electronic, programmable and
multipurpose machine that accepts data ( e.g. raw data, facts &
figures) and process it into information with more faster, accurate
and efficiently. A computer uses stored programmed concept.
ñksid úiska ;kk ,o, bf,lafg%dksl, l%u f,aLkhka Ndú;d lrk,
nyqldrAh hka;%hla f,i mrs.Klh y÷kajhs' mrs.Klh, th ;=,g o;a;
we;=,;a lr .ksñka tu o;a; ie,iqïlr f;dr;=re njg mrsjrA;kh
lsrSu fõ.j;aj, ksjerosj iy ldrAhÌuj isÿlrk l%u f,aLkhka .nvd
lr.ksñka ls%hd;aul jk hka;%hls'
What is a computer ?
12. Importance of ICT
f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfha jeo.;alu
• Making learning more interesting specially for hard-to-understand
issues
f;areï.ekSug wmyiq lreKq fyd|ska wdlrAIKShj wOHkh l< yelsjSu
• Bridging distances
ÿria: nj wvq lsrSu
ex. using e-mails, phone, video conferencing etc.
• Breaking literacy barriers in communication
ikaksfõokfhaoS we;s jk NdIduh .eg¿ wju lr.; yelsùu
ex. using video,presentation and animation
• Research and useful Information sharing
jeo.;a f;dr;=re .fõIKh yd yqjudre lr.; yelsùu
ex. using Internet
13. • Access information on jobs/internships
/lshd i|yd wjYH f;dr;=re ,nd .; yelsùu
• Creation of new employment opportunities
kj /lshd wjia:d fidhd .ekSug yelsùu
• Enhance interaction with peers over long distances
ÿria: mqoa.,hka iuÕ woyia yqjudre lr .; yelsùu
• Create entertainment opportunities
õfkdaodiajdoh i|yd wjia:d i,id .; yelsùu
ex. games, music, video
• Provide more realistic information on life elsewhere
tosfkod cSú;fhaoS ks;r wjYH jk f;dr;=re imhd .; yelsùu
• Provide educational information (distance learning)
wOHdmkh i|yd wjYH f;dr;=re imhd .; yelsùu
• Provide health information, including on sensitive issues
fi!LH lghq;= j,g wod, úfYaI f;dr;=re ,nd .; yelsùu
14. More Speed ^ jeä fõ.h &
A computer can do mathematical operations move and copy
documents at a speed in the order of million or billion instructions
per second. Computer speed measure unit is MIPS or BIPS.
( Million / Billion of Instructions Per Second)
More Reliability ^ jeä úYajdi;dj &
Computer output is generally very reliable subject to the conditions
that the input data is correct and the program instructions should be
reliable and correct.
( Garbage In Garbage Out - GIGO concept)
mrs.Klh ,nd fok f;dr;=re j, úYajdih rod mj;skafka mrs.Klh ;=<g wdodkh
lrk o;a; iy l%uf,aLkhka j, mj;sk Wmfoia ksjeros jkafka kï muKs.
Characteristic of Computers
mrs.Klfha ,ÌK
15. High Storage capability (Power of Remembering)
.nvd lsrSfï yelshdj jeäùu ^ u;l Yla;sh jeäùu &
As various computer media can store millions of characters of data in a
condensed form, there is a tremendous saving in the storage area
required to maintain the vital records necessary in a business
environment.
mrs.Kl ;=< úYd, o;a; iy f;dr;=re m%udKhla .nvd lr .; yels neúka fj<|
jHdmdr j, mj;sk ish,q f;dr;=re mrs.Klhka ;=< .nvd lr ;nd .kS
Accuracy ^ jeä ksjeros;dj &
Computers are very accurate. They can perform their millions of
operations with great accuracy as their circuits have no mechanical
parts to wear and malfunction.
mrs.Kl ;=< bf,lafg%dksl mqjre wvx.= jk w;r tajd ;=< hdka;%sl fldgia fkdue;s
neúka wl%sh;djhkag m;aùu isÿ fkdjk neúka b;d ksjerosj l%shd;aulfõ
16. Diligence ^WfoHda.su;a nj jeäùu &
Unlike human beings, a computer free from tiredness
and lack of concentration.
ñksid fuka fkdj mrs.Klh uykaisùfuka iy wjodkh íojeàfuka f;drj
wLKavj ls%hdjkays fhoSu
Versatility ^ nyqldrAh;djfhka hqla;ùu &
A computer is capable of performing any task.
iEu ldrAhlau lsrSug we;s yelshdj
No feelings ^ ye.Sï oekSula fkdue;&
17. Present Role of ICT in Economy
f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh wdrAÓlh ;=<
ls%hd;aul jk wdldrh
19. Present Role of ICT in Economy
(1) Education ^ wOHdmkfhaoS &
• Learning ( bf.kSu )
CAL – Computer aided learning
• Teaching ( b.ekaùu)
CBT - Computer based teaching
WBT – Web based teaching
• Educational administration
( wOHdmk mrsmd,kh)
Computer aided school administration
20. Computer aided Learning
CAL involves the use of computers in learning and training. At present we
have powerful and friendly application software to design and develop
attractive education software.
CAL software are coupled with Internet we see a new dimension in
education popularly called “e-Learning” with provides opportunities to
deliver education from one corner of the world to another instantly.
CAL uD¥ldx. mrs.Kl ;=< fhdod f.k bf.kSu iy mqyqKq lsrSfï lghq;= fyd|ska
isÿl, yel. jrA;udkfha b;d wdlrAIKSh wOHdmk uD¥ldx. ksmoùu i|yd
fhdod.; yels Ndú;hg b;d myiq, ksrAudKYS,S fh¥ï uD¥ldx. (Application
Software) mj;S.
CAL uD¥ldx. wka;rAcd,fha fjì wvú (Web Site) yd iïnkaOj mj;sk úg
wOHdmkh f,dj mqrd iEu ia:dkhlgu fnod yersh yels fjhs. jrA;udkfha wka;rA
cd,h ;=,ska wOHdmkh ,nd .ekSfï l%shdj,sh úoHq;a wOHdmkh f,i yÿkajhs.
21. Computer assisted school administration
mrs.Kl Wmldrfhka wOHdmk mrsmd,kh
This involves the use of IT to automate activities in school administration
such as keeping records of students, examination results, making school
time table, normal office work and communication with other schools via
e-mail and School Net.
wOHdmk mrsmd,kfha l%shdj,shka jk isiqkaf.a f;dr;=re iy úNd. m%;sm, .nvd lsrSu,
mdi,a ld, igyk iEoSu, mdi,a ldrAhd,fha jev lghq;= iy fjk;a mdi,a iuÕ ikaksfõokh
i|yd úoHq;a ;emE, ( E - Mail) yd mdi,a cd,h ( School Net) Ndú;h ;=<ska mdi,a mrsmd,k
lghq;= iajhxlS%h lrùu i|yd f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh fhdod .kS.
22. (2) Accounting and Banking
nexl= iy .sKqï lghq;=
IT is used to automate manual accounting systems such as general ledger, sales and
purchases, stock control ( with point of sales terminal connected to stock data base ) in
banking the use of Automatic Teller Machine is a useful application of IT.
E - Money Transferring ( Debit Card, Credit card)
E – Commerce
Telebanking, PhoneBanking, Netbanking
f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dÌKh, w;ska lrk ,o .sKqïlghq;= j,g iïnkaO m%Odk
.Kka fmd;, fj<| lghq;= iy ñ,g .ekSu, nvq f;d. md,kh jeks l%shdjka ( .nvd
o;a; mdolhg iïnkaO lrk ,o úl=Kqï ia:dkh i|ydjQ moaO;shla ) ñksidf.a
ueosy;aùu wvqlsrSu ;=,ska iajhxl%Sh bgqlr .ekSug fhdod f.k we;. nexl= lafIa;%fha
Ndõ;d jk iajhxl%%Sh fg,rA hka;% ( ATM) u.ska uqo,a ,nd .ekSu b;d myiq ù we;.
úoHq;a uqo,a yqjudrej ( yr m;, Kh m;)
úoHq;a jdKscHh
≥ria: nexl=l%uh
24. (3) Transportation ( m%jdyk lafIa;%h)
IT is used in transportation by railways and airlines for
reservation of seats, control of traffic and maintaining time-
tables of vehicles and duties of crew. It is used all fields of
air traffic. Every air craft has a small computer fitted to help
pilots in various ways.
Air ticket controlling system ( electronic ticket )
Air traffic controlling system
f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dÌKh fhdod .ksñka .=jka yd ≥ïrsh
wdik fjka lsrSu, udrA. ndOd, ld, igyka iy lKavdhï ldrAh
md,kh ukdj is≥ lr .; yel. .=jka kshuqjdg úúO wdldrhg
Woõ lr .; yels l=vd mrs.Klhla .=jkahdkh ;=, iú lr
we;.
.=jka wdik fjkalsrSfï moaO;sh ( bf,lafg%dksl m%fõY m;% )
.=jka .uka md,kh lsrSfï moaO;sh
25. (4) Medicine ( ffjoH lafIa;%h )
In hospitals special computers are built inside different equipment. For example
CAT scanners ( Computer Axial Tomography ),CT scanners, MRI scanners, ECG
and EEG machines.Further maintenance of patients records in electronic
databases enhances service provided to them.
Tele – Medicine
E - Channeling
úfYaI ldrAhka bgqlsrSu i|yd úúO WmlrK iïnkaO lr f.k l%shd;aul jk
mrs.Kl frday,a ;=, we;. WodyrKhla f,i CAT ( Computer Axial Tomography )
Scanners .; yel. frda.Skaf.a f;dr;=re o;a; mdolhla ;=, ( Database ) .nvd lr
.ksñka Tjqkag b;d fyd| fiajdjla ,ndosu wo ffjoHjreka úiska is≥ lrhs.
úoHq;a ffjoH l%uh
E - Channeling
26. (5) Engineering ( bx‚fkare lafIa;%h)
Engineers use ICT to prepare drawings of machines, tools, bridges,
buildings.
ex. Computer Aided Design - CAD .
Computers are used to control manufacture of items.
ex. Computer Aided Manufacture - CAM .
The use of Robots in industries is another example.
f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dÌK uD≥ldx. fhdod f.k bx‚fkarejka úiska hka;%, fuj,ï,
md,ï iy f.dvke.s,s ksrAudKh lrhs.
WodyrK :- mrs.Kl wdY%s; ksrAudK uD≥ldx. ( CAD )
mrs.Kl fhdod f.k NdKav ksIamdok l%shdj,shka md,kh lrhs.
WodyrK :- mrs.Kl wdY%s; ksIamdok uD≥ldx. ( CAM )
frdafnda ksIamdokfhaoS f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dÌKh Ndú;h w;HjYH fõ.
29. (6) Defense & Security ( wdrÌl lafIa;%h)
IT is very useful in tracking down of criminals by maintenance of their
databases. In warfare computers are used to guide missiles. The Global
Positioning System (GPS) uses to find out enemy targets.
f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dÌK fhdod f.k wmrdOlrejkaf.a f;dr;=re
o;a; mdol ( Dtabase ) ;=, .nvd lr .ekSu ;=,ska Tjqka y∫kd .ekSu
b;d myiqfõ. hqO lghq;= j,oS ñihs,a md,kh lsrSu i|ydo f;dr;=re
ikaksfõok ;dÌKh fhdod .kS. i;=rka isák ia:dk y∫kd .eksu i|yd
f.da,Sh ia:dk y∫kd .ekSfï moaO;sh ( Global Positioning System )
fhdod .kS.
31. (7) Entertainment ( úfkdao lghq;= i|yd)
This basically covers video games, music and movies played back by
computers with multimedia facilities and which helps to feel virtual reality.
nyq udOH ( Multimedia ) myiqlï Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka mrs.Kl, l%Svd, ix.S;
iy Ñ;%má ri úkaokh i|yd f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dÌKh fhdod .kS.
mrs.Kl nyq udOH ;=,ska mqoa.,hdg icSù nj ( Virtual reality ) ms<sn| yeÛSï
we;sfõ.
Special purpose computers are used in
modern house hold appliances like
washing machines, microwave ovens,
television sets and video cassette players .
kùk .Dy WmlrKhka jk fros fidaok
hka;%, microwave W≥ka, rEmjdyskS iy
Cassette hka;% ;=,o mrs.Kl ;=, wvx.=
jk u;lh iy Microchips we;=,;a lr
we;s ksid fuu WmlrK úfYaI ldrAhhka
i|yd ieliqKq mrs.Kl f,io y∫kajhs
Using 3D graphical devices
Using Music
Organ as a
input device
32. ICT Tool
f;dr;=re ;dÌKsl fuj,ï
Tools used in creation, processing, transfer and sharing of data and
information is called IT tools. IT tools can be referred as hardware, software
and communication.
f;dr;=re iy o;a; ksrAudKh lsrSug, ie,iqï lsrsug iy yqjudre lsrSug Ndú;d
lrk ish¨u foa f;dr;=re ;dÌKsl fuj,ï j,g wh;afõ. f;dr;=re ;dÌKsl fuj,ï
f,i oDvdx., uD≥ldx. yd ikaksfõok WmlrK ish,a, ie,lsh yel.
33. Defining a computer system
mrs.Kl moaO;sh ye|skaùu
A computer has more than one part. All these parts are called hardware of the
computer. And also these parts are the tangible things that make up a computer. A
computer system consists of Display unit, System unit, Keyboard and Mouse.
Computer has no intelligence or IQ ( Quotion of intelligence.)
mrs.Klh ksrAudKhù we;af;a fldgia lsysmhl tl;=fjks. fuu fldgia ish,a,
w;ska we,a,sh yels oDvdx. ( Hardware) tl;=ùfuka ksrAudKhù we;. mrs.Kl
moaO;shl ms<sônq tallh (Display Unit), moaO;s tallh (System Unit), h;=re
mqjrej (key Board) iy uQislh ( Mouse) hk fldgia wvx.=fõ. mrs.Klh
i;=j nqoaêu;a nfõ M,h ( IQ ) uekSula ke;.
Display Unit
key Board
System Unit Mouse
34. A computer will not be useful without making a computer system. A computer
system is a combination of six elements.
1. Hardware – Basic electronic and electro - mechanical parts in a
computer.
2. Software – instruction to hardware
3. Data and Information
4. Procedures and Instructions
5. People (Live Ware)
6. Communication
mrs.Kl moaO;shla ksrAudKhùfuka muKla mrs.Klh iïmQrAK jkafka ke;. thska
m%fhdack ,nd .ekSug kï wjhj yhla Bg iïnkaO úh hq;=h.
1. oDvdx. - mrs.Klfha bf,lafg%dksl yd hdka;%sl fldgia j, tl;=j
2. uD≥ldx. - oDvdx. i|yd wjYH Wmfoia ,nd fohs
3. o;a; iy f;dr;=re
4. l%shd ms<sfj, yd Wmfoia
5. mqoa.,hka
6. ikaksfõokh
37. How Data becomes Information
o;a; f;dr;=re njg m;ajk wdldrh
Today is a Rainy
Day. Please take
your Umbrella
with you!
Wow,
I got it.
38. Data ( o;a; )
Data are the basic facts about things, persons, places, business activities and events
that in unprocessed form. Data have little meaning and are defined as raw materials
that inputs into computer. we can not make decisions and forecasting by using data.
hïlsis fohl, mqoa.,hl=f.a, ia:dkhl, fj<| l%shdj,shl iy fkdfhla l%shdjkag
iïnkaOj mj;sk ie,iqïlrKhg Ndckh fkdlrk ,o uQ,sl ir, lreKq o;a;
f,i y∫kajhs. o;a; b;d l=vd woyila f.k fok mrs.Klh ;=,g wdodkh lrk
wuqøjH f,io y∫kajhs. wmg ;SrK .ekSug iy wkdjels m%ldY lsrSu i|yd o;a;
Ndú;d l< fkdyel.
E.g. :- Data concerning an employee Wod. :- fiajlhl=f.a o;a; ie,l+ úg
Employee number fiajl wxlh
Name ku
Date of employment fiajhg ne≥kq oskh
Department fomdrA;fïka;=j
Job title /lshdj
Salary jegqm
39. Data Types
o;a; jrA.
Text ( jpk)
Digits – numerical ( b,lalï ) - 0...9
Letters - Alphabetical ( wl=re) - a .. z, A .. Z
Punctuation marks ( úrdu ,l=Kq ) - . , :
Special Characters ( úfYaI wkq,laIK ) - $, # @ ^ * ! Space
Audio ( Yíohka ) - Tones and other sounds, voice
Imaging ( rEm) - Dots, Lines, Circles, rectangles
diagrams, images, pictures.
40. Qualitative data ( .=Kd;aul o;a;)
Ex:- He is a obedient student
He is a good boy
She has a long hair.
Quantitative data ( m%udKd;aul o;a; )
Ex:- Saman is 5 feet tall.
Temperature is 20 C0
He got 90 marks for IT
41. Nature of Data ( o;a; j, iajNdjh)
• Data can be
– Collected and stored.
– Retrieved from a storage medium.
– Communicated.
– Processed.
• Well managed data can
– save time and money
– increase productivity
– enhance decision making
o;a; tl;= lsrSu iy .nvd lsrSu i|yd fhdod .; yel
o;a;hka ;ekam;a lr we;s o;a; .nvd ;=,ska kej; ,nd .; yel
o;a; ikaksfõokh l, yel
o;a; ie,iqï l, yel
o;a; ukd f,i ixúOdkh lsrSu ;=,ska
ld,h iy uqo,a b;srs lr .; yel
M,odhs;dj jeä lr .; yel
;SrK .ekSfï yelshdj jeä lr .; yel
42. Information ( f;dr;=re)
Computer data that has been well organized and presented in a systematic fashion
with meaningful way. we can make decisions, planning and forecasting by using
information.
mrs.klh ;=< we;s o;a; ukd f,i ixúOdkh lr, úêu;a wdldrhg
wrA:dkaú;j bosrsm;a lsrsu ;=,ska ,efnk m%;s:,h f;dr;=rla f,i ye|skaúh
yel. f;dr;=re ;SrK .eksu, l,ska hula ixúOdkh lsrSu iy wkdjels m, lsrSu
i|yd fhdod .; yel.
Processing into
meaningful form
Data Information
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
43. Characteristics of Information
( f;dr;=re j, ,ÌK)
Information
• is meaningful
• is a surprise element
• is an action
• is an action motivator
• confirms and refreshes previous knowledge
• is considered an economic resource
• is an economic commodity which helps to stimulate the worldwide growth
of a new segment of national economics
• can only be shared in transactions and not exchanged.
• is relative.
f;dr;=re
• wrA:dkaú;hs
• uú;h okjk wjhjhls
• l%shdjla we;s lrhs
• l%shdjla lsrSu i|yd fmd<Ujhs
• l,ska ,nd.;a oekqu ;yjqre lsrSu iy kej; fufkys lsrSu is≥ lrhs
• wdrA:slfha iïm;la f,i i,lhs
• wdrA:sl øjHhla th cd;sl wdrA:slh jrAOkh lsrSug odhl jk idOlhls
• NdKav fuka fjka fjkaj yqjudre l, fkdyels w;r fldgia jYfhka yqjudre
lr .; yel
• iïnkaO;djka fmkajhs
44. Factors that improve the quality of information
f;dr;=rl .=Kd;aul nj jeäùu flfrys n,mdk idOl
• Relevance wod, nj
• Completeness iïmQrAK nj
• Accuracy ksjeros nj
• Clarity (Clearness) meyeos,s nj
• Timeliness wjYH kshï; fõ,djg ,nd .; yels nj
• Make of Communication ikaksfõokfhaoS fyd|ska Ndú;d l, yels nj
• Origin W;amdokh jQ m%Njh / uQ,drïNjQ ia:dkh
Uses of information
f;dr;=re j, Ndú;h
• Day – to – day routine work tosfkod jev lghq;= i|yd
• Knowledge oekqu ,nd .ekSu i|yd
• Planning wkd.; ie<iqï i|yd
• Forecasting wkdjels m< lsrSu i|yd
45. End Show
Value of information
f;dr;=rl jákdlu
The value of information is determined on the basis of its relevance. The moment
you create or receive information, it has a great value but this drops rapidly with
time. This leads to a very important rule called the ‘Golden Rule’ of information.
It states that the highest value of information occurs at time zero.
f;dr;=rl jákdlu ;SrKh lsrSu flfrys f;dr;=frys wod, nj iy tu
f;dr;=r b;d wvq ld,hloS ,nd .; yelsùu hk idOl jeo.;afõ. tA wkqj
wod, jk f;dr;=rla b;du wvq ld,hloS ,nd .; yels jkafka kï tu
f;dr;=rg ‘Golden Rule’ ixl,amh we;=,;a ù w;ehs i,lhs. fuu ixl,amhg
WmrSu jákdlu ,efnkafka f;dr;=r ,nd .ekSug lsisu ld,hla jeh fkdjkafka
kï muKs.
46. Methods of converting data into information
o;a; f;dr;=re njg m;aùfï l%u
1) Data received by a computer via its input devices
mrs.Klfha wdodk WmlrK j,ska mrs.Klhg o;a; we;=,;a lsrSu
2) Stored in memory prior to processing
wNHka;r u;lh ;=, ie,iqï lrk f;la ;djld,slj .nvd lsrSu
3) Data get processed
o;a; ie,iqï lsrSu
4) Results (Information) sent to the output devices
f;dr;=re m%;sodk WmlrK j,g heùu
Memory ProcessorKey board
47. History of Computers
Ancient Times
In the beginning, man used his fingers and
toes to perform simple computations such as
addition and subtraction.
uq,a ld,fhaoS tl;= lsrSu iy wvq lsrSu jeks .Ks;
lrAu lsrSu i|yd ñksid úiska ;u w;af,a iy mdofha
weÛs,s Ndú;d lrk ,oS.
48. 3000 BC - The first man-made
computing device is the “Abacus”. In
the Abacus, small beads are arranged
on a series of vertical rods in a manner
that by manipulating them, it is possible
with some skill and practice, to make
rapid calculations.
l%s. mq. 3000 oS muK ñksid úiska .Kka
lsrSu i|yd m%:u mrs.Kl WmlrKh f,i
wenli hka;%h Ndú;d lrk ,oS. wenlih
isyska ;Sre iys; ,S rduq j,g iú lrk ,o
fnda, j,ska hqla;h. .egΩjg wkqj fuu
fnda, tyd fuyd lrñka tu .egΩj úi|sh
yel. yelshdj iy mqyqKqj u.ska .Ks;
lrAu úi|Su jvd fõ.fhka is≥ lr .;
yel.
Abacus
49. 1617 – Napier's Bones
• John Napier (1550-1617), a Scottish
mathematician, invented the Napier’s
Bones - an aid to multiplication with
using log tables.
• A set of bones consisted of nine (9)
rods, one for each digit 1 through 9. A
rod is essentially one column of a
multiplication table.
1617 fcdaka fkamshrA úiska ,>q .Kl
j.= Ndú;fhka .=K lsrSu i|yd
fkamshrA fndkaia Ndõ;d lrk ,oS.
m;=re iuqyh ;=, l+re 9la wvx.=fõ.
tu l+re j, 1 isg 9 olajd wxl fhdod
we;. l+re ( Rod ) jeä lsrSu i|yd
fhdod .kakd j.=fõ tla ;Srhlafõ.
John Napier
Napier’s Bones ( Napier's Rods )
Can Multiply two numbers
50. 1642 - Blaise Pascal, a French
mathematician, invented an adding
machine. The machine has adopted
partly the principles of the abacus but
did away with the use of the hand to
move the beads or counters. Instead,
Pascal used wheels to move counters.
1642 oS m%xY cd;sl .Ks;{hd
wdl,k hka;%h ( Adding machine)
ksrAudKh lrk ,os. fuu hka;%fha
wenlifha uq,OrAu Ndú;d jk w;r
fnda, ( Beads ) yqjudre lsrSu i|yd
w; Ndú;h wvq fldg tA i|yd oe;s
frdao Ndú;d lrk ,oS.
Pascaline Machine
51. 1674 - German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibnitz made
improvements on Pascal’s machine. With Leibnitz’s improvements, it
was possible for the machine to divide and multiply as easily as it could
add and subtract.
1674 oS crAuka cd;sl .Ks;{hl= jk Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibnitz
úiska meial,a ksrAudKh lrk ,o hka;%h oshqKq lrñka tl;= lsrSu iy wvq
lsrSug wu;rj jeä lsrSu iy fnoSu i|ydo fhdod .; yels whqrska ilia
lrk ,os.
Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibnitz
52. Charles Babbage
Charles Babbage the first person introduced the stored
program concept and built mechanical memory. And also he
introduced input, processing, storing and output units in his
Analytical engine machine. He laid the foundation for the
modern computer. Charles Babbage is credited with being
the “Father of Computer”.
l%uf,aLk .nvd lsrSu iy hdka;%sl u;lhla ksrAudKh lrk ,o
m%:u mqoa.,hd jkafka pd,aia nefícah. Tyq ksrAudKh lrk ,o
Analytical Engine WmlrKh ;=, kùk mrs.Klhl wka;rA.;
wdodk fldgi, ie,iqï fldgi, .nvd lsrSfï fldgi iy m%;sodk
fldgi wvx.=fõ. tu ksid fudyq mrs.Klfha mshd f,io y≥kajhs.
Analytical
Engine
Difference Engine
DIFFERENTIAL ENGINE (In 1822)
ANALYTICAL ENGINE (In 1833)
53. 1880 – Dr.Herman Hollerith developed the punched card ( is≥rem;a
;dlaIKh) that would contain data coded in form of punched holes.
World famous IBM computer production company was established
by Dr. Herman Hellorith.
PUNCHED CARD MACHINE
(Tabulating Machine)Herman Hollerith
1840 – Ada Augusta Lovelace, the first programmer
suggested binary data storage. ( Machine Language )
54. 1944 – Howard Aiken built Mark 1 the first automatic,
sequence controlled calculator (MARK 1) used by military.
Electromechanical Relays ( úoHq;a hdka;%sl fldgia ) were
used in MARK 1.
1945 - John von Neumann introduced the stored various programs
in a computer and used that programs for multipurpose
task.
55. 1. First Generation (1939-1957) - vacuum tube
2. Second Generation Computers (1957-1959) - transistor
3. Third Generation Computers (1959-1971) - IC
4. Fourth Generation (1971-1990) - microprocessor
5. Fifth Generation ( Present and beyond ) – Artificial Intelligence
Generation of Computers
56. 1947 – Mauchy and Eckert built ENIAC – 1st Electronic digital computer. 18000
Vacuum tubes were used in ENIAC.
1951 – Mauchy and Eckert built UNIVAC 1 – 1st commercially sold.
1957 - IBM 704 was developed by IBM corporation.
1. First Generation (1939-1957) - Vacuum Tube
Characteristic of first generation computers
1. Using magnetic drum for main memory.
2. Generate lot of heat
3. Need high Voltage
4. Computers are very large and required very large space
5. Using machine language for programming
57. Atanasoff-
Berry Computer
1939, from IEEE
magnetic drum
memory of the
Atanasoff-Berry
Computer 1939,
from Smithsonian
NMAH
Whirlwind core
memory 1951,
from IEEE
UNIVAC 1951,
from Smithsonian
NMAH
UNIVAC I ca.
1955, from
Smithsonian
58. "First transistor (model), December 1947. Constructed by
John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley at
Bell Laboratories,"
2. Second Generation Computers (1957 -1959) – Transistor
John Barden, Walter Brattain and william Shockly constructed the first Transistor.
IBM introduced the 702 business computer
Bendix G-15A small business computer sold for only $45,000
designed by Harry Huskey.
Characteristic of Second generation computers
1. Reduce the heat generation
2. Increase the storage capacity
3. Increase in speed
4. Computers are smaller than 1st generation computers
5. No need high Voltage
59. 3. Third Generation Computers (1959 -1971) – IC
1959 - Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments patented the first integrated circuit
and he made his first germanium IC in Oct. 1958.
1964 - IBM produced SABRE, the first airline reservation tracking system
for American Airlines
1968 - DEC introduced the first "mini-computer", the PDP-8
1969 - Development began on ARPAnet
Characteristic of Third generation computers
1. Using keyboard and monitors
2. Computers are very smaller than 2nd generation computers
3. Using the portable disk pack
4. Manufactures produced similar and compatible computers
60. End Show
4. Fourth Generation (1971-Present) – microprocessor
1971 - Gilbert Hyatt at Micro Computer Co. patented the microprocessor;
Ted Hoff at Intel in February introduced the 4-bit 4004.
1972 - Intel made the 8-bit 8008 and 8080 microprocessors
1973 - IBM developed the first true sealed hard disk drive, called the "Winchester"
1976 - Jobs and Wozniak developed the Apple personal computer
1984 - Apple Computer introduced the Macintosh personal computer January 24
Intel 4004 microprocessor in 1971,
from Intel Museum
Wozniak and Jobs
introduced Apple II
in 1977, from History
of Apple
Apple I of 1976, from
Smithsonian NMAH
61. Characteristic of fourth generation computers
1. Use mini computers ( l=vd m%udKfha mrs.Kl ) and Micro computers ( iQlaIu mrs.Kl )
2. Produced very small computers
3. Using large memory and high storages
4. Using Mouse, Joys stick and scanners as input devices
62. 5. Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond)
1991 - World-Wide Web (WWW) was developed by Tim Berners-Lee.
1994 - Internet browser Navigator 1.0 was released Dec. 1994.
1996 - Microsoft failed to recognized the importance of the Web, but finally
released the much improved browser Explorer 3.0.
This generation of computers represents a unification of four separate areas of
research.
1. Artificial Intelligence
2. Knowledge base expert system
3. Very high level programming languages
4. Very large scale Integration technology
mrs.Kl mrïmrdfõ fuu wjêh ms,sn|j wOHkh lsrSfïoS my; oelafjk lreKq
y;r fj; úfYaIfhka wjOdkh fhduq lr we;.
1. lD;su nqoaêh
2. oekqu mokï fldg .;a úfYaI« moaO;s
3. b;d by< iSudfõ l%uf,aL NdIdj
4. w;ss WÉp mrsudfõ ixhqla; ;dlaIKh
63. Technical Evolution of Computers
• Increase in speed
• Increase in storage capacity
• Increase in reliability
• Increase in efficiency
Period Circuitry Input Output Storage Language Typical
computers
1951-
1959
Vacuum
Tubes
Punched
cards &
magnetic
tapes
Punched
cards
Magnetic
Tapes
Machine
Assembly
UNIVAC-1
1959-
1965
Transistors Punched
cards &
magnetic
tapes
Punched
cards
Magnetic
Tapes
Magnetic
disk
High level
languages
FORTRAN
IBM 1400
1965-
1971
Integrated
Circuits
Keyboards Monitors Magnetic
disks
PASCAL IBM
System/360
• Increase in accuracy
• Reduction in system cost
• Reduce the size
64. Classification of Computers
mrs.Kl jrA.SlrKh
• According to generation – mrïmrdj wkqj
• According to computational method – ksrAudK ;dlAIKh wkqj
• According to Size and capability – m%udKh yd yelshdj wkqj
• According to Purpose – lrk ldrAh wkqj
Selects and uses Computer hardware
mrs.Kl oDvdx. j, Ndú;h
65. Classification based on Computational method (Technology)
1. Digital – ixLHdxl mrs.Kl
2. Analog – m%;siu mrs.Kl
3. Hybrid - ñY% fyda fouqyqï mrs.Kl
Digital Computers
They recognize data by counting discrete signal representing either a high or low voltage
(1 and 0 ) state of electricity. The input devices convert data into electronic pulses.
Advantages of the use of digital computers is that they are very accurate and hence are
most suitable for business applications.
The main disadvantage is their high cost and the complexity in programming.
fuu mrs.Kl o;a; y∫kd .ekSu i|yd fjka fjkaj msysgk ix{d f,i ú≥,sh jeä
iy wvq ;;ajhka folla (1 iy 0) Ndú;d lrhs. wdodk WmlrK u.ska o;a; mrs.Kl
;=,g we;=,q lsrSfïoS tu o;a; 1 iy 0 njg m;a lrhs.
ixLHdxl mrs.Kl j, jdishla f,i b;d ksjerosj l%shd;aulùu ie,lsh yel. tu ksid
fj<| lghq;= i|yd fuu jrA.fha mrs.Kl Ndú;h jvd iq≥iqfõ.
jeä ñ, iy l%uf,aLkhka Ndú;h ixlSrAKùu fuu mrs.Kl j, we;s wjdisfõ.
66. Analog Computers
These computers recognize data as a continuous measurement of a physical property (voltage,
pressure, speed and temperature).
Example: Automobile speedometer, Electric current Meter
Analog computers process data input in a continuous form. Data such as voltage, resistance or
temperature are represented in the computer as a continuous, unbroken flow of information, as
in engineering and scientific applications, where quantities to be processed exists as waveforms
of continually rising and falling voltages, pressure and so on.
The analog computer offers low cost and ease of programming.
The main disadvantage of an analog computer is the accuracy factor, and the limited storage
capacity. Hence it is not suitable for processing business data.
fuu jrA.fha mrs.Kl o;A; y≥kd.ekSfï oS wLKavj .,d hk fN!;sl idOlhkaf.a
( fjda,aàh;djh, mSvkh, fõ.h, WIaK;ajh) ñKqï Ndú;d lrhs.
Wod :- jdykhl fõ.udkh
fuu mrs.Kl j, ix{d .uka lrkafka taldldrj jk w;r tu ix{d fjda,aàh;djh,
m%;sfrdaOh,mSvkh jeks fN!;sl idOl wvq jeäùfuys ;rx.dldrh wkqj o;a; ,nd .ekSu iy
ilia lr f;dr;=re ,ndoSu is≥ lrhs.
wvq ñ, iy l%uf,aLkhka Ndú;h myiqùu fuu mrs.Kl j, we;s jdisfõ.
m%;siu mrs.Kl j, wjdis f,i b;d ksjerosj l%shd;aul fkdùu;a,wvq Odrs;djh;a ie,lsh
yel. tu ksid fj<| lghq;= i|yd fuu jrA.fha mrs.Kl Ndú;h jvd iq≥iqfkdfõ.
68. Hybrid Computer
A computer can also be built using some parts employing digital computations
and some parts based on Analog principles. Such computers are called Hybrid
Computers.
Ex:- Modern Fuel filling Machines
m%;siu iy ixLHdxl hk fojrA.fhau ix{d hgf;a l%shd l, yels, fohdldrfhkau
f;dr;=re ,ndoSfï yelshdj we;s mrs.Kl fuhg wh;afõ.
Wod :- kùk f;,a msrjqï hka;%
69. Classification based on Size and Capability
1. Super Computer ( iqmsrs mrs.Kl )
2. Mainframe computer ( uyd mrs.Kl )
3. Mini Computers ( uOH mrs.Kl )
4. Micro Computer ( laIqø mrs.Kl )
Super Computer
These are the largest and fastest computers available but are typically not used for commercial
data processing. Instead they are used in specialized areas as in Defense, Aircraft design,
Artificial intelligence, Scientific and nuclear experiments and weather research. Suppliers of
supercomputer are CRAY, CDC, FUGITSU, NEC . Supercomputers can process 64 bits or more
at a time. Their processing speed ranges from 10,000 million instructions per sec (MIPS) to 1.2
billion instructions per sec. They can support 10,000 terminals at a time. They have huge
numbers of storage and other devices connected to them.
fõ.j;au iy úYd,u mrs.Kl jk iqmsrs mrs.Kl jdKscuh o;a; ie,iqï lsrSu i|yd
idudkHfhka fhdod fkd.kS. tu ksid fuu mrs.kl wdrlaIl, .=jkahdkd ksraudK, lD;su nqoaêh,
úoHd;aul iy kHIaál w;ayod ne,Sï iy ld,.=K f;dr;=re wëlaIK jeks úfYaI lghq;=
i|yd fhdod .kS. iqmsrs mrs.Kl ksIamdok wdh;k f,i CRAY, CDC, FUJITSU, NEC
ye|skaúh yel. iqmsrs mrs.Kl 64 bit fyda Bg jeâ ie,iqï lsrSï i|yd fhdod .kS. fuu
mrs.kl j, ie,iqï lsrSfï fõ.h 10,000 MIPS j, isg 1.2 BIPS w;r mrdihl
mj;S. tljr terminals 10,000 iuÛ jqjo, iqmsrs mrs.Kl l%shd;aul l, yel. fuu
mrs.Kl iuÛ wdphk tall iy fjk;a WmlrK úYd, m%udKhla iïnkaO l< yel.
71. Mainframe
Mainframes are less powerful and cheaper than Super computers. However, they are big
general purpose computers capable of handling all kinds of scientific and business
applications. Mainframes can process several million instructions per second. More than
1000 remote terminals can be supported by a Mainframe. Mainframes have large on-line
secondary storage capacity. A number of different types of peripheral devices like
magnetic tape drivers, hard disk drive, visual display units, plotters, printers and
telecommunication terminals can be attached to Mainframe computers. Mainframes are
used for payroll computations, accounting, business transactions, information retrieval
and airline seat reservations.
72. Mini Computers
This type of computer performs data processing activities in the same way as the Mainframe
but on a smaller scale. The cost of minis is lower. As the name implies, a minicomputer is
small compared to a Mainframe and may be called a scaled down Mainframe as the processor
and the number of peripherals are physically smaller. A mini computer can typically support
10 to 50 terminals. The most popular Minicomputers or minis are Nova, Dec, PDP_II and
IBM series.
73. Micro Computers / Personnel Computers (PC)
This is the smallest category of computers, consisting of a microprocessor and associated
storage and input/output devices. These are also called Personal Computer systems.
Microcomputers were first available for widespread use in the 1970’s, when it became possible
to put the entire circuitry of computers (CPU) in to a small silicon chip.
Ex:- Desktop - Computers that can be placed on top of a desk but are not very portable
Laptop - that are small enough to be set up on the lap of a user
Note book – Computers that are the size of a book
Palmtop / PDA ( Personal Digital Assistant )- that can be put in a pocket or palm
Workstation – That are same as desktop. But more powerful than desktop. Use for
3D graphic design and animations.
DesktopPDA Lap Top Note Book
Portable
Computers
74. Classification based on Purpose
1. General purpose Computers
( idudkH lghq;= i|yd Ndõ;d lrk mrs.Kl )
2. Special Purpose Computers
( õfYaI ldrAh i|yd Ndõ;d lrk mrs.Kl )
75. 1. General purpose Computers
A General Purpose Computer is a machine that is capable of carrying out some
general data processing under program control.
76. 2. Special purpose Computers
A computer that is designed to operate on a specific class of
problems.
Use special purpose computer equipment to
obtain patient diagnostic information.
77. Basic function of a computer
Basic organization of computer performs five major operations.
1. The input functions – accepts data or instructions by way of input.
( wdodkh fyj;a o;a; iy Wmfoia we;=Ω lsrSu )
2. The storage function - Stores data and instructions
( wdphkh fyj;a o;a; f;dr;=re ;ekam;a lsrSu )
3. The processing function – processes data by required by user
( ieliSu )
4. The output function - gives result in form of output
( m%;sodkh fyj;a o;a; f;dr;=re msg;g ,ndoSu )
5. The control function - controls the all operations inside the computer
( md,kh )
81. In a computer system 4 main elements uses to perform the function.
1. Central Processing Unit – uOH ieliqï tAllh
2. Input unit – wdodk tallh
3. Output unit – m%;sodk tallh
4. Storage unit – wdphk tallh
Central Processing Unit – uOH ieliqï tAllh
It contains main 2 parts.
1. Control Unit - md,k tallh
Interprets stored instructions in sequence. Issues command
to all elements of the computer.
mrs.Klfha ish,qu md,k lghq;= is≥lrkq ,nkafka fuu tallh
u.sks. wjYH lrk wjia:d j,oS wjYH wdldrfhka jq wK lsrSu ,nd foñka
mrs.Klfha ish,q fldgia md,kh lrhs,
2. Arithmetic and Logic Unit - wxl .ksluh iy ;dr®lsl tallh
Performs all arithmetic and logic operations.
ish,qu wdldrfha jq wxl .Ks;uh ldr®hhka iy ;dr®lsl lghq;=
is≥ lrhs.
82. Input unit ( wdodk tallh )
Input devices are used to input data that is to be processed and programs that includes
processing instruction to the computer.
wdodk WmlrK u.ska ie,iqï lsrSu i|yd wjYH jk o;a; we;=,a lsrSu;a, l%u
f,aLkhka ;=, mj;sk ie,iqï lsrSug wod, úOdkhka we;=,a lsrSu;a is≥ lrhs.
83. Input Devices
Key Board ( h;=re mqjrej )
Mouse ( uqislh )
Track Ball
Joy Stick
Touch Screens ( iamrAY ;srh )
Digital camera / Web camara
Digitizer
Light Pen ( m%ldY mEk )
Scanners
Image scanners
Fingerprint scanners
Bar code reader
optical Character recognition (OCR)
Optical Mark recognition (OMR)
Magnetic Ink Character recognition (MICR)
Microphone
85. The most common keyboards are:
1. 101-key Enhanced keyboard
2. 104-key Windows keyboard
3. 82-key Apple standard keyboard
4. 108-key Apple Extended keyboard
Main keyboard layout are QWERTY layout and DVORAK layout.
Keyboard keys can be classified into six groups.
1. Alphabet keys
2. Number keys
3. Function keys
4. Numeric key pad
5. Arrow keys
6. Special keys
Shift key
Enter key
Backspace key
Caps lock keys
Control key
Delete key
86. Mouse (uQislh)
Ball Mouse
Optical Mouse
A ball underneath rolls as the
mouse moves across the mouse
pad.
Mice first broke onto the public stage with the introduction of the Apple
Macintosh in 1984 .
87. Trackball Mouse
Touch sensitive pad
Track ball is a movable ball, that is rotated with
the fingers or palm of the hand.
Advantage of track ball is that, it does not need
as much desk space as a mouse.
Use in note books and laptops.
88. Joystick
It consists vertical handle like a gear shift
lever mounted on a bas e with one or two
buttons. It uses in games and engineering
controlling.
Touch Screen
Touch screen is a video display screen
that receives input from the touch of a
finger or stylus.
89. Digital Camera
Web Camera
• video conferencing
• Chatting
• Capture small video Clips
Using to input pictures and images.
Digital camera Normal camera
No Need film roll Need film roll
No developing cost Have Developing cost
Can erase the pictures Cannot erase the pictures
Can crop the image Cannot crop
Can Zoom in and out Cannot Zoom in and out
90. Digitizer
Recognize drawings by hand. Using
architectures and Designers.
Light pen
The user can bring the pen to the desired
point on the screen. When pen touches the
screen, it sends the information available at
the location to the computer.
91. Scanners
Image scanner
Uses to input images, drawings and pictures
Finger printer Scanners
Uses to input human’s finger marks
92. Bar code reader
Uses to input data about items such as unit price, code
number, expire date , manufacture date and weight.
optical Character recognition (OCR) Uses to input Characters
94. Magnetic Ink Character recognition (MICR)
Uses to read cheques
Microphone
Use to input sound
95. Output Unit
These devices allow the computer to output information for the benefit
of the users.
1. Hard copy - Output can be printed on paper or other
permanent media.
2. Softcopy - Output can be displayed on a screen or output by
other non-permanent means.
ex. :- Floppy Disk, CD
Output devices
Monitors / Visual display unit
Printers
Plotters
Speakers
Projectors
97. CRT Monitors LCD monitors
Need high voltage No need high voltage
Very heavy Less heavy
Need more space No need more space
Less mega pixel High mega pixel
More heat generation Less heat generation
Different between CRT and LCD screens
Plasma Screens
These are used for very large screens and in some modern laptops.
They are flat screens with good colour, but are quite expensive.
99. Measurement of printing
• Dots-per-inch (dpi)
Different between dot matrix and inkjet printers
Dot-matrix Printer Ink-Jet Printer
Impact printer Non- impact printer
Very noisy Less noisy
Use ribbon cartridge Uses ink cartridge
Can take multiple printouts at once Can’t take multiple printouts at once
Can’t get quality printouts Can get quality printouts
Need supervision No need supervision
Less speed More speed than dot-matrix
Less cost for maintenance High cost for maintenance
101. Plotters
Plotters are designed to produce high-quality graphics in variety of colours.
Plotters are specially useful for creating maps and architectural drawings. It
uses to get printouts about charts and graphics.
Speakers
Use to output alerts, music and voice.
Projectors
Projectors are used in presentation. We can make large Visual
display area by using projectors.
102. Storage devices ( wdphk tAll )
Can be divided into two categories.
1. Secondary storage devices
2. Primary storage device ( Internal storage / RAM )
1. Secondary storage ( oaù;shsl .nvdj )
can be divided into three categories.
1. Magnetic Media
2. Optical Media
3. Electronic Media ( Flash drives)
103. Secondary Storage
Backing Storage ( ndysr .nvdj )
Magnetic Optical Flash Memory
Hard Disk
Floppy Disk
Zip Disk
Magnetic Tape WORM CD
RW CD
DVD
Flash Drive
Pen Drive
Data Traveler
Memory Chip
( in Digital
Cameras &
Mobile Phones)
104. End Show
Magnetic Media
Magnetic tape
Advantages
Magnetic tapes is the cheapest storage
medium.
It can handle large amount of Data.
Disadvantage
Magnetic tape is the slowest for
retrieval data.
Data can be read on sequentially. ( One
after another.)
105. End Show
Magnetic Disk / Floppy Disk ( kuH ;eá )
51/2 Floppy disk
31/2 Floppy disk (1.44 MB)
Floppy Disk insert into a floppy Drive and it copies or reads data into a floppy
disk. The big advantage of floppy disk is that they are portable.
106. End Show
Zip Disk / Jazz Disk
These disks can store more capacity than Floppy
Disk. Zip disk can store 100MB to 750 MB and
Jazz Disk can store 1GB to 2GB.
Hard Disk ( oDv ;eá )
This is a main storage media for a computer to store data. (non-removable storage
media ) Data access is very fast, measured in milliseconds.
107. End Show
Optical media
CD 650/900MB
Compact disk ( ix.; / ixhqla; ;eá )
Types of CDs
(650MB/900MB
Diameter 12cm
Thickness 1.2mm
• CD- ROM = Compact Disc Read Only Memory
• WORM = Write Once read Many Disk
• CD-RW= Compact Disc Rewritable (Many time)
108. End Show
DVD (Digital Versatile Disk)
ixLHdxl nyqúO ;eá
Types of DVDs
Single Side Single layer = 4.5GB
Double Side Single layer = 9.4GB
Single Side Double layer = 8.54GB
Double Side Double layer = 17GB
Digital Versatile Disk
Industry standard and recognized by the DVD
Forum:
DVD-R = DVD Recordable
DVD-RW = DVD Rewritable
DVD-RAM = DVD Random Access Memory
110. Flash Memory
Flash drive / Thumb drive / Pen Drive
There are no disks inside the storage unit. It's
a memory module with a larger storage
capacity than a floppy disk. This kind of unit
is mainly used for transporting data from one
PC to another. It's small and light and fits
into your pocket.
111. Memory Chip
2. Primary storage device ( Internal storage)
Use in digital camera and hand phones as a storage.
Primary storage can be divided into three types.
1. Random Access Memory
2. Read Only Memory
3. Cache memory
112. 1. Random Access Memory
iiïNdù msõiqï u;lh
RAM or the main memory is the computer’s short-term memory that temporarily
holds data and instructions, which will be needed shortly by the CPU. Data and
instructions can be stored and retrieved from anywhere in the RAM. RAM is
volatile ( kIH u;lh ), which means that it loses its data when the computer is
turned off. RAM is supplied in modules, small circuit boards which can be plugged
into the motherboard in special sockets.
DDR-RAM
RAMBUS
DIMM-RAM
113. 2. Read only memory
mGk ud;% u;lh
Computers almost always contain a small amount of read-only memory that
holds instructions for starting up the computer. ROM is Non-volatile ( kIH
fkdjk u;lh ), which means that it doesn’t loses its data when the
computer is turned off. These programs will be supplied by the
manufacturers permanently kept inside the ROM. ROM consists software
called BIOS. (Basic Input Output System)
114. 3. Cache memory ( jdrl u;lh)
Special memory is built in between RAM and CPU called Cache memory.
Cache memory is attached into the CPU or the Main board. Cache memory
is more faster than RAM. The performance of the CPU is increase while the
CPU uses the Cache memory.
Cache memory can be two types.
1. Primary Cache memory / Level 1 [ L1] m%d:ñl jdrl u;lh
Primary Cache memory is attached into the CPU and it
contains small amount of memory storage. It is the speediest memory.
2. Secondary Cache memory / Level 2 [ L2] oaù;shsl jdrl u;lh
Secondary Cache memory is built in Mother board and it is
also near the CPU. It contains large amount of memory storage. It is
slower than Primary Cache memory .
CPU Cache memory RAM
117. 1. PS2 port – Keyboard and mouse
2. USB port - (Universal serial bus)
Keyboard, mouse, Printer, Scanner,
digital Camera etc…
õYaj fYa%Ks.; nia flfjks
118. 3. Serial port – (male)
(Communication port / com port)
There are two versions
• 9 pin
• 25 pin
Modems, serial mouse etc…
fYa%Ks.; flfjks
119. 4. Parallel port - (25pin Female)
(Printer port / LPT)
Printers / Scanners
iudka;r flfjks
124. Wireless Link - Infrared / Bluetooth
Bluetooth Infrared
1. Bluetooth has got much higher transfer rate than Infrared.
2. Bluetooth doesn't require line of sight as in the case of
infrared where the infrared ports of both the devices need to
face each other in a line of sight.
3. In the case of Bluetooth, the devices can be placed anywhere
within the range of the device, which ranges from 10 to 100
meters.
126. Communication and Computer Networks
o;a; ikaksfõokh iy mrs.Kl cd,
Introduction to communication
Communication is the sharing of information of messages
between two or more entities.
Importance of communication
1. Discuss some subject matter
2. Inform my abilities to another person
3. Get an appointment
4. Have a chat with my friend
5. Transfer a file
6. Send E – Mails
7. SMS
127. Components of data communication system
o;a; ikaksfõok moaO;shl uQ,sl fldgia
We can identify three basic elements of any communication.
1. Sender / Source o;a; m%Njh fyda o;a; ksmojk ia:dkh
2. Data communication medium o;a; iïfma%IK udOH
3. Receiver / Sink o;a; ,nd .kakd
Sender Receiver
Medium
128. Data communication medium o;a; iïfma%IK udOH
Can be categorized in two ways.
1. Guided media kshuq udOH
2. Radiated media jhr rys; udOH
1. Guided media kshuq udOH
Twisted pair iudjD; / weTreKq lïì hq.,
A basic twisted-pair cable consists of two strands of copper wire twisted together.
This twisting reduces the sensitivity of the cable to electro magnetic
interference.
129. Shielded twisted pair wdjrKh lrk iudjD; / weTreKq lïì hq.,
Shielded twisted-pair cabling consists of one or more twisted pairs of cables
enclosed in a foil wrap and woven copper shielding. The shield further reduces the
tendency of the cable to radiate EMI and thus reduces the cable’s sensitivity to
outside interference.
131. Coaxial Cable iudlaIl fhd;a
Coaxial cables were the first cable types used in LANs. Gets its name because
two conductors share a common axis; the cable is most frequently referred to
as coax.
132. Fiber Optics m%ldY ;ka;=
The centre conductor of a fiber-optic cable is a fiber that consists of highly refined
glass or plastic designed to transmit light signals with little loss. A glass core
supports a longer cabling distance, but a plastic core is typically easier to work with.
The fiber is coated with a cladding that reflects signals back into the fiber to reduce
signal loss. A plastic sheath protects the fiber.
133. 2. Radiated Media úlsrK udOH
1. Radio Transmission .=jka ú≥,s ;rx.
2. Infra Red wfOdarla; lsrK
Law frequency light waves uses in wireless
mouse, printers and keyboard.
3. Micro Waves laIqø ;rx.
High frequency short waves. Micro waves can
transfer data in long distance.
4. Communication Satellites ikaksfõok pkaøsld
Can transfer data in long distance.
134. Data Transmission Types o;a; iïfm%aIK wdldr
1. Serial Data Transmission ( fY%aKs.; o;a; iïfm%aIKh)
Uses one wire for data transmission and data flows one behind
another. Data transfers in bits through Networks.
2. Parallel data Transmission ( iudka;r o;a; iïfm%aIKh)
Uses more wires ( most time uses 8 wires) for data transmission and
transfers more bits at a time.
Data transmission Speed ( o;a; iïfm%aIK fõ.h)
Measures by bits per seconds ( bps )
kilo bits per second ( kbps )
megabits per seconds ( Mbps )
gigabits per second ( Gbps )
135. Data transmission modes (o;a; iïfm%aIK úê )
1. Simplex ( talm: )
Data flows only one direction.
ex:- Television, radio, Magazines, Newspapers
2. Half-duplex ( wrAO oaùm:)
Data flows both directions but at a time data flows only
one directions. That means both direction data can’t be crossed.
ex:- Walkie -Talkie , Fax
3. Duplex ( oaùm:)
Data flows both direction at any time. Both direction data
can be crossed.
ex:- Telephone, Internet, Mobile Phones
136. Computer Networks mrs.Kl cd,
A computer network is an interconnection of various computer
system located at different places. In a computer network two or
more computers are linked together with a medium and data
communication devices for the purpose of communicating data and
sharing resources.
137. Network Topology cd, ia:, úoHdj
The term “Topology”, in communication networks, refer to physically how
machines of network are linked together.
1. Star topology ;re wdldrfha cd, .; lsrSu
In star topology computers are directly connected to a central
computer (server) or central node (Switch or Hub). The central node
controls all the activities of the network.
Advantage of star network
Easy to add and disconnect computers from the network.
Easy to find out the problems in network.
Breakdown of one computer does not effect any other.
Disadvantage of star network
Need more wires to connect the computers in entire network.
Failure of the central node disables the entire network
operations.
138. 2. Ring Topology uq≥ wdldrfha cd, .; lsrSu
Advantage of Ring network
Any signal transmitted on the network passes through all the Network computers.
No need more wires to connect the computers in entire network.
Disadvantage of Ring network
Breakdown of any one computer on the ring can disable entire system.
Data is transmitted in one direction only. ( Clockwise or anti-clockwise)
139. 3. Bus topology nihl wdldrfha cd, .; lsrSu
Advantage of Bus Network
Easy to built and no need more wires.
Data is transmitted in both ways.
Disadvantage of Bus Network
Entire network based on Main wire.
Any break in the bus is difficult to identify.
140. 4. Tree topology .il wdldrfha cd, .; lsrSu
Tree topology combines characteristic of bus and star topology.
Advantage of Tree topology
Easy to controls the branches separately.
Supports different hardware platforms.
Disadvantage of Tree topology
The main bus fails it effects the entire network.
Difficult to build and control the network.
Star network
Main Bus Wire
141. Main type of computer Network
m%Odk mrs.Kl cd, jr®.
1. LAN ( Local Area Network )
ia:dkSh m%foaY cd,
2. MAN ( Metropolitan Area Network )
mqrjr m%foaY cd,
3. WAN ( Wide Area Network)
mqΩ,a m%foaY cd,
142. Local Area Network (LAN) - LANs are networks usually confined to
a geographic area, such as a single building or a college campus. LANs can be
small, linking as few as three computers, but often link hundreds of
computers.
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) - MAN is basically a bigger
version of a LAN and normally uses similar technology. It might cover a group
of near by corporate offices or a city and might be either private or public.
Wide Area Network (WAN) - Often a network is located in multiple
physical places. Wide area networking combines multiple LANs that are
geographically separate. This is accomplished by connecting the different
LANs using services such as dedicated leased phone lines, dial-up phone lines,
satellite links, and data packet carrier services.
Types of Network
144. End Show
An example for a WAN
(Wide Area Network)
Telecommunication
Satellite
145. Connectivity Devices
Network Hubs / Network Switch cd,lrK kdNsh/
The hub's major function is to replicate data it receives from one device attached
to it to all others.
146. Repeaters
Any electrical signal reaching the repeater from one segment, will
be amplified and retransmitted to the other segment. Using
repeaters slows the signal's propagation, and thus the amount of
repeaters should be limited.
147. Bridges
Bridges are used to increase the number of addressable nodes on a network or to
link two geographically distant but similar networks.
Routers
A major feature of a router is that it chooses the best route between networks
that may have multiple paths between them. IP addressing and subnet
masking are used to route packets
148. Modems
A modem is a device that converts digital data originating from a computer to
analog signals used by voice communication networks, such as the telephone
system. A modem may also convert analogue data originating from a (say, a
telephone line) to digital data for use by a computer.
Digital
Signal
Analog
Signal
Modulation
Demodulation
Modem
Computer
Digital Device
Analog Device
Digital SignalsAnalog Signals
Telephone
151. End Show
• Server - Computer that provide shared resources to
networks
Printer
Microcomputer
Printer
Client
Server
Microcomputer
Minicomputer
• Client - Computer that access shared networks resources
provided by server
152. Gateways
Gateways interface two dissimilar networks. Gateways translate
one network protocol into another, thus overcoming both hardware
and software incompatibilities.
153. Advantages of Computer Networks
Sharing of expensive resources (e.g. A Laser printer,
HDD, Internet)
Sharing of databases and other software
Communication among different computer systems
Transfer of multimedia files
Entertainment – (Eg. Play multiple-player computer
games from different locations)
Faster transfer of data
Back-up your files on multiple computers
154. Disadvantages of Computer Networks
Initial cost
Security of information (viruses, hackers, ..)
System failures
