1. First Chapter
Plant Cells
one Form and Structure of Plant Cells
★ Definition
The structural and functional unit of a tissue ,
and consequently of the plant body itself , is known
as a cell . Some species or kind of plants consist of
single cell , but large type are make up of
uncountable millions , or even billions , of these
structural units.
3. 1.Shape and Size of Plant Cells
It has various shapes and sizes.
Cell , which distribute in differ part of frond and
perform differ function , has differ form and size .
plant cell , commonly 10 ～ 100μm(diameter)
4.
least cell , as if
bacterial diameter only
0.2μm
Big cell , like cell of
storage parenchyma
1mm
Fiber cell of flax 4cm
long
Fiber of ramee 55cm
long
5. 2.Basic Structure and Function
of Plant cells
Definition
Microscopic structure: there can be seen the cell
structure with microscope, called microscopic
structure.
Submicroscopic structure: there can be seen the cell
structure with electron microscope , termed
submicroscopic structure.
8. Intercellular Layer ：
It is thin layers owned in common between cell
wall and cell wall .
Primary Wall:
By cellulose , hemicellulose and pectin material
that protoplasm secrete, increase in interior side of
intercellular layer.
Secondary Wall:
After the cell wall stops growing, are
accumulating some materials coming into being in
the interior of the primary wall on each gradually,
make the cell wall increase and take shape on
concentric storey thick.
10. Pit
The
secondary wall does not increase thick
evenly , leave some and has not increased
the thick part in a lot of places during the
process of thickenning, called the pit.
13. Ⅱ.plasmodesmata
There are a lot of very
thin protoplasm silks that
cross and come into
being the very small hole
on the primary wall and
get in touch each other
among the cells, this kind
of protoplasm silk is
called plasmodesmata.
Plasmodesmata of Persimmon core
15. 1.lignification:
The cell wall has increased
more lignin while adding and growing.
①Distinguish: it was stained Red when
adding meta benzene and three phenol +
dense hydrochloric acid is.
②Example: vessel , wood fiber , stone cell.
16.
2. suberization: Have increased the fat phellem in
the cell wall.
①Distinguish :it was dyed Red when adding
Sudan Ⅲ test solution(TS) is.
②Example: Brown outer bark trunk outside.
17. 3.
cutinization ： Fat cutin except not being
pack the cell wall , form a layer of cuticles
outside epidermis of stem often.
①Distinguish
:it was dyed when adding
Sudan Ⅲ test solution is orange.
②Example:
The seed of the castor-oil
plant , stem peel of the sugarcane.
18. 4.mucilagization:
Cellulose and such
composition as the pectin ,etc. in the cell
wall change but forms the mucus .
①Distinguish
:it was stained Red when
adding Red reagent of ruthenium .
②Example:
In the epidermis cells of
plantain , linseed.
19. 5.
mineralization: Contain the silicon or the
calcium ,etc. in the cell wall.
①Distinguish
:The silicon can be dissolved
in the hydrogen fluoride(HF), but does not
dissolve in the acetic acid or denser
sulphuric acid .
②Example:Gramineous
Stem and leaf
21. Chloroplast:green
little grains(leaf)
leucoplast:achromatous and global
grains (immature organ )
Chromoplast:anomalous red,yellow,and
orange grains(flower,fruit,seed)
Three kinds of plastid can convert
mutually.
Vacuoles:there are many little vacuoles
in the delicate cell , but in mature ones
there is only one big vacuole can be
seen which occupied most part of the
cell.
23. ③Ergastic
Substance
The vegetable cell in the life process, produces
various non- life matter as a result of the
metabolism activity, called Ergastic
Substance.
Ⅰ.starch grain: hilum , annular striation
lamellae
reserve starch:
①simple starch grain
②compound starch grain
③half compound starch grain
26.
Ⅲ.Proteins(aleurone grain)
Those are composed together by protein crystal ,
spherical albuminous body and amorphous
stuffed gelatin. Add one drop iodine-potassium
iodide TS , the protein turns yellow.
27. Ⅳ.Fats
and Fatty Oils
several drops of Sudan Ⅲ TS( 试液 ) oil
droplet contained in the cell stained red.
Add
35. Besides
, physiological active substance
like enzyme , vitamin , auxin , antibiotic ,
tannins ， etc.
36. Two Division of Plant cells
Cell
division is necessary and play
important role for embryo to little frond to
mature frond( possessing root , stem and
leaf , flower , fruit , seed).
Three
types:( 一 )mitosis
( 二 )amitosis ( 三 )meiosis
37. ㈠
mitosis
①interphase
: the cytoplasm is denser ,
the nucleus is big , nuclear menbrane with
the nuclear sap can be seen clearly.
38. ②prophase
There
inside the nucleus emerge
condensed granulose chromatin and then
gradually become the clubbed
chromosome.
39. ③metaphase:
the nuclear membrane , the
nuclear sap disappear , the chromosome
and the spindle fibers connect with each
other , and arrange in the surface of the
equator.
40. ④anaphase:
the centromere detaching
,each pair of chromatids set apart from the
equatorial plate to move to the two poles,
thereby to compose the independent
daughter chromosome respectively.
41. ⑤telophase
: the two daughter
chromosomes arrive at the two poles ,
chromosome gradually fall into slender ,
emerging of the nuclear membrane with
nuclear sap again . Meanwhile , divide into
two cells in the two poles.
45. ㈢
meiosis
one especial mitosis , as a result , divide
into four cells in process of sexual
reproductive.
46.
47. Review
Questions
一
.Definition
Pit , plasmodesmata , protoplast , ergastic
substance
二
.simple answer
1.How about the composing of the cell wall?
2.what are included in cell wall
characteristics?
3.which types has crystal?
